Jordan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Jordan (disambiguation).
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please
consider splitting content into sub-articles and using this article for a summary of
the key points of the subject. (June 2010)

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

‫المملكة الردنية الهاشمية‬
Al-Mamlakah al-ʾUrdunniyyah al-Hāšimiyyah

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: Arabic: ‫ المليك‬،‫ الوطن‬،‫ال‬

Transliteration: Allah Al-Watan Al-Malek
Translation: "God,Homeland,The King"

Anthem: ‫ككك كككككك‬

The Royal Anthem of Jordan
> ("As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni")1
Long Live the King
 Amman
Capital 31°57′N 35°56′E / 31.95°N 35.933°E / 31.95;

35.933

Official language(s) Arabic[1]

Arabic, English, French,

Spoken languages Circassian, Levantine Arabic,
Chechen, Turkish

Demonym Jordanian

Government Constitutional monarchy

- King of Jordan Abdullah II

- Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit

Independence

End of British League

-
of Nations mandate 25 May 1946

Area

92,300 km2 (111th)

- Total
35,637 sq mi
 - Water (%) 0.8

Population

- July 2010 estimate 6,407,085[2] (102nd)

- July 2004 census 5,611,202

68.4/km2 (131st)
- Density
138.8/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate

- Total $35.3 billion[3]

- Per capita $5,956 [4]

GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate

- Total $27.129 billion

- Per capita $4,435[5]

Gini (2002–03) 38.8 (medium)

HDI (2010) 0.681[6] (high) (82nd)

Currency Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Time zone UTC+2 (UTC+2)

- Summer (DST) UTC+3 (UTC+3)

Drives on the Right

ISO 3166 code JO

 Internet TLD .jo

Calling code 962

1
Also serves as the Royal anthem.

Jordan ( i /ˈdʒɔrdən/: Arabic: ‫الردن‬, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of

Jordan (Arabic: ‫)المملكة الردنية الهاشمية‬, Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) and
also known as JK (short for The Jordanian Kingdom), is a kingdom on the East Bank of
the River Jordan in Western Asia. It borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq
to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing
control of the Dead Sea. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of
Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Much of Jordan is covered
by the Arabian Desert. However, the north-western part of Jordan is part of the Fertile
Crescent. The capital city is Amman.
The territory of Jordan had been occupied by many civilizations before the creation of the
modern state, including those of the Ancient Near East with the Canaanite and later other
Semitic peoples such as the Edomites, and the Moabites. Other civilizations possessing
the territory east of the river Jordan were: Akkadian, Assyrian, Israelite/Judean,
Babylonian, and Persian empires. For a time the lands of the Jordan valley were under the
rule of Pharaonic Egypt, including parts of the greater Kingdom of Israel, the later
Judaean Kingdom, Hasmonaen Kingdom of Israel and the Herodian Dynasty). The region
of the Jordan Valley was also inhabited by the Nabataean civilization which left rich
archaeological remains at Petra, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World located in
the modern Ma'an Governorate. Cultures from the west bank of the Jordan river also left
archaeological evidence of their influence, notably the Macedonian/Greek/Hellenistic,
Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires.
The Muslim Arabs occupied the region from the seventh century until the creation of the
Kingdom of Karak during the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.[7] The kingdom was later
taken over by the Seljuk Turks, and later the entire region was governed by the Ottoman
Empire until 1918 imposition of the British rule which led to the 1922 creation of an
autonomous region of Transjordan, later the independent state of Jordan.
Modern Jordan is predominantly urbanized. Jordan is classified as a country of "high
human development" by the 2010 Human Development Report.[8] Furthermore, The
Kingdom has been classified as an emerging market with a free market economy by the
CIA World Fact Book. It has more Free Trade Agreements than any other country in the
region. It has a "pro-Western" regime with very close relations with the United Kingdom
and the United States. It also became a major non-NATO ally of the United States in
1996, and is one of only two Arab nations, the other being Egypt, that have diplomatic
relations with Israel.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] It is a founding member of the Arab League,[17]
the WTO,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] the AFESD,[26] the Arab Parliament,[27] the AIDMO, the
AMF,[28] the IMF,[29][30] the International Criminal Court,[31] the UNHRC,[32] the GAFTA,
the ESCWA,[33] the ENP[34][35][36] and the United Nations.[37] Jordan is also currently
undergoing close integration with the European Union and the Gulf Cooperation Council.
Jordan enjoys "advanced status" with the European Union.[38]

Contents
• 1 History
○ 1.1 Etymology
○ 1.2 History of habitation
○ 1.3 After the Ottoman Empire
○ 1.4 Modern Jordan
 1.4.1 2011 Jordanian protests
• 2 Geography
○ 2.1 Climate
• 3 Government
○ 3.1 Kings
○ 3.2 Parliament
○ 3.3 Constitution
○ 3.4 Legal system and legislation
○ 3.5 Police
○ 3.6 Foreign relations
○ 3.7 Military
○ 3.8 Peacekeeping abroad
• 4 Politics
○ 4.1 Political parties
○ 4.2 Human rights
• 5 Demographics
○ 5.1 Religion
○ 5.2 Language
○ 5.3 Health
○ 5.4 Quality of life
○ 5.5 Education
 5.5.1 School education
 5.5.2 Higher education
• 6 Economy
○ 6.1 Natural resources
○ 6.2 Currency and exchange rates
 ○ 6.3 Tourism
 6.3.1 Medical tourism
 6.3.2 Nature reserves
 6.3.3 Influence of the Southwest Asian conflict
 6.3.3.1 Opportunity cost of the conflict
○ 6.4 Transportation
○ 6.5 Defence industry
• 7 Culture
• 8 Globalization
• 9 List of Jordanians
• 10 See also
• 11 References
• 12 Further reading
• 13 External links

[edit] History
[edit] Etymology
The kingdom is named after the river Jordan. The name "Jordan" derives from the
Semitic languages and has multiple meanings (Ancient Arabian ‫ الردن‬meaning
"Steep/Slope" from the root ‫ أرد‬Arda, Hebrew root ‫ ירד‬Yrd and Canaanite), via the
Aramaic Yarden meaning "one who descends".
[edit] History of habitation
Main article: History of Jordan

