CHAPTER 9: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND DIVIDE 4.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT - Development that meets the needs of the
- State or condition of changing and enhancing present without compromising the ability of
something future generations to meet their own needs
- Oxford: process and an event constituting a - Foundational guideline behind the Sustainable
new stage in a changing situation Development Goals of United Nations
- Amartya Sen: income should not be ised as the
sole basis SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)
- State of acceptable and satisfactorily conditions - Established as part on the success of the
in health, education, and living standards Millennium Development Goals of 2015
- Bellu: development of other parts of the system - By 2030, member-countries of UN are expected
could be detrimental to the development of to mobilize all efforts to end global problem of
others poverty, solve inequality and address impacts of
- Society for International Development: rise in climate change
the level and quality of life of the population - More active participation and higher
and the creation or expansion of local regional commitments are necessary
income and employment opportunities without - General Assembly adopted 17 Sustainable
damaging the resources of our environment Development Goals
- Liberalists: current face of global development - Built on the mantra of ‘leaving no one behind’
in terms of economic development is enjoyed
among core countries of the West
- Maldevelopment: condition where developing
and less developed countries suffer on the
downside effects of development and changes

DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
- According to Food and Agricultuare
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations
1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- Economic Growth: easily quantified and HOW WILL SDG BE IMPLEMENTED?
measured (ex: increase in capital) 1. Rely on actions and willingness of member-parties
- Economic development: focused on the and states
qualitative aspect of change 2. Resource mobilization and financing strategies are
- The expansion of capacities that contribute to fundamental requirements
the advancement of society through realization 3. Calls for concerted efforts (contribution of
of individuals, firms and communities potential. governments, private sector, civil societies and
- Full participation of economic agents other stakeholders)
o More individuals, higher expected 4. Requires partnership between efforts of global
development community and national government
2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CRITICISMS OF SDG
- THREE DIMENSIONS 1. Far wider scope.
o Long and healthy life - 34/169 targets are quantifiable
o Knowledge 2. Going for zero
o Decent standard of living - Reduction efforts should be replaced by total
- Human Development Index: created to elimination of poverty and unemployment
emphasize the development of the people and 3. Universality
their capabilities - Each nation must make its own targets and
3. TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT agenda
- Focuses on the interrelationships of human 4. Leave no one behind
activities between rural and urban areas - Inequality; attention should be given to other
global concerns
5. Invest efforts in peace
6. Balance of responsibilities
 - Intensify domestic polices with support of o Territorial insecurity, peace and order,
international body and ideological clashes
TOP THREE SDGS PRIORITIZED GOALS OF DIFFERNET - An oil-rich hub region
REGIONS 5. PACIFIC ISLANDS
- Natural disasters and absence of sufficient
investment
- Economies are dependent on influx of nearby
countries
6. LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN
- Trapped in a turbulent economic environment
- Unstable democratic governance and fiscal
problems
- Experienced “lost development” because of
missed economic opportunities

CAUSES OF GLOBAL DIVIDE

GLOBAL DIVIDE 1. GLOBALIZATION IN THE 1990
THE GLOBAL SOUTH - Countries of global south failed to produce
- Has a geographical connotation but not similar outputs as response to the internationalization
to “Third World” system
- Countries that are excluded if not deprived - Some countries (mostly third world) shifted its
from socioeconomic prominence and interest through relying to a more powerful
reputation economy
- Africa, Middle East, South America, South Asia, 2. UNEVEN MIGRATION
and countries within the Pacific - People targeted western Europe and America as
GLOBAL NORTH ideal points of employment
- Countries that are highly industrialized, 3. HEGEMONIC NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL
developed and most advanced economies in ECONOMIC RELATIONS
the world - Outcomes of evil practices of western countries
- Entire world’s industrially developed countries - Abuses of capitalists who control most of the
