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  • Digital Signal Processing: Dr. Shekha Rai

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    Laxmikant Bhosale
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    This document discusses digital signal processing and the discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT). It explains that the DTFT is valid for both periodic and non-periodic signals, and as the number of samples approaches infinity, the DTFT provides a continuous frequency spectrum. The DTFT pairs a discrete time signal with its frequency domain representation. The DTFT is periodic with period 2pi. For the DTFT to converge, the magnitude of the frequency spectrum must be finite. The Gibbs phenomenon can cause oscillations when using a finite number of Fourier terms to approximate a discontinuous function.

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    This document discusses digital signal processing and the discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT). It explains that the DTFT is valid for both periodic and non-periodic signals, and as the number of samples approaches infinity, the DTFT provides a continuous frequency spectrum. The DTFT pairs a discrete time signal with its frequency domain representation. The DTFT is periodic with period 2pi. For the DTFT to converge, the magnitude of the frequency spectrum must be finite. The Gibbs phenomenon can cause oscillations when using a finite number of Fourier terms to approximate a discontinuous function.

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    31 views19 pages

    Digital Signal Processing: Dr. Shekha Rai

    Uploaded by

    Laxmikant Bhosale
    This document discusses digital signal processing and the discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT). It explains that the DTFT is valid for both periodic and non-periodic signals, and as the number of samples approaches infinity, the DTFT provides a continuous frequency spectrum. The DTFT pairs a discrete time signal with its frequency domain representation. The DTFT is periodic with period 2pi. For the DTFT to converge, the magnitude of the frequency spectrum must be finite. The Gibbs phenomenon can cause oscillations when using a finite number of Fourier terms to approximate a discontinuous function.

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    of 19

    Digital Signal Processing

    Dr. Shekha Rai

    Department of Electrical Engineering


    National Institute of Technology Rourkela
    India

    September 15, 2020

    1 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    Discrete time Fourier transform

    Periodicity of DTFT

    Convergence of DTFT

    Gibbs phenomenon

    2 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    Valid for both periodic and non-periodic signal for which no


    Fourier series exist.

    Aperiodic signal- periodic signal with infinite period.

    As N → ∞, fundamental freq decreases and harmonically


    related components become closer in freq

    As N = ∞, the freq components form a continuum

    The resulting continuous spectrum of coefficients in this


    representation is called DTFT.

    The synthesis integral that uses these coefficients to represent the


    DT signal as linear combination of complex exponentials is
    called inverse DTFT.

    3 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    The DTFS pair is

    X
    x(n) = Xk ejkωo n (1)
    k=<N>

    1 X
    Xk = x(m)e−jkωo m (2)
    N
    m=<N>

    Substituting (2) in (1)

    X 1 X
    x(n) = ( x(m)e−jkωo m )ejkωo n
    N
    k=<N> m=<N>

    4 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    2π
    Since N = ωo

    X X ωo
    x(n) = ( x(m)e−jkωo m )ejkωo n
    2π
    k=<N> m=<N>

    ωo dω
    As N → ∞, 2π → 2π and kωo = ω

    Z ∞
    1 X
    x(n) = ( x(m)e−jωm )ejωn dω (3)
    2π 2π m=−∞

    5 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    Now,
    Z
    1
    x(n) = X(ejω )ejωn dω (4)
    2π 2π
    where,
    ∞
    X
    jω
    X(e ) = x(m)e−jωm
    m=−∞
    or,
    ∞
    X
    jω
    X(e ) = x(n)e−jωn (5)
    n=−∞

    6 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    Eq(4) → synthesis eqn as it synthesis an arbitrary signal from


    complex exponential components.

    Eq(5) → analysis eqn as it analyses how much of each of each


    complex exponential signal is present in the original signal.

    X(ejω ) → DTFT of x(n).

    x(n) → Inverse DTFT (IDTFT) of X(ejω ).

    X(ejω ) = DTFT[x(n)] = F[x(n)]


    and
    x(n) = IDTFT[X(ejω )] = F −1 [X(ejω )]

    7 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    The DTFT pair is

    x(n) ←→ X(ejω )

    X(ejω ) is a complex function of real variable ω. In rectangular


    form

    X(ejω ) = XR (ejω ) + jXI (ejω ) (6)

    1
    XR (ejω ) = [X(ejω ) + X ∗ (ejω )] (7)
    2

    1
    XI (ejω ) = [X(ejω ) − X ∗ (ejω )] (8)
    2j
    8 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    In polar form

    X(ejω ) = |X(ejω )|ejθ(ω) (9)


    where,
    θ(ω) = ∠X(ejω ) (10)
    |X(ejω )| → magnitude spectrum

    θ(ω) = ∠X(ejω ) → phase spectrum

    q
    jω
    |X(e )| = XR2 (ejω ) + XI2 (ejω ) (11)

    XI (ejω )
    θ(ω) = ∠X(ejω ) = tan−1 (12)
    XR (ejω )
    9 / 19
    Discrete time Fourier transform

    For real signal

    |X(e−jω )| = |X(ejω )| (13)

    Magnitude spectrum is an even function of ω

    ∠X(e−jω ) = −∠X(ejω ) (14)

    Power spectrum is an odd function of ω

    10 / 19
    Periodicity of DTFT

    The DTFT is a periodic function in ω with period 2π

    X(ej(ω+2π ) = X(ejω ) (15)

    11 / 19
    Convergence of DTFT

    Requirement: |X(ejω )| < ∞

    ∞
    X
    |X(ejω )| = | x(n)e−jωn |
    n=−∞

    ∞
    X
    ≤ |x(n)||e−jωn |
    n=−∞
    ∞
    X
    |X(ejω )| ≤ |x(n)|| < ∞ (16)
    n=−∞

    Eq (16) is the sufficient condition for convergence.

    12 / 19
    Gibbs Phenomenon

    Using a finite number of terms of the Fourier series


    approximating a function gives an overshoot at a discontinuity in
    the function.

    This demonstration shows the same phenomenon with the DTFT


    of a sinc sequence.

    As no of coefficient increases, the oscillations become more


    rapid but size of ripple remain the same.

    The oscillatory behaviour of the approximation XK (ejω ) to the


    function X(ejω ) at the point of discontinuity is called the Gibbs
    Phenomenon

    13 / 19
    Gibbs Phenomenon

    Figure: K=5
    14 / 19
    Gibbs Phenomenon

    Figure: K=21
    15 / 19
    Gibbs Phenomenon

    Figure: K=51

    16 / 19
    DTFT

    Find FT of unit impulse

    17 / 19
    DTFT

    Solution:
    ∞
    X
    jω
    X(e ) = x(n)e−jωn )
    n=−∞
    ∞
    X
    = δ(n)e−jωn )
    n=−∞

    = e−jωn |n=0 = 1

    18 / 19
    Thank You

    19 / 19

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