The ancient city of Petra, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.
The Mesha stele as photographed circa 1891. The stele describes the wars of king Mesha
of Moab against the Israelites.
One of the most prominent, ancient states geographically located in what is now the State
of Jordan, was the Nabatean Kingdom (Arabic: ‫النباط‬, Al-Anbāt) (Hebrew: ‫ְנָביֹות‬,
Nevayōt), with their capital at Petra, an ancient Semitic people who inhabited the
wilderness region east of Israel/Judaea from Edom to Syria, northwest of the Arabian
peninsula. The Nabataeans developed the North Arabic Script, with their language an
intermediary between Hebrew, Aramaean, and that which evolved into the Modern
Arabic script. During its peak, the Nabataean Kingdom controlled regional trade routes
by dominating a large area southwest of the fertile crescent, which included the whole of
modern Jordan extending from Syria in the North to the northern Arabian Peninsula in
the south. As a result, Petra enjoyed independence, prosperity and wealth for hundreds of
years until it was absorbed by the Persian Empire and later the Roman Empire which was
still expanding in 100 CE.
Various ancient sovereign kingdoms in the region of Jordan, in addition to the
Nabataeans, have included the Kingdoms of Edom, Ammon, Moab, Israel/Judah, all of
which are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and other ancient Near Eastern documents.[39]
During the Greco-Roman period of influence, a number of semi-independent city-states
also developed in the region of Jordan under the umbrella of the Decapolis including:
Gerasa (Jerash), Philadelphia (Amman), Raphana (Abila), Dion (Capitolias), Gadara
(Umm Qays), and Pella (Irbid).
Later, the lands of Jordan became part of the Islamic Empire across its different
Caliphates' stages, including the Rashidun Empire, Umayyad Empire and Abbasid
Empire. After the decline of the Abbasid, the region of Jordan was ruled by several
conflicting powers including the Mongols, the Christian Crusaders, the Ayyubids and the
Mamluks until it became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1516.[40]
[edit] After the Ottoman Empire
Adyghe (Circassian) horsemanship in Transjordan, April 1921
With the break-up of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, the League of
Nations and the occupying powers chose to redraw the borders of the Eastern
Mediterranean. The ensuing decisions, most notably the Sykes–Picot Agreement, gave
birth to the French Mandate of Syria and British Mandate of Palestine. In September
1922, Transjordan was formally created from within the latter, after the League of
Nations approved the British Transjordan memorandum which stated that the Mandate
territories east of the River Jordan would be excluded from all the provisions dealing with
Jewish settlement.[41]
The country was under British supervision until after World War II. In 1946, the British
requested that the United Nations approve an end to British Mandate rule in Transjordan.
Following the British request, the Transjordanian Parliament proclaimed King Abdullah
as the first ruler of the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. Abdullah I continued to rule
until a Palestinian Arab assassinated him in 1951 as he was departing from the al-Aqsa
Mosque in Jerusalem.
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Jordan occupied the area of Cisjordan
(Judaea/Samaria) now known as West Bank, which it continued to control in accordance
with the 1949 Armistice Agreements and a political union formed in December 1948.
The Second Arab-Palestinian Conference held in Jericho on December 1, 1948,
proclaimed Abdullah King of Palestine and called for a union of Arab Palestine with the
Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan.[42] The Transjordanian Government agreed to the
unification on December 7, 1948, and on December 13 the Transjordanian parliament
approved the creation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The step of unification was
ratified by a joint Jordanian National Assembly on April 24, 1950. The Assembly was
composed of 20 representatives each from the East and West Bank. The Act of Union
contained a protective clause which persevered Arab rights in Palestine without prejudice
to any final settlement.[43][44]
Many legal scholars say the declaration of the Arab League and the Act of Union implied
that Jordan's claim of sovereignty over the West Bank was provisional, because it had
always been subject to the emergence of the Palestinian state.[45][46] A political union was
legally established by the series of proclamations, decrees, and parliamentary acts in
December 1948. Abdullah thereupon took the title King of Jordan, and he officially
changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949. The
1950 Act of Union confirmed and ratified King Abdullah's actions. Following the
annexation of the West Bank, only the UK formally recognized the union.[47] Thomas
Kuttner notes that de facto recognition was granted to the regime, most clearly evidenced
by the maintaining of consulates in East Jerusalem by several countries, including the
United States.[48] Joseph Weiler agreed, and said that other states had engaged in
activities, statements, and resolutions that would be inconsistent with non-recognition.[49]
Joseph Massad said that the members of the Arab League granted de facto recognition
and that the United States had formally recognized the annexation, except for Jerusalem.
[50][51]

Jordanian parachute flares illuminate Jerusalem during the Arab-Israeli war in 1948

Amman became Jordan's capital in 1921

The United States extended de jure recognition to the Government of Transjordan and the
Government of Israel on the same day, January 31, 1949.[52] President Truman told King
Abdullah that the policy of the United States Government as regards a final territorial
settlement in Palestine had been stated in the General Assembly on Nov 30, 1948 by the
American representative. The US supported Israeli claims to the boundaries set forth in
the UN General Assembly resolution of November 29, 1947, but believed that if Israel
sought to retain additional territory in Palestine allotted to the Arabs, it should give the
Arabs territorial compensation.[53]
Clea Bunch said that "President Truman crafted a balanced policy between Israel and its
moderate Hashemite neighbours when he simultaneously extended formal recognition to
the newly created state of Israel and the Kingdom of Transjordan. These two nations
were inevitably linked in the President's mind as twin emergent states: one serving the
needs of the refugee Jew, the other absorbing recently displaced Palestinian Arabs. In
addition, Truman was aware of the private agreements that existed between Jewish
Agency leaders and King Abdullah I of Jordan. Thus, it made perfect sense to Truman to
favour both states with de jure recognition."[54]
In 1978 the U.S. State Department published a memorandum of conversation held on
June 5, 1950 between Mr. Stuart W. Rockwell of the Office of African and Near Eastern
Affairs and Abdel Monem Rifai, a Counselor of the Jordan Legation: Mr. Rifai asked
when the United States was going to recognize the union of Arab Palestine and Jordan.
Mr. Rockwell explained the Department's position, stating that it was not the custom of
the United States to issue formal statements of recognition every time a foreign country
changed its territorial area. The union of Arab Palestine and Jordan had been brought
about as a result of the will of the people and the US accepted the fact that Jordanian
sovereignty had been extended to the new area. Mr. Rifai said he had not realized this and
that he was very pleased to learn that the US did in fact recognize the union.[55]
With the developing Arab Cold War, Jordan and Iraq united in 1958 to form the Arab
Federation of Iraq and Jordan under the Hashemite crowns in Amman and Baghdad. A
coup later that year would end the union with the execution of the Hashemite crown in
Baghdad. The United Arab States consisting of Egypt, Syria, and Yemen quickly moved
to antagonize Jordan's young King Hussein with Soviet support. King Hussein asked for
British and American assistance. The RAF and the USAF were sent to patrol Jordanian
airspace and British troops were deployed in Amman.
In 1965, there was an exchange of land between Saudi Arabia and Jordan.[56] Jordan gave
up a large area of inland desert in return for a small piece of sea-shore near Aqaba.
Jordan signed a military pact with Egypt in May 1967, and following an Israeli air attack
on Egypt in June 1967, Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq continued the Six Day War against
Israel. During the war, Israel captured the West Bank and East Jerusalem. In 1988, Jordan
renounced all claims to the territory now occupied by Israel but its 1994 treaty with Israel
allowed for a continuing Jordanian role in Muslim and Christian holy places in
Jerusalem. The severance of administrative ties with the West Bank halted the Jordanian
government's paying of civil servants and public sector employees' salaries in the West
Bank.
The period following the 1967 war saw an upsurge in the activity and numbers of Arab
Palestinian paramilitary elements (fedayeen) within the state of Jordan. These distinct,
armed militias were becoming a "state within a state", threatening Jordan's rule of law.
King Hussein's armed forces targeted the fedayeen, and open fighting erupted in June
1970. The battle in which Palestinian fighters from various Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) groups were expelled from Jordan is commonly known as Black
September.
The heaviest fighting occurred in northern Jordan and Amman. In the ensuing heavy
fighting, a Syrian tank force invaded northern Jordan to back the fedayeen fighters, but
subsequently retreated. King Hussein urgently asked the United States and Great Britain
to intervene against Syria. Consequently, Israel performed mock air strikes on the Syrian
column at the Americans' request. Soon after, Syrian President Nureddin al-Atassi,
ordered a hasty retreat from Jordanian soil.[57][58] By September 22, Arab foreign ministers
meeting in Cairo arranged a cease-fire beginning the following day. However, sporadic
violence continued until Jordanian forces, led by Habis Al-Majali, with the help of Iraqi
forces,[59] won a decisive victory over the fedayeen on July 1971, expelling them, and
ultimately the PLO's Yasser Arafat, from Jordan.
In 1973, allied Arab League forces attacked Israel in the Yom Kippur War, and fighting
occurred along the 1967 Jordan River cease-fire line. Jordan sent a brigade to Syria to
attack Israeli units on Syrian territory but did not engage Israeli forces from Jordanian
territory.
At the Rabat summit conference in 1974, Jordan was now in a more secure position to
agree, along with the rest of the Arab League, that the PLO was the "sole legitimate
representative of the [Arab] Palestinian people", thereby relinquishing to that
organization its role as representative of the West Bank.
The Amman Agreement of February 11, 1985, declared that the PLO and Jordan would
pursue a proposed confederation between the state of Jordan and a Palestinian state.[60] In
1988, King Hussein dissolved the Jordanian parliament and renounced Jordanian claims
to the West Bank. The PLO assumed responsibility as the Provisional Government of
Palestine and an independent state was declared.[61]
Although Jordan did not directly participate in the Gulf War of 1990–91, following Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait, King Hussein was accused of supporting Saddam Hussein when he
attempted to persuade Saddam Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. As a result of the
alleged support, the United States and Arab countries cut off monetary aid to Jordan, and
700,000 Jordanians who had been working in Arab countries were forced to return to
Jordan. In addition, millions of Iraqi refugees fled to Jordan placing a strain on the
country's social services.
[edit] Modern Jordan