lie to the north of developing countries world’s wealth
- Countries in the global south are trapped in the
COUNTRIES BELONGING TO GLOBAL SOUTH hands of developed countries
1. AFRICA
- Debts, poor infrastructures, education, SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL SOUTH
employment, health care and peace and THE BUENOS AIRES PLAN OF ACTION
security are the key impediments - Adopted during the Buenos Aries Conference
- problem of poverty is the fundamental - Set to oversee and monitor the progress of
challenge developmental agenda in countries of global
2. ASIAN COUNTRIES south
- Combination of emerging and developing 1. Resources, capabilities, expertise, and information
economies must be shared among developing countries in
o Except Singapore global south
- Domestic and regional problems are at the 2. Countries within global south should strengthen
frontline of concern skills and knowledge as well as information sharing
3. CENTRAL ASIA and communication
- Countries that have experienced transitioning 3. Island developing, landlocked, and least developed
governments countries should be given sufficient attention
- Former territories of Soviet Union
- Damage of former communist Soviet regime
4. WEST ASIAN
- Has a unique social struggle
- Confined in a costly conflict
CHAPTER 8: DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE EAST AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND WOMEN
AFRICA - People are moving from rural to urban
INTRODUCTION communities for better hobs and opportunities
The current political and economic condition of - TOP 3 PRIORITIES OF MOST AFRICAN STATES
countries in Africa and Middle East are major o Ending poverty, zero hunger, and
contributors to the global headache of international economic growth
institutions. These problems shared by countries AIDS
especially in the MENA are causing domino effect to the - 1/14 adults in Africa is affected by AIDS
unstable growth of the region. - 2007, 33M in SSA lived with AIDS (1/2 are
women)
ECONOMIC REFORMS - Hardly solved bc of the following:
- Post WWII era of Africa witnessed o Catching disease at a high-risk
socioeconomic machineries from key population
institutions o Inaccessible education + poor public
- Sachs-Hillman debate in UN awareness campaign and weak
o Led to the discussion of a more serious government commitment
development focus un international aid o Treatment of AIDS/HIV among patients
and better governance AFRICAN WOMEN
- The new consensus made was expressed in the - Experience deficiency in access to education
Millennium Initiative or Millennium Declaration - Female mutilation: a normal practice in Kenya
signed by 189 countries and Zambia
- Africa was the main subj of global reforms - Forced to perform rituals that are threatening
- Lending institutions like IMF to health and security
o work with some countries in the region
to improve management of fiscal FOREIGN AID AND INVESTMENT
policies - Propels African development
o Focused on budget spending as - FOREIGN AID OR OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT
corruption incidence was a normal ASSISTANCE (ODA)
practice in some African bureaucracies o Aid or support from developed and
- Microlending: small loans offere to local advanced governments to developing
farmers and entrepreneurs who do not have or less developing countries
access to credit o Used as a tactical tool in strengthening
o A big help but not sufficient ties and diplomatic relations between
provider and receiver of aid
POLITICAL REFORMS - Foreign aid from INGOs
- Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries o Nonpolitical objectives
o Never experienced democracy - Asian Development Bank
o 80s, Botswana, Gambia, Mauritius, o An example of multilateral
Senegal, and Zembabwe were the only development bank
5 countries that held elections o Aids with high interest rates or
- Ethnic groups concessional loans
o highly engaged in local politics in Africa - United States Agency for International
o violence is an expected result of their Development (USAID)
involvement o Presence in over 80 countries
- Overflowing foreign aid given by countries like o Provides both grants and aid with
US and Russia are used by political parties and interest rates to some developing
ethnic groups to maintain vast network countries of global south
- Conclusion of cold war o Top aid provider in SSA followed by
o First competitive elections were held in World Bank, France, and European
some African states Union
o South Africans: true witnesses to the
birth of democracy in Africa
o Fraud and violence happened
 - IMF 1. EXTERNAL POWERS
o Gives foreign aid to Heavily Indebted - “meddling” practice of non-Middle Eastern
Poor Countries (HIPC) through it debt powers
relief initiative - Intervention of other countries resulted to a
o Involves rescheduling loans over a worsening divides and splits of religious
longer period of time or forgiving the communities and ethnic groups
loan (makes the country debt-free) - Created efforts in toppling radical ideologies
and movements
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2. ADVENTURISM OF REGIONAL LEADERS
ECONOMIC HISTORY - Adventurism: an act to threaten and destabilize
- Characterized by series of growth and decline other territory with the purpose of defeating
- Once the earliest hubs of industrialization and political rival In the region
development - Style of leadership and governance in MENA
- Was the backbone entry point of old contacts - Saddam Hussein: a fitting example
between China’s Silk Road and Europe - Regimes and authoritarianism are very common
MENA practices of leadership in MENA
- A region encompassing approximately 22 3. BLAMING THE RELIGION
countries (Chen) - Public (non-Islam) blame Islam and religion as
- accounts for approximately 6% of the world’s political tools in promoting violence
population
- 60% of the world’s oil reserves REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND REFORM
- 45% of the world’s natural gas reserves - Reforming and developing the region require
- Rich oil and natural gas deposit is a fundamental three considerations: political reforms and
engine of functioning global economy regional settlement, opening trade and
- GULF COUNTRIES investment markets, and empowering women
o World’s top oil producing countries participation
o AKA oil titans POLITICAL REFORMS AND REGIONAL PEACE
o Bahrain, Iran, Iraw, Saudi, Kuwait, SETTLEMENT
Qatar, UAE and Oman - Wars in MENA are everywhere
o Also breeding grounds and targets of - These rivalries and conflicts hampered the
terrorism and religious extremism alliances and diplomatic arrangements in the
- LEVANT COUNTRIES region
o Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Israel - Political security and regional stability
o Only modernized state in the region o Seen as prerequisites of economic
o Oil-poor countries development
- Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya,Egypt, Yemen - World Bank
and Turkey o Characterized MENA’s on and off
o Economically dependent on sectors of development as a by-product of
agriculture and manufacturing industry political climate and f=governance
o Europe as its major market system
- Generally, MENA could be described as o Authoritarian and autocratic regimes:
countries with and without oil at the bottom on governance quality in
the world
- MENA has poor system on transparency and
accountability among its official
- Corruption, nepotism, and favoritism are
images of MENA’s bureaucracy
OPENING TRADE AND INVESTMENT
- 90s: fluctuation of international prices on
petroleum products fueled educated workforce
of MENA to find jobs outside the region

ROOTS OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION - Market protectionism

 o High restrictions on imports were
imposed through adding tariffs to
imported products
o Significantly utilized by governments
o Trade protectionism system: A solution
to the lack of innovative practices
among industries in maximizing
resource-rich countries
- Regional oil product’s account for about 50% of
MENA’s GDP and 90% in oil-rich countries
CHAPTER 9
- 2 MAIN REFORMS
LATIN AMERICA (TIMELINE)
o Inter-regional export of fuels was
1. After World War II, left the GATT system
introduced (Expansion of market across
- General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
the region in some parts of Asia and
- based its economic strategies on imports
Europe was introduced)
- dependent on domestic market
o Intra-regional trade in labor was
- development was at very low place due to poor
initiated export capacity
- consumers did not enjoy this (hence, need for
EMPOWERING WOMEN IN SOCIETY technology and innovation but lack in finance)
- Problem of inequality in the interest and 2. Experienced 1970s oil crisis
welfare of women - Made economic stagnation even worse
- Gender divide in most countries in MENA is 3. Had to borrow money to finance higher priced-oil
interpreted as ancient and traditional in nature imports
REASONS WHY WOMEN IN MENA REMAIN FAR - Became heavily indebted to western countries
BEHIND THE STANDARDS OF OTHER COUNTRIES and financial institutions (IMF and World Bank)
1. Family orientation has strong belief on the limited
social role of women LATIN AMERICA
- Family: significant unit of the society, believes - 28 countries, 600 million people
that a wife should devote her time in attending - According to 2013 World Bank Economic
the household affairs Situation and Prospect Report, most of these
2. Religious laws countries are classified as developing
- More important than policies and laws created economies
by other institutions like government and o Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa
business
Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Paraguay,
- limits freedom of women
Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. Guatemela,
3. Idea of modesty code