A handshake between Hussein I of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin, accompanied by Bill

Clinton, after signing the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, October 26, 1994
In 1991, Jordan agreed, along with Syria, Lebanon, and Arab Palestinian fedayeen
representatives, to participate in direct peace negotiations with Israel at the Madrid
Conference, sponsored by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. It negotiated an end to
hostilities with Israel and signed a declaration to that effect on 25 July 1994 (see
Washington Declaration). As a result, an Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty was concluded on
26 October 1994. King Hussein was later honored when his picture appeared on an Israeli
postage stamp in recognition of the good relations he established with his neighbor. Since
the signing of the peace treaty with Israel, the United States not only contributes
hundreds of millions of dollars in an annual foreign aid stipend to Jordan, but also has
allowed it to establish a free trade zone in which to manufacture goods that will enter the
US without paying the usual import taxes as long as a percentage of the material used in
them is purchased in Israel.
King Hussein was treated for cancer in the U.S. for a long period of time. On his return to
Jordan, King Hussein changed the crown prince from his brother Prince Hasan to his
eldest son Abdullah. He also released some political prisoners in Jordan. King Hussein
died some time afterward in 1999. His son, King Abdullah II succeeded him.
Following the outbreak of fighting between Israel and Palestinians in the Second Intifada
in September 2000, the Jordanian government offered its offices to both parties. Jordan
has since sought to remain at peace with all of its neighbors. Particularly good relations
have been maintained between the Jordanian royal family and Israel, with the Jordanian
government frequently dispersing rallies and jailing demonstrators protesting against
Israeli actions. The government also censors anti-Israeli views from the Jordanian news
media.
The last major strain in Jordan's relations with Israel occurred in September, 1997, when
two Israeli agents entered Jordan using Canadian passports and poisoned Khaled Meshal,
a senior leader of the Palestinian group Hamas. Under threat of cutting off diplomatic
relations, King Hussein forced Israel to provide an antidote to the poison and to release
dozens of Jordanians and Palestinians from its prisons, including the spiritual leader of
Hamas, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. Sheikh Yassin was later assassinated by Israel in a
targeted bombing in early 2004 in the Gaza Strip.
On 9 November 2005 Jordan experienced three simultaneous terrorist bombings at hotels
in Amman. At least 57 people died and 115 were wounded. "Al-Qaeda in Iraq", a group
led by terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, claimed responsibility. Although claimed by
them, there was no direct evidence involving them.
Recently, Jordan has revoked the citizenship of thousands of Palestinians in an attempt to
thwart any attempt by Israel of permanently re-settling West Bank Palestinians in Jordan.
West Bank Palestinians with family in Jordan or with previous Jordanian citizenship
would be issued yellow cards which guaranteed them all the rights of Jordanian
citizenship. Palestinians working for the Palestinian Authority or the PLO were among
those who have had their Jordanian passports taken from them, in addition to anyone who
did not serve in the Jordanian army. Palestinians living in Jordan with family in the West
Bank would also be issued yellow cards. All other Palestinians wishing such Jordanian
papers would be issued a green card which would facilitate travel into Jordan and give
them temporary Jordanian passports in order to make travel easier. In addition, no
Palestinians from the Gaza Strip are given any such privileges because Jordanian
authority never extended into the Gaza Strip.[62]
[edit] 2011 Jordanian protests
Main article: 2011 Jordanian protests
On 14 January, protests took place in Jordan's capital Amman, and at Ma'an, Al Karak,
Salt and Irbid, and other cities. The protests, led by trade unionists and leftist parties,
came after Friday prayers, and called for the government led by Prime Minister Samir
Rifai to step down. They chanted anti-government slogans and called Rifai a "coward".
One banner in the protest read "Jordan is not only for the rich. Bread is a red line. Beware
of our starvation and fury," while protesters chanted "Down with Rifai's government.
Unify yourselves because the government wants to eat your flesh. Raise fuel prices to fill
your pocket with millions." Tawfiq al-Batoush, a former head of the Karak municipality,
said: "We are protesting the policies of the government, high prices and repeated taxation
that made the Jordanian people revolt."[63] The Muslim Brotherhood and 14 trade unions
said they would hold a sit-down protest outside parliament the next day to "denounce
government economic policies". Parallels were drawn with the Tunisian protests.[64]
The Jordanian government reversed a fuel price rise following the protest.[65] Al Jazeera
stated that protests are expected to continue for several weeks because of increasing food
prices.[65]
On 21 January, 5,000 people in Amman took part in the largest protest so far.[66]
On 1 February, the Royal Palace announced that King Abdullah dismissed the
government as a consequence of the street protests and asked Marouf al-Bakhit, a former
army general, to form a new Cabinet.[67] King Abdullah told Bakhit his authority will be
to "take quick, concrete and practical steps to launch a genuine political reform process".
The reforms should put Jordan on the path "to strengthen democracy", and provide
Jordanians with the "dignified life they deserve", the monarch said.[68]
On 25 February, 10,000 protestors took to the streets of Amman to demand the right of
voting the prime minister and the dissolving of the parliament.
[edit] Geography
Main article: Geography of Jordan

Spring in an Amman suburb

Ajloun mountains
Snow in Amman

Wadi Rum in Aqaba Governorate

Dana Biosphere Reserve

View from Mahis towards the Jordan valley

The Dead Sea is the lowest point on earth and about nine times saltier than ocean water

The Roman Oval Piazza in the ancient city of Jerash

Jordan lies between latitudes 29° and 34° N, and longitudes 35° and 40° E (a small area
lies west of 35°). It consists of arid plateau in the east irrigated by oasis and seasonal
water streams, with highland area in the west of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen
forestry. The Great Rift Valley of the Jordan River separates Jordan, the west bank and
Israel. The highest point in the country is Jabal Umm al Dami, it is 1,854 m (6,083 ft)
above sea level, its top is also covered with snow, while the lowest is the Dead Sea
−420 m (−1,378 ft). Jordan is part of a region considered to be "the cradle of
civilization", the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent.
Major cities include the capital Amman in the northwest, Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa, in the
north. Madaba, Karak and Aqaba in the south.
[edit] Climate
Main article: Climate of Jordan
The climate in Jordan is semi-dry in summer with average temperature in the mid 30°C
(mid 90°F) and relatively cold in winter averaging around 13 °C (55 °F). The western
part of the country receives greater precipitation during the winter season from November
to March and snowfall in Amman (756 m (2,480 ft) ~ 1,280 m (4,199 ft) above sea-level)
and Western Heights of 500 m (1,640 ft). Excluding the rift valley the rest of the country
is entirely above 300 m (984 ft)(SL).[69]
The major characteristic of the climate is humid from November to March and semi dry
weather for the rest of the year. With hot, dry summers and cool winters during which
practically all of the precipitation occurs, the country has a Mediterranean-style climate.
In general, the farther inland from the Mediterranean a given part of the country lies, the
greater are the seasonal contrasts in temperature and the less rainfall. Atmospheric
pressures during the summer months are relatively uniform, whereas the winter months
bring a succession of marked low pressure areas and accompanying cold fronts. These
cyclonic disturbances generally move eastward from over the Mediterranean Sea several
times a month and result in sporadic precipitation.
Most of the land receives less than 620 mm (24.4 in) of rain a year and may be classified
as a semi dry region. Where the ground rises to form the highlands east of the Jordan
Valley, precipitation increases to around 300 mm (11.8 in) in the south and 500 mm
(19.7 in) or more in the north. The Jordan Valley, forms a narrow climatic zone that
annually receives up to 900 mm (35.4 in) of rain in the northern reaches; rain dwindles to
less than 120 mm (4.7 in) at the head of the Dead Sea.
The country's long summer reaches a peak during August. January is usually the coldest
month. The fairly wide ranges of temperature during a twenty-four-hour period are
greatest during the summer months and have a tendency to increase with higher
elevation. Daytime temperatures during the summer months frequently exceed 29 °C
(84.2 °F) and average about 32 °C (89.6 °F). In contrast, the winter months—September
to March—bring moderately cool and sometimes very cold weather, averaging about
3.2 °C (37.8 °F). Except in the rift depression, frost is fairly common during the winter, it
may take the form of snow at the higher elevations of the north western highlands.
Usually it snows a couple of times in the winter.
For a month or so before and after the summer dry season, hot, dry air from the desert,
drawn by low pressure, produces strong winds from the south or southeast that sometimes
reach gale force. Known in Western Asia by various names, including the khamsin, this
dry, sirocco-style wind is usually accompanied by great dust clouds. Its onset is heralded
by a hazy sky, a falling barometer, and a drop in relative humidity to about 10%. Within a
few hours there may be a 10 °C (18.0 °F) to 15 °C (27.0 °F) rise in temperature. These
windstorms ordinarily last a day or so, cause much discomfort, and destroy crops by
desiccating them. The shamal, comes from the north or northwest, generally at intervals
between June and September. Steady during daytime hours but becoming a breeze at
night, the shamal may blow for as long as nine days out of ten and then repeat the
process. It originates as a dry continental mass of polar air that is warmed as it passes
over the Eurasian landmass.
[edit] Government
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy with representative
government. The reigning monarch is the chief executive and the commander-in-chief of
the armed forces. The king exercises his executive authority through the prime ministers
and the Council of Ministers, or cabinet. The cabinet, meanwhile, is responsible before
the democratically elected House of Deputies which, along with the House of Notables
(Senate), constitutes the legislative branch of the government. The judicial branch is an
independent branch of the government.
[edit] Kings

King Abdullah II, Jordanian Head of State.

King Abdullah I ruled Jordan after independence from Britain. After the assassination of
King Abdullah I in 1951, his son King Talal ruled briefly. King Talal's major
accomplishment was the Jordanian constitution. King Talal was removed from the throne
in 1952 due to mental illness. At that time his son, Hussein, was too young to rule, and
hence a committee ruled over Jordan.
After Hussein reached 18, he ruled Jordan as king from 1953 to 1999, surviving a number
of challenges to his rule, drawing on the loyalty of his military, and serving as a symbol
of unity and stability in Jordan. King Hussein ended martial law in 1991 and legalized
political parties in 1992. In 1989 and 1993, Jordan held free and fair parliamentary
elections. Controversial changes in the election law led Islamist parties to boycott the
1997 elections.
King Abdullah II succeeded his father Hussein following the latter's death in February
1999. Abdullah moved quickly to reaffirm Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its
relations with the United States. Abdullah, during the first year in power, refocused the
government's agenda on economic reform.

Queen Rania of Jordan

Jordan's continuing structural economic difficulties, burgeoning population, and more
open political environment led to the emergence of a variety of political parties. Moving
toward greater independence, Jordan's parliament has investigated corruption charges
against several regime figures and has become the major forum in which differing
political views, including those of political Islamists, are expressed. While the King
remains the ultimate authority in Jordan, the parliament plays an important role.
[edit] Parliament
Main article: Parliament of Jordan
The 1952 Constitution provided for the establishment of the bicameral National
Assembly of Jordan (‘Majlis al-Umma’). The Parliament consists of two Chambers: The
Chamber of Deputies (‘Majlis al-Nuwaab’) and the Senate (‘Majlis al-Aayan’; literally,
‘Assembly of Notables’). The Senate has 60 Senators, all of whom are directly appointed
by the King,[70] while the Chamber of Deputies/House of Representatives has 120 elected
members representing 12 constituencies. Of the 120 members of the Lower Chamber, 12
seats are reserved for women, 9 seats are reserved for Christian candidates, 9 seats are
reserved for Bedouin candidates, and 3 seats are reserved for Jordanians of Chechen or
Circassian descent. The Constitution ensures that the Senate cannot be more than half the
size of the Chamber of Deputies.
The constitution does not provide a strong system of checks and balances within which
the Jordanian Parliament can assert its role in relationship to the monarch. During the
suspension of Parliament between 2001 and 2003, the scope of King Abdullah II's power
was demonstrated with the passing of 110 temporary laws. Two of such laws dealt with
election law and were seen to reduce the power of Parliament.[71][72]
Senators have terms of four years and are appointed by the King and can be reappointed.
Prospective Senators must be at least forty years old and have held senior positions in
either the government or military. Appointed Senators have included former Prime
Ministers and Members of the Chamber of Deputies. Deputies are elected to also serve a
four year term. Candidates must be older than thirty-five, cannot have blood ties to the
King, and must not have any financial interests in government contracts.[73]
[edit] Constitution
Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on 8 January
1952. Executive authority is vested in the king and his council of ministers. The king
signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of
both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree,
approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces.
Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The
council of ministers, led by a prime minister, is appointed by the king, who may dismiss
other cabinet members at the prime minister's request. The cabinet is responsible to the
Chamber of Deputies on matters of general policy and can be forced to resign by a 50%
or more of vote of "no confidence" by that body.
The constitution provides for three categories of courts: civil, religious, and special.
Administratively, Jordan is divided into twelve governorates, each headed by a governor
appointed by the king. They are the sole authorities for all government departments and
development projects in their respective areas.
[edit] Legal system and legislation
Jordan's legal system is based on French code law system via the Egyptian civil laws
while Islamic law is limited to civic status legislation for Muslims. Religious minority
civic status is regulated by respective religious courts. Judicial review of legislative acts
occurs in a special High Tribunal. It has not accepted International Court of Justice
jurisdiction.
Jordan has multi-party politics. There are over 30 political parties in the Jordan from a
wide range of positions ranging from extreme left (Jordanian Communist Party) to
extreme right (Islamic Action Front).
Article 97 of Jordan's constitution guarantees the independence of the judicial branch,
clearly stating that judges are 'subject to no authority but that of the law.' While the king
must approve the appointment and dismissal of judges, in practice these are supervised by
the Higher Judicial Council.
The Jordanian legal system draws upon civil traditions as well as Islamic law and custom.
Article 99 of the Constitution divides the courts into three categories: civil, religious and
special. The civil courts deal with civil and criminal matters in accordance with the law,
and they have jurisdiction over all persons in all matters, civil and criminal, including
cases brought against the government. The civil courts include Magistrate Courts, Courts
of First Instance, Courts of Appeal, High Administrative Courts and the Supreme Court.
The religious courts include shari’a (Islamic law) courts and the tribunals of other
religious communities, namely those of the Christian minority. Religious courts have
primary and appellate courts and deal only with matters involving personal law such as
marriage, divorce, inheritance and child custody. Shari’a courts also have jurisdiction
over matters pertaining to the Islamic waqfs. In cases involving parties of different
religions, regular courts have jurisdiction.[74]
Despite being traditionally dominated by men the number of women involved as lawyers
in the Jordan legal system has been increasing. As of mid-2006 Jordan had 1,284 female
lawyers, out of a total number of 6,915, and 35 female judges from a total of 630. In
Jordan, between 15 and 20 women are murdered annually in the name of "honour" and at
least eight such killings have been reported in 2008, according to Jordanian authorities. In
2007 17 such murders were recorded. Despite popular beliefs these are not legal, nor
limited to any one community, but have frequently been hard to seek justice for.[citation
needed]