Mexico, Panama
- Women’s reputation should be maintained at
- Heavily Poor Indebted Countries
all times
o Bolivia, Honduras, Nicaragua
- Restricts social behavior of women
- Economic protectionism did not work well
4. The idea of two-income household is an
during 70s
unacceptable norm
o But Brazil and Mexico were able to
- Husband is expected to be the main provider
perform well using protectionism
and sole breadwinner
policies
- 15 year period (1973-1987)
- Empowering Arab women is a continuous
o Economic crisis of Latin America
struggle among females
o Described as a lost decade
o Period of economic stagnation
- Late 80s
o Numerous reforms were initiated
o Inflation was dealt wt sound
measurements
- Gender gap climate of the region (2015) o Economic liberalization was introduced
 o Foreign investment started to operate - Investors and economic managers react
negatively if there is negative prediction
THE DEBT CRISIS (decline in production)
- Debt Crisis of 80s: a result of financial instability 2. EXPANSION
of global economy in 70s - An economy has an increase in liquidity or
- Global South investment money
o Given attention by financial giants - Abundant availability of funds and money in a
o Latin America is part of this market results in enthusiasm and interest of
o Were receiving minimal amount of investors and buyers to borrow or buy funds
foreign aid 3. EUPHORIA
o ODA from US decrease as response to - Motive of buying becomes to sell and take the
countries that did not support in its war interest or capital gain as the price becomes
on communism higher
- Less Developed Countries (LDCs) - Also called “over-trading”
o Nations with low level of income and - Will result to mania
industrialization 4. DISTRESS
o Were encouraged by financial - There are concerns of the buyers and investors
policymakers to borrow money that the overall environment of the economy is
 Developed countries found this risky and fragile
as an opportunity to open new 5. REVULSION
market and investment - There is a sharp shift of public behavior on
 Found LDCs with high resource particular economic event of activity
availability as source of - Includes panic among buyers, and collapse in
development prices and commodities
- Financial Indicators of Selected Debtor Nations, - Investors are in unusual behavior
1991 o Concerned and wary on how and when
o #1: Brazil, #2: Mexico, #3: Indonesia to get the money
- Foreign banks continued to offer financial aid 6. CONTAGION
and additional loans to LDCs - The transnational and global effects of crisis
o Resulted in increase of debt affects other economies and countries
o A burden to both LDCs and lender
 International banks were in Era of 70s was a lost decade for Latin America but an
trouble economic Miracle for East Asia
 Debtor nations continued
borrowing to settle domestic THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT
economic obligations - Postwar Era
o Generated a “debt trap” condition o Marked by rapid changes and
 A creditor allows a debtor, who challenges from its sluggish economy
is in financial trouble, to borrow and backwardness up to political
higher amount of money instability
- Assistance offered by IMF helped the problem - Emergence of countries like Hong Kong, Korea,
stabilize in some ways Singapore and Taiwan (NICs)
o Offered debt management policies and o NIC: Newly Industrialized Countries
programs o Signaled the advent of new global
economic powers
STAGES OF FINANCIAL CRISIS o Different state strategies and initiatives
- Latin America: a fitting example on how a employed by these countries were also
financial crisis occurs employed by its neighboring countries
1. DISPLACEMENT - Before, Asia was home to countries that fit
- Characterized by occurrence of external shocks symbolisms of “underdevelopment”
or information that affects the economic - China and India
outlook of the country
 o Its shift of economic development is - Government undertook major responsibility in
explained as a product of two economic planning and growth
mechanisms aimed for growth - OTHER FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED
- Idea of invisible hand (Adam Smith) o Introduced export-oriented strategies
o A major engine in development process o High rates of investment and capital
of these countries flows were maintained
- Strong economic involvement of private entities o Attention on human capital anf
and individuals advanced technology
- More aggressive government planning in o Industrial policies of these economies
resource mobilization and deployment of key were emphasized
economic materials

EAST ASIAN DEVELOPMENT: ASIAN MIRACLE STATES AS ECONOMIC MANAGERS

- Proved to be a miracle of Third world countries - State intervention: an essential tool in
in the Region managing the internal and external economic
3 INTERPRETATIONS ON THE REASONS WHY 3RD relations and conditions of national economy