[edit] Police
Main article: Law enforcement in Jordan

A female police officer in Amman

Jordan has an efficient and well-trained police force.[citation needed] Jordan ranked 14th in the
world, 1st in the region, in terms of police services' reliability in the Global
Competitiveness Report. Also, Jordan ranked 9th in the world and 1st in the region in
terms of prevention of organized crime making it one of the safest countries in the world.
[75]

[edit] Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Jordan
King Abdullah II on a visit to The Pentagon.
Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had
close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. These relations were
damaged by Jordan's neutrality and maintaining relations with Iraq during the first Gulf
War even though it was negotiating a peace settlement to end the conflict. Jordan has a
well earned reputation for usually following a pragmatic and non-confrontational foreign
policy, leading to good relations with its neighbours.
Jordan has always been a mediator during times of high tension. During the 1970s, King
Hussein negotiated with Iran to halt the military buildup to annex the small Persian Gulf
nation of Bahrain. In the 1990s, King Hussein also tried to mediate the conflict between
the United States and Iraq and tried to bring an end to hostilities while still condemning
the Iraqi annexation of Kuwait. Jordan has historically been at the forefront of negotiating
peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians. King Abdullah II is the mediator between
Israel and the Arab League's negotiations for peace and normalization of bilateral ties.
Following the Gulf War, Jordan largely restored its relations with Western countries
through its participation in the Southwest Asia peace process and enforcement of UN
sanctions against Iraq. Relations between Jordan and the Persian Gulf countries improved
substantially after King Hussein's death. Following the fall of the Iraqi regime, Jordan has
played a pivotal role in supporting the restoration of stability and security to Iraq. The
Government of Jordan signed a memorandum of understanding with the Coalition
Provisional Authority in Iraq to facilitate the training of up to 30,000 Iraqi police cadets
at a Jordanian facility.
Jordan signed a non-belligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in
Washington, D.C., on 25 July 1994. King Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin negotiated this
treaty. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on 26 October 1994, witnessed by
President Bill Clinton, accompanied by U.S. Secretary, Warren Christopher. The U.S. has
participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions in which key
issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valley
development; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues.
Former Russian president Vladimir Putin visiting the Baptism Site Bethany Beyond the
Jordan in the Jordan Valley in 2007
Jordan and Israel had generally close relations even before the signing of the 1994 Peace
Treaty. On more than one occasion, Jordan warned Israel of an impending attack by Syria
and Egypt. Also, during the Black September conflict in Jordan, Israel warned Syria that
any Syrian intervention on the side of the PLO against the Jordanian monarchy would
result in an Israeli attack. Israel and Jordan along with Lebanon were already negotiating
a peace treaty as early as the 1950s but a string of assassinations including Jordanian and
Lebanese ambassadors and the King of Jordan himself, stopped such an attempt at peace.
However, this friendship has been damaged several times due to the worsening situation
in the Palestinian territories and the slow peace process with the Palestinians. In Israel in
2009, several Likud lawmakers proposed a bill that called for a Palestinian state on both
sides of the Jordan River, presuming that Jordan should be the alternative homeland for
the Palestinians. Later, following similar remarks by the Israeli Speaker of the Knesset,
twenty Jordanian lawmakers proposed a bill in the Jordanian Parliament in which the
peace treaty between Israel and Jordan would be frozen. The Israeli Foreign Ministry
disavowed the original proposal.[76][77]
Jordan's relations with the United States have traditionally been close. However, the
relationship between the two countries reached new heights during the reign of King
Abdullah II. The Jordanian General Intelligence Department is reportedly the CIA's
closest partner after Britain's MI6. Also, the release classified U.S. cables on Wikileaks
proved the depth of US-Jordan relations. Over 4,000 military cables were sent from
Amman, the fifth most popular origin of U.S. military cables worldwide, higher than
from London or Tel Aviv. Regionally, only Ankara and Baghdad surpassed Amman.
Jordan provides extensive strategic and logistic support to U.S. military forces in Iraq and
Afghanistan. However, the leaked military cables show that America had kept Jordan's
involvement in the War on Terror quiet whether it be its rendition program or Jordan's
leading of counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Jordan also participates in the multilateral peace talks. Jordan belongs to the UN and
several of its specialized and related agencies, including the World Trade Organization
(WTO), the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the World Health
Organization (WHO). Jordan also is a member of the World Bank, International
Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Nonaligned
Movement (NAM), and Arab League.
[edit] Military
Main article: Jordanian Armed Forces

Jordanian troops in a military parade in Amman

Six USAF F-16 fighters in Muwaffaq Salti Air Base in Azraq. JAF F-16's can be seen to
the right.

Jordanian Special Forces

Jordan has a strong defensive army with strong support and aid from the United States,
the United Kingdom and France. This is due to its critical position between Israel and the
West Bank, Syria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia with very close proximity to Lebanon and
Egypt. Jordan has an excellent and well-trained police force and military that are
responsive and able to handle almost any contingency.[75] The development of the special
forces has been particularly significant, enhancing the capability of the forces to react
rapidly to threats to state security, as well as training special forces from the region and
beyond.[78][79]
Main article: Royal Jordanian Land Force
The Royal Special Forces is a unit of the armed forces of Jordan. The Commander was
Brigadier-General His Royal Highness Prince Abdullah (now King Abdullah II of
Jordan), 1993–1996. In 2007, these forces received training from Blackwater Worldwide.
[80]