WORLD COUNTRIES IN ASIA SAW REMARKABLE - Government strategies must address the needs
DEVELOPMENTS of development and not by the political agenda
- By Deyo and interests of political parties and entities
1. Insertion of these economies in capitalist system - Government intervention usually happens when
- During 60s and 70s domestic market and private sector fail to
- Embraced capitalism confront economic problems
- Agricultural commodities were exported to core - Ex: Korean debt problem in the hands of the
countries in the west Chaebol
2. Reliance on capital and technology from core o Happened due to government failure to
countries provide adequate attention in
- Foreign investment and assistance restricting economic operation
3. MNCs and powerful agencies were involved in
pushing for strong regimes CHAPTER 10
- Will control the operation of unions and INTRODUCTION
restraining its labor MORE THAN 20 YEARS AGO
LATIN AMERICA VS. EAST ASIA - Spread of ideas was brought by traditional mass
- Latin America media: newspaper, radio, television
o Economic growth during 60s and 70s - Means of communication: snail-paced post
was based on dependent strategies office mails and faster means such as telegram
 Dependency theory: offers and telegraph
unfavorable impact to national - Household telephones: only accessible to upper
economy bc of assumptions and middle socio-economic class
that it can cause structural SOME 10 YEARS AGO
distortions and decisional - Means of communication became more
penetration efficient and convenient
o Concentrated on strategies based on - Telephones to Mobile phones
trade where repressive regimes - Snail-paced post office mails to more efficient
provided protection for the interests of private courier of sending mail communication
foreign capital resulting to uneven - Short Message Service (SMS)
development (market protectionism) o Became the most affordable and most
- East Asia convenient way of communication
o Pursued on production of labor- o Primary means of comm across socio-
intensive manufactured goods economic status
(increased labor) EXTENTION OF ACCESS TO INTERNET TO THE PUBLIC
STIGLITS (1996) AND PARK (2002) - Previously accessible only to government and
- described this phenomenon as the period of military and national security
asian miracle
 - Intenet: a source of communication; - Citizens no longer have to be passive consumers
“information communication superhighway” of political party propaganda, government spin
- Emails and private messaging that makes or mass medua news
communication more interactive - They are enabled to challenge discourses, share
- Easy access to updated information altenative perspectives and publish their own
opinions
ROLE OF MEDIA IN GLOBALIZATION 2. LOW COSTS
MEDIA - Reduced cost of the aforementioned activity
- The channel of communication – a means into diminished effect
through which people send and receive info - Sevices that would originally cost a fortune and
- Singular form: medium time can now be done through internet
- Proliferated the growth of mass comm in 21 st 3. UPDATED CONTENTS
century - Maximize the triumph of discoveries and
- NETWORK knowledges – stores it
o Associated with interconnection - Easy access to recent and latest content
o Referred as social network: an online 3 PREVAILING THEORIES ABOUT THE ROLE OF MEDIA
service or site through which people IN GLOBALIZATION PROCESS
create and maintain interpersonal 1. MODERNIZATION/DEVELOPMENT
relationships - Wilbur Schramm
o Social network can actually mean social - Media was facilitated by the ruling class to
media spread capitalism among the traditional
TYPES OF MASS MEDIA societies
1. PRINT MEDIA - Roles of media in communication were deemed
- Oldest type capitalist in nature
- Newspaper, magazime, booklets and billboards - Media utilized to spread western political ideas
- Invention of paper gave rise to this type of 2. DEPENDENCY THEORY
media - Complements Neo-Marxism
- Orgin: Tang Dynasty in 600 AD in China - Power relations affect global communication
- Earliest production was made possible to with reference to capitalism and inequality
woodblock stamped on paper (later developed) - Northern transnational corporations work
2. ELECTRONIC MEDIA interdependently with the south
- First established when radio was invented by - American capitalist mentality manipulates
Marconi interaction by staging a system
- Radio: utilized as source of entertainment and o Making it seem like developing
news broadcasting tool countries are the ones who benefit but
- Decades later, cinema and television was in reality, western economies are the
invented ones who benefit the most and depend
- Radio, movies, tv, audio and video records in this interaction
3. NEW AGE MEDIA 3. CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THEORY
- Newly applied means of communicating - Cultural imperialism manifested in the way how
- Development of computer media brodcasted foreign content in developing