The Royal Naval Force is the Naval entity of the Jordanian Armed Forces.
The Royal Jordanian Air Force (RJAF) (Arabic: ‫سلح الجو الملكي الردني‬, transliterated:
Silah al-Jaw Almalaki al-Urduni) is the aviation branch of the Jordanian Armed Forces
and includes the Royal Jordanian Air Defence.
[edit] Peacekeeping abroad
There are about 50,000 Jordanian troops working with the United Nations in
peacekeeping missions across the world. These soldiers provide everything from military
defense, training of native police, medical help, and charity.
Jordan has dispatched several field hospitals to conflict zones and areas affected by
natural disasters across the world such as Iraq, the West Bank, Lebanon, Afghanistan,
Haiti, Indonesia, Congo, Liberia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sierra Leone and Pakistan. The
Kingdom's field hospitals extended aid to more than one million people in Iraq, some one
million in the West Bank and 55,000 in Lebanon. According to the military, there are
Jordanian peacekeeping forces in Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America. Jordanian
Armed Forces field hospital in Afghanistan has since 2002 provided assistance to some
750,000 persons and has significantly reduced the suffering of people residing in areas
where the hospital operates.In some missions, the number of Jordanian troops was the
second largest, the sources said.[81] Jordan also provides extensive training of security
forces in Iraq,[82] the Palestinian territories,[83] and the GCC.[84]
[edit] Politics
Main article: Politics of Jordan
Jordan's most executive power is the King and it is a constitutional monarchy with a
representative government. The King traditionally has held substantial power, however
the democratically elected Parliament holds significant influence and power in national
governance.
[edit] Political parties
The reforms of 1989 legalized political parties and opposition movements. The result is
over 30 political parties, but the only political party that plays a role in the legislature is
the Islamic Action Front (IAF). Political parties can be seen to represent four sections:
Islamists, leftists, Arab nationalists and liberals. Some other political parties in Jordan
including the Jordanian Arab Democratic Party, Jordanian Socialist Party, and Muslim
Centre Party, but these have little impact on the political process because of lack of
organization and clear platforms on key domestic issues as well as differences and
factions within these political parties.
[edit] Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Jordan
In the 2010 Arab Democracy Index, Jordan ranked first in the state of democratic reforms
out of fifteen Arab countries.[85] In 2009, Jordan ranked as "Not Free" in Freedom House's
2008 Press Freedom rankings.[86] Jordan's civil liberties and political rights ranked 5.0
"Partly Free" near "Not Free" in Freedom House's 2009 rankings, a drop from last year.
Jordan has the 5th freest press in the Arab World out of 21 countries.[87][88] Measured by
the Annual Freedom House survey, Jordan ranks third in the Middle East on major areas
of freedom, from investment to expression.[75]
Also, Jordan enjoys transparent governance, ranking 4th among Arab countries in the
2007 Corruption Perceptions Index issued by Transparency International, after Qatar,
UAE and Bahrain. Further efforts to enhance its position include ratifying the United
Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) where Jordan emerged as a regional
leader in spearheading efforts to promote the UNCAC and its implementation.[75]
Jordan is a transit point and destination for human trafficking of women for the purpose
of domestic work or employment in the kingdom's nightlife scene. Women mainly from
Eastern Europe and North Africa are trafficked to Jordan each year to work as prostitutes
in nightclubs and bars across the country. Also, there have been many cases of Asian
workers who have been exploited for the purpose of menial domestic work in Jordanian
households. Many are unregistered and have their passports confiscated upon arrival in
Jordan. While there has been some improvement in combating human trafficking, Jordan
remains a Tier 2 country for loopholes in legislation and lack of protection of human
trafficking victims.[89]
Amnesty International showed concern about the practices of torture and ill-treatment in
Jordan, "as well as the link between torture, unfair trials, and the death penalty."[90]
Amnesty International also showed concern about death-penalty rulings in Jordan
"because there is a pattern of death sentences, and sometimes executions, occurring as a
result of unfair trials where confessions extracted under torture are used as evidence
against the defendants".[90] According to the same Amnesty International report, there is a
pattern of suppression of freedom of expression and association in Jordan.[90]
According to Amnesty, "The practice of killing women and girls by husbands or family
members because they have allegedly engaged in behavior that goes against social norms
(so-called "honor killings") continues to be a problem in Jordan; with an average of 20
Jordanian women killed each year. However, there has been improvement in this regard.
Recently, the Judicial Ministry established a special tribunal for honor crimes that would
speed up trials which would often take up to 18 months.[91] In the past year, the judiciary
has been handing down harsher sentences to perpetrators of honour crimes. In the past,
most men served less than a year for killing a woman who had "dishonored" her family.
Now, more than seven months after the government restructured the legal system to deal
with honor crimes as normal criminal cases, Jordan has seen at least 10 cases result in
prison sentences of seven to 15 years. There has been a shift in recent years in public
mentality towards honor crimes. For example, the local media has toughened their
rhetoric against honor crime perpetrators and judges are passing down harsher sentences.
However, there are still pushes by women's rights activists to codify this new stance
towards honour crimes in the kingdom's laws.[92] There is other progress in the women's
rights movement in Jordan such as a 20% quota in the local councils and a 12 seat quota
in the national legislature. In addition, there are new laws in the pipeline to safeguard
women's rights like the creation of a mandatory fund for divorced women, which would
guarantee a settlement from a former husband.[93]
Amnesty also reported on the abuse of foreign domestic workers in Jordan. Jordan has
one of the world's largest populations of domestic migrant workers. [94] More than
300,000 domestic workers primarily from the Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka work
in Jordanian households. [95] Violations surfaced after hundreds of Filipino maids fled to
their embassy to escape abuse. [90] However in August 2009, a new law aimed at
improving the rights of domestic workers was passed by the cabinet making Jordan the
first Arab country to guarantee legal protection for domestic workers. The reported
improvements include religious freedom, health care, 10-hour workdays, one contact per
month with the worker's homeland at the employer's expense, 14 day paid annual leave
and 14 days of paid sick leave per year.
The Jordanian Constitution provides for the freedom to practice one's religion in
accordance with the customs in the Kingdom, unless they violate public order or
morality. Jordan's state religion is Islam. The Government bans conversion from Islam
and efforts to proselytize Muslims. While proselytizing to Christians may not be banned,
it is equally not favoured and very hampered with beaureaucratic red tape that renders it
near impossible to legalise. The US State Department's International Religious Freedom
Report of 2009 indicated that there were "no reports that the practice of any faith was
prohibited" in Jordan. In fact, Jordan has been highlighted as a model of interfaith
dialogue. The study also concluded that in the last year there were "no reports of misuse
or neglect" of the Kingdom's diverse religious sites, as well as no reports of "harassment,
discrimination, or restrictions" to worshippers.[96] Christians are well integrated into the
Kingdom's political and economic landscapes. At least one Christian holds a ministerial
post in every government, eight seats in the 110-seat Parliament are reserved for
Christians, and a similar number is appointed to the Upper House by the King. In
addition, Christians have traditionally prospered in the kingdom to the extent that
Jordanian Christians are believed to own or run about a third of the Jordanian economy
despite making up only 6% of the total population. They serve in the military, many have
high positions in the army, and they have established good relations with the royal
family.[97] [98]
[edit] Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Jordan

Graph showing the population of Jordan from 1960 to 2005.

Amman

Ajloun

Aqaba

Irbid

Ar Ramtha

Jerash

Ruwaished

Mafraq

Karak

Tafilah

Ma'an

Shoubak

Wadi Rum
Petra

Madaba

Deir Alla

Salt

Zarqa

Azraq
Cities in Jordan
The Jordan National Census for the year 2004 was released on October 1 of the same
year, According to the census, Jordan had a population of 5,100,981. The census
estimated that there are another 190,000 who were not counted. National growth rate was
2.5% (at maximum) compared to 3.3% of the 1994 census. Males made up 51.5% of
Jordan's population (2,628,717), while females constituted 2,472,264 (48.5%). Jordanian
citizens made up 93% of the population (4,750,463), non-Jordanian citizens made up 7%
(349,933). However, it is estimated that most of those who did not turn in their forms
were immigrants from neighboring countries, There were 946,000 households in Jordan
in 2004, with an average of 5.3 persons/household (compared to 6 persons/household for
the census of 1994).[99] The next census is scheduled to take place in 2014.
Jordan's Arab population mainly consists of Jordanians, Palestinians and Iraqis. In
addition, there are sizable immigrant communities from Egypt, Syria and Lebanon
residing in Jordan. Of the non-Arab population which comprises 2% to 5% of Jordan's
population, most are Circassians, Chechens, Armenians, Turkmans, and Romanis, all of
which have maintained separate ethnic identities, but have integrated into mainstream
Jordanian culture.[100][101] Since the Iraq War many Christians (Assyrians/Chaldeans) from
Iraq have settled permanently or temporarily in Jordan.
During the years 2004–2007, Jordan saw a rapid increase in its population due to the
heavy migration of Iraqi refugees, an independent census carried in 2007, estimated that
there are 700,000 Iraqis residing in Jordan, other estimates put them as high as one
million Iraqis.[102] Estimates put the population of Jordan slightly over 6,300,000 as of the
year 2009[103] (increasing from 5,100,000 in 2004).
UNRWA indicates that as many as 1,951,603 persons are registered as Palestinian
refugees in 2008 [104] mostly as Jordanian citizens. 338,000 of which reside in UNRWA
administered refugee camps scattered across Jordan. [105]
There are is no exact number detailing the extent of migrant workers in Jordan, however
they are believed to form between 20-30% of the labor force in Jordan.. The population
of migrant workers including domestic workers in Jordan are believed to be as high as
one million. Many are Egyptians who number at around 500,000 laborers and the
remaining workers are mostly from Syria, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Nepal. Jordan is
home to one of the world's largest population of migrant domestic workers according to
the Human Rights Watch. Domestic workers in Jordan number around 300,000,
according to estimates, and they mainly come from the countries of Indonesia, the
Philippines, and Sri Lanka. Furthermore, there are thousands of foreign women working
in nightclubs and bars across Jordan, mostly from Eastern Europe and North Africa. [106]
[95][107]

[edit] Religion
Main article: Religion in Jordan
Religion in Jordan[100]
Religion Percent
Sunni Muslims   92%
Christian   6%
Other   2%

The growing Iraqi Assyrian population in Jordan.