o Universal information carrier countries (foreign news, television genre)
(multimedia) that integrates all known - Foreign media circulation: capitalistic and
type of media consumeristic media that aim to brainwash
- 5 Factors: initiator, recipient, vehicle, message views of citizens
and effect - Induce colonialism through mass media
- Blogging, podcasting, video-sharing, and even
online reporting DEVELOPMENT AND PATTERN OF GLOBALIZATION
UNIQE COMMUNICATION ADVANTAGES OF NEW ANCIENT TIMES
MEDIA - No such thing as global communication
1. DEMOCRATIC ACCESS AROUND 3,000 BC
- Minimal restriction among exhibited - Invention of the system of writing
information
 - Writing as the most universally accepted means whether it caters one or some of the social and
of communication (for thos using the same practical needs of the society
language) - ideas may be adopted, may be totally rejected,
- Invention of paper or may take its new form into becoming a
INVENTION OF PRINTING PRESS universal idea.
- First printing press was made by Chinese - ideas spread slowly but surely in various
o Turning point to elevate communication societies in the world especially if they
beyond national boundary significantly contribute to the further
- Used for mass production of disseminating development of the society
information across the globe o TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTION (an idea)
- European societies improved the printing press eventually become part and parcel of
o John Gutenberg, mid 15th century the new emerging system in the society.
 Popularized use of books and CULTURAL BORROWING
newspaper - a situation where one society borrows the
1702 culture of another society and uses it as part of
- First successful daily news paper was printed in its culture
Britain - mostly experienced by colonized countries i.e.
- System of writing was a means to spread ideas Philippines
SENDING LETTERS - goes into the core of the culture if such
- First designed by Europeans which was a particular cultural item becomes beneficial to
government privilege the majority
- Later, practice was extended to ordinary CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
citizens - when a particular idea or cultural item is
- Nowadays, sending of letters is more of a legal confronted with idea or cultural item of the
practice same kind in another society
1837 - TWO POSSIBLE SCENARIOS
- Communication started to become global o Exportation of superior or dominant
- Invention of telegraph where people started to culture
send communication across the Atlantic  Americanization
19TH CENTURY  Introduction of particular idea
- 1843: First fax machine or cultural item
- 1876: telephone by Alexander Graham Bell o Hybridization
- 1922: Radio broadcasting which began in Britain  Mixing of two converging
- 1925: invention of television culture = new culture
o Became common in households  Ex: convergence of two
21ST CENTURY languages in Ph
- Internet became accessible to everyone AUTHORITARIAN AND TOTALITARIAN SOCIETIES
- Electronic mail - ideas are strictly filtered before they get into
the hands of the people.
It cannot be denied that the spread of ideas and values - strict censorship of the press and other types of
through the use of various media greatly depends on mass communication
where the meda was originally invented, developed - controls and limits outside influences through
and improved. Societies that developed these means of media and other sources of public information
communication are the most advanced societies today in order to attain the desired national values
(European countries) and objectives.
o Ex: China: high internet censorship
DIFFUSION AND SPREAD OF IDEAS especially in area of pornography
- Largely depend on how a particular society DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES
accepts and adapts such new ideas, values, and - there are pieces of information which are
culture strictly withheld from the public, even in
- adoption of new ideas and values largely democratic societies.
depends on the type of ideas and values and - censorship is mostly done for some common
interest and matters of national concerns.
 o Ex: censorship of security matters and o Isomorphism: great uniformity of
military strategies culture throughout the world
o government would restrict this  Ex: McDonaldization of fast
information to a higher level, making it food industy
a national policy - Some of the prominent global cultures are in
- Some pieces of information are also withheld the field of entertainment, music, sports, and
from the public under the guise of common tourism
interest and national welfare, but the motive LOCAL CULTURE
behind this designed scheme in reality is, to - set of belief systems that characterizes the
cover up personal intentions to stay in power. experience of everyday life in specific,
TROLLING AND SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS identifiable localities.
- emerging norms of political elites - What makes locality unique from the rest of the
- as tactics to divert issues of national concern world
into something political in character - Cultural romanticists argue that this type of
culture must remain untouched
IDEA AND CULTURE - Local culture fosters a sense of belongingness, a
IDEAS sense of identity shared with others in the
- Ideas: items of culture society
- proliferation of one’s ideas amount to the
spread of the society’s own cultural item CULTURE UNIVERSALITY, CULTURE RELATIVISM AND
CULTURE SUB-CULTURE
- Culture: A system of human behavior and CULTURE UNIVERSALITY
though, which obeys natural laws, can be - there are numerous cultural items that are
studied scientifically found to be cultural universals.
- includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, - Ex: Food, Shelter, and clothing as the basic and
custom, and any other capabilities acquired by most essential needs of human beings found in
man as a member of the society. every culture
3 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE - Despite its universality, culture remains diverse.
1. MATERIAL COMPONENT o Ex: clothes worn are different
- most obvious component because of its physical CULTURAL RELATIVISM
nature - the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and
2. COGNITIVE CULTURE practices should be understood based on that
- all body of knowledge, skills, and other person’s own culture, rather than be judged
capabilities handed down from one generation against the criteria of the another.
to another. - Different from sub-culturalism
3. NORMATIVE COMPONENT SUB-CULTURALISM
- prescription or standards of behavior that - a cultural practice with regard to the traditional
govern the relation of individuals in the society and customary practices of a particular ethnic
- popularly known as social norm or other cultural group.
- Social norm: encompasses almost all aspect of - For a globalist perspective, a cultural practice of
behavior in everyday activities an ethnic group is a sub-culture
- For a localist perspective however, there is no
Culture can also be classified into global and local such thing as sub-culture
culture - sub-culture is associated with ethnic or minority
groups.
GLOBAL CULTURE o Ex: heavy metal music, where fans
- transcends national borders and exists in many imitate their idols
different places around the world.
- Ex: use of English as a lingua franca
- most often the result of cultural convergence
o This cultural convergence is predicted
to eventually result to isomorphism
DIFFERENT WAYS OF ACCEPTING CULTURE:
ETHNOCENTRISM, XENOCENTRISM, AND CULTURE
SHOCK
XENOCENTRISM
- belief that one’s own culture is relatively
inferior compared to the culture of another
society
- more accepting and accommodating of other
cultures
- “colonial mentality”
o most societies having been under the
colonial rule of other nations have this
state of mind
- most of the countries in Asia are now in a state
of Westernization
ETHNOCENTRISM
- belief that one’s own culture is relatively
superior compared to the culture of another
- more skeptical to the introduction of another
culture, stressing that there is no point in
borrowing the culture of another
- those who have colonized other countries,
those who have never been subjected to
control by another country, or those who
successfully imbued their people with a high
sense of nationalism
- closely manifested by their strict adherence to
their mother tongue, or refusal to abide with
the international standards
- XENOPHOBIA
o A psychological trauma mostly
developed by people from this society
o fear of anything that comes from
societies other than their own
CULTURE SHOCK
- may also be experienced by an ethnocentrist
- an internal struggle experienced by an
individual who encounters a culture radically
different from his own, which leads to his own
confusion, disorientation, or disorganization.
- Struggle with accepting, tolerating, or doing the
thing or act which he is not familiar or used to
do or not part of his socialization process
- mostly experienced by a migrant, or by a person
who has a high sense of nationalism
- 2 coping mechanisms
o may simply try to understand its
existence
o may begin to like and adopt the same as
a regular habit