The Abu Darweesh Mosque was built in 1961 by the Circassian community which came
to settle in Amman
A Greek Orthodox church in Amman
Islam is the predominant religion in Jordan, and it is the majority religion among both
Arabs and non-Arabs. It is the official religion of the country, and approximately 92% of
the population is Muslim by religion, primarily of the Sunni branch of Islam. Islamic
studies are offered to students but are not mandatory to non-Muslim students. Jordan is
an advocate for religious freedom in the region and the world. Religious officials have no
part in the government and are not allowed to interfere in the state's affairs.
Jordan has an indigenous Christian minority. Christians are a religious minority both
among the Arab and non-Arab segment. Christians of all ethnic backgrounds permanently
residing in Jordan form approximately 6% of the population and are allocated respective
seats in parliament (The Department of Statistics released no information about the
religion distribution from the census of 2004). Christians made up 30% of the Jordanian
population in 1950.[108] However, emigration to Europe, Canada and the United States and
lower birth rates compared to Muslims has significantly decreased the ratio of the
Christian population,[108] coupled with the fact that the majority of people that have come
to Jordan as refugees were Muslim.
Indigenous Jordanians of the Christians faith, are, like their counterpart indigenous
Jordanians of the Muslim faith, an Arab people in language, culture and identity.
Jordanian Arab Christians hold services in the Arabic language, and share the culture of
Jordan, and share the broader Levantine Arab identity. Most Jordanian Christians belong
to the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem. The remainder include members of the
Syriac Orthodox Church, Latin Rite Catholic Church, Melkite Greek Catholic Church,
Syriac Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, and
Anglican Communion.
Among the Christian non-Arab population, significant part is made up of Armenians in
Jordan; the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church (and some in
other churches). Others include expatriate Christians in Jordan from various countries, as
evinced, for example, by some Catholic masses held in English, French, Italian, Spanish,
Tagalog, and Sinhala. With Protestant services in English (4 Churches), Tagalog, Tamil,
and German. Many Iraqi Christians have recently moved to Jordan with the turmoil in
neighboring Iraq, and they are composed mostly of Iraqi Assyrian Christians.
Other religious minorities groups in Jordan include adherents to the Druze and Bahá'í
Faith. The Druze are mainly located in the Eastern Oasis Town of Azraq, some villages
on the Syrian border and the city of Zarka, while the Village of Adassiyeh bordering the
Jordan Valley is home to Jordan's Bahá'í community.
According to the 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index, less than half of Jordanians regularly
attend religious services, a moderate percentage in comparison to industrialized countries.
However, this rate is the lowest in the Arab countries. [109]
[edit] Language
The official language is Arabic. English, though without an official status, is widely
spoken throughout the country and is the de facto language of commerce and banking, as
well as a co-official status in the education sector. The spoken language is Jordanian
Levantine. Modern Standard Arabic and English are obligatory learning at public and
most private schools with French being an important elective, and Spanish is slowly
spreading. Radio Jordan offers radio services in Arabic, English,and French. Armenian as
well as Caucasian languages like Circassian and Chechen are understood and spoken by
their respective communities residing in Jordan, with several schools teaching them,
alongside English. Other languages that are less commonly found are[citation needed] Turkish,
Serbo-Croatian, Greek, Assyrian, and Bosnian.
[edit] Health
Jordan has quite an advanced health care system, although services remain highly
concentrated in Amman. Government figures have put total health spending in 2002 at
some 7.5% of Gross domestic product (GDP), while international health organizations
place the figure even higher, at approximately 9.3% of GDP. The country's health care
system is divided between public and private institutions. In the public sector, the
Ministry of Health operates 1,245 primary health-care centers and 27 hospitals,
accounting for 37% of all hospital beds in the country; the military's Royal Medical
Services runs 11 hospitals, providing 24% of all beds; and the Jordan University Hospital
accounts for 3% of total beds in the country. The private sector provides 36% of all
hospital beds, distributed among 56 hospitals. In 1 June 2007, Jordan Hospital (as the
biggest private hospital) was the first general specialty hospital who gets the international
accreditation JCAHO. Treatment cost in Jordanian hospitals is less than in other
countries.[110]
According to 2003 estimates, the rate of prevalence of human immunodeficiency
virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) was less than 0.1%. According
to a United Nations Development Program report, Jordan has been considered malaria-
free since 2001; cases of tuberculosis declined by half during the 1990s, but tuberculosis
remains an issue and an area needing improvement. Jordan experienced a brief outbreak
of bird flu in March 2006. Noncommunicable diseases such as cancer also are a major
health issue in Jordan. Childhood immunization rates have increased steadily over the
past 15 years; by 2002 immunizations and vaccines reached more than 95% of children
under five.[110]
About 86% of Jordanians had medical insurance in 2009, the Jordanian government plans
to reach 100% in 2011.
The King Hussein Cancer Center is the only specialized cancer treatment facility in the
Middle East. It is one of the top cancer treatment facilities in the world. Jordan was
ranked by the World Bank to be the number one health care services provider in the
region and among the top 5 in the world. In 2008, 250,000 patients sought treatment in
the Kingdom including Iraqis, Palestinians, Sudanese, Syrians, GCC citizens, Americans,
Canadians, and Egyptians. Jordan earned almost $1 billion dollars in medical tourism
revenues according to the World Bank.
According to the CIA World Factbook, the life expectancy in Jordan is 78.55 years, the
second highest in the region (after Israel). There were 203 physicians per 100,000 people
in the years 2000–2004, a proportion comparable to many developed countries and higher
than most of the developing world.[111]
Water and sanitation, available to only 10% of the population in 1950, now reach 99% of
Jordanians. Electricity now also reaches 99% of the population, as compared to less than
10% in 1955.[112]
See: Medical education in Jordan.
[edit] Quality of life
Jordan is consistently ranked as having a superior quality of life in comparison to the
region and developing countries as a whole. Jordan has one of the highest standards of
living in the developing world with a highly educated population with access to advanced
healthcare services in urban and rural areas. Jordan ranked as having the 11th highest
standard of living in the developing world and the second highest standard of living in the
Arab and Muslim World as measured by the Human Poverty Index-2. Jordan is a
noticeably clean country with an extremely low crime rate.[113] Decades of political
stability and security make Jordan one of the top 10 countries worldwide in security.[75] In
the 2010 Newsweek "World's Best Countries" list, Jordan ranked as the third best Arab
country to live in (53rd worldwide), after Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.[114] In
addition, Jordan is one of the most liberal countries in the Middle East.[115] In the 2010
Human Development Index, Jordan was placed in the "high human development" bracket
and came 7th among Arab countries, behind the oil-producing nations and one place
behind Tunisia. In the HDI index score excluding income, Jordan came in second in the
Arab world, higher than most of the affluent Persian Gulf states, showing the huge
emphasis the Jordanian government has placed on human capital in its development
process.[116]
The 2010 Quality of Life Index prepared by International Living Magazine ranked Jordan
as having the highest quality of life in the Middle East and North Africa Region. To
produce this annual Index, International Living considers, for each of these countries,
nine categories: Cost of Living, Culture and Leisure, Economy, Environment, Freedom,
Health, Infrastructure, Safety and Risk and Climate. Jordan ranked first in the MENA
with 55.0 points followed by Kuwait with 54.47 points, Morocco with 54.45 points, and
Lebanon with 54.3 points.[117] Only 3.5 percent of Jordanians earn less than $2 a day, one
of the lowest rates in the developing world and the lowest among the Arab states,
according to the UN Human Development Report. Furthermore, Jordan hosts one of the
largest immigrant populations in the world, with more than 40% of its residents being
born in another country, a rate even higher than the United States, according to a 2005
UN Report.
Access to adequate food and shelter in Jordan is the sixth highest rate in the world, and a
relatively high 72%* of Jordanians are satisfied with their living standards. Despite high
levels of perceived corruption in politics and business, Jordanians have relatively high
confidence in the government. Over eight in 10 people approve of their government
which is the 13th highest level in the 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index. Levels of support
for the country’s policies to preserve the environment and address poverty are also
among the top 25 nations. Jordanians are highly enthusiastic about their other civil
institutions: 96% support the military, the seventh highest rate overall, and 70% have
confidence in the judiciary, the 25th highest rate. Jordanians also enjoy high levels of
safety in their personal lives. In a 2009 survey, just 2.8%* of respondents said they had
been assaulted in the last 12 months, and less than 7%* had experienced theft: these
figures are the 21st and 10th lowest in the world, respectively. Jordan is also among the
top ten countries whose citizens feel safest walking the streets at night.[118]
Jordan spends 4.2% of its GDP to guarantee the well being of its citizens- more than any
other country in the region. Life expectancy and public health levels in Jordan are
comparable to the West with 88% of the population on medical insurance, one of the
highest rates in the world. The remaining 12% are covered under Royal makruma.[119]
Also, the Social Security Corporation (SSC) is working to increase social security
subscribers across the Kingdom with public sector workers currently covered and
working to include private sector employees as well. After employees in the Kingdom
receive coverage, the SSC is now expanding to include Jordanian expatriates in the
Persian Gulf states and students, housewives, business owners, and the unemployed. The
Social Security Corporation plans to have 85% of the population covered under the social
security umbrella by the end of 2011.[120][121]
In 2008, the Jordanian government launched the "Decent Housing for a Decent Living"
project aimed at giving poor people and even Palestinian refugees the chance at owning
their own house. Approximately 120,000 affordable housing units will be constructed
within the next 5 years, and an additional 100,000 housing units can be built if the need
arises.[122]
Jordan was ranked as the 19th most expensive country in the world to live in 2010.[123]
Despite these positive indicators, Jordan remains marred by chronic high unemployment
rates, 11.9% in the fourth quarter of 2010.[124] Also, an estimated 13.3% of citizens live
under the poverty line of 680 dinars per month ($960).[125] Currently, there are over
700,000 highly skilled college graduates working temporarily in GCC nations like the
United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. These white-collar workers send home more
than three billion dollars in remittances to Jordan each year, a vital part of the Jordanian
economy. High cost of living and lower wages push thousands of fresh college graduates
to seek their fortunes in the oil-rich gulf.
Several aspects of Jordan's quality of life include:
• Good health infrastructure
See: Health in Jordan
• Relatively open socio-political environment
See: Politics of Jordan and Human rights in Jordan
• Reliable infrastructure
See: Communications in Jordan and Transport in Jordan
• A moderate climate
See: Climate of Jordan and Geography of Jordan
• A growing economy
See: Economy of Jordan
• Diverse ethnic and religious background
See: Demographics of Jordan
• Political stability
See: History of Jordan
[edit] Education
Main article: Education in Jordan
Jordan has given great attention to education in particular. The literacy rate in Jordan is
93%. In addition, the role played by a good education system has been significant in the
development of Jordan from a predominantly agrarian to an industrialized nation.
Jordan's education system ranks number one in the Arab World and is one of the highest
in the developing world.[126] UNESCO ranked Jordan's education system 18th worldwide
for providing gender equality in education.[127] 20.5% of Jordan's total government
expenditures goes to education compared to 2.5% in Turkey and 3.86% in Syria.[128][129]
[130]

Jordan is world-renowned for its highly educated population.[131][132] Jordan is among the
region's highest spenders on education, investing more than 20.4% of its GDP to enable a
labor force tailored to meet the demands of the modern market.[119] Trends in International
Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Report in 2003, ranked Jordanian students
scores to be 22 points above international average in science and mathematics. It also
ranked Jordan as having the highest average science scores in the MENA region,
including Israel and Turkey. Jordan also had one of the highest average scores in
mathematics in the region.[130] Jordan ranked 14th out of 110 countries for the number of
engineers and scientists according to the Global Competitiveness Report 2004–2005
(WEF). Jordan has a higher proportion of university graduates in technological fields
than any other country in the region. There are over 200,000 Jordanian students enrolled
in universities each year. An additional 20,000 Jordanians pursue higher education
abroad primarily in Western countries like the United States and Great Britain. [133]
There is a primary school enrollment rate of 98.2% in Jordan. Secondary school
enrollment has increased from 63% to 97% of high school aged students in Jordan and
between 79% and 85% of high school students in Jordan move on to higher education, an
extremely high rate for a middle income nation.[134]
In scientific research generally, Jordan is ranked number one in the region. Nature
Journal reported Jordan having the highest number of researchers per million people
among all the 57 countries members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC);the average of OIC countries is 500 researchers per million people. In Jordan there
are 2,000 researchers per million people, higher than Israel and the United Kingdom.[135]
[edit] School education
The illiteracy rate in Jordan was 6.9% in 2010, one of the lowest in the region.[136]
See also: Tawjihi and List of private schools in Jordan
School education in Jordan could be categorized into two sections:
 • Secondary education, which consists of two years of school study, for students
who have completed the 10-year basic cycle. It comprises two major tracks:
1. Secondary education, which can either be academic or vocational. At the
end of the two-year period, students sit for the general secondary
examination (Tawjihi) in the appropriate branch and those who pass are
awarded the Tawjihi (General Secondary Education Certificate). The
academic stream qualifies students for university entrance, whereas the
vocational or technical type qualifies for entrance to Community colleges
or universities or the job market, provided they pass the two additional
subjects.
2. Vocational secondary education, which provides intensive vocational
training and apprenticeship, and leads to the award of a Certificate (not the
Tawjihi). This type of education is provided by the Vocational Training
Corporation, under the control of the Ministry of Labour / Technical and
Vocational Education and Training Higher Council.
After completing the 8, 9 or 10 years of basic education, Jordanians are free to choose
any foreign secondary education program instead of the Tawjihi examinations (8 for
IGCSE, 10 for SAT and IB). Such programmes are usually offered by private schools.
These programmes include:
• IGCSE
• SAT
• International Baccalaureate
Private schools in Jordan also offer IGCSE examinations. About a quarter of school-aged
students in Jordan are enrolled in private schools. The following is a list of the most
prominent private schools in the kingdom:
• Amman Academy: which offers Tawjihi, and International Baccalaureate (IGCSE
examinations are no longer administered).
• The International School of Choueifat which only offers external examinations,
and which is known as one of the toughest schools world wide, whose students
take honors world wide in external examinations.
• College De La Salle which is a school with only male students, no females.
• Amman Baccalurate School which only offers IB.
• Modern Montessori School which only offers IB.
• Amman National School which supplies both tawjihi and externals.
• Amman Baptist school which offers both tawjihi and externals.
• Kings Academy which only gives American Externals.
• The National Orthodox School which give both externals and tawjihi.
Upon graduation, the ministry of Higher Education, through a system similar to UK tariff
points, transforms the grades/marks of these foreign educational programmes into the
same marks used in grading Tawjihi students. This system is controversial, both as to the
conversion process and the number of places allocated to non-Tawjihi applicants.
[edit] Higher education
See also: List of universities in Jordan

Medical Faculties Complex at Jordan University of Science and Technology.

Access to higher education is open to holders of the General Secondary Education
Certificate or Tawjihi who can then apply to private community colleges, public
community colleges or universities (public and private), the admission to public
universities is very competitive. The kingdom has 10 public and 16 private universities,
in addition to some 54 community colleges, of which 14 are public, 24 private and others
affiliated with the Jordan Armed Forces, the Civil Defence Department, the ministry of
health and UNRWA.[137] The first university established in the kingdom was the
University of Jordan.[138] A United Nations-supported research nuclear reactor and a
synchrotron-light scientific facility (International Centre for Synchrotron-Light for
Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East) are currently being built on
campus of Jordan University of Science and Technology and the Hashemite University to
establish the first nuclear facilities for academic research in the kingdom.[139][140] All post-
secondary education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research.
[edit] Economy
Main article: Economy of Jordan

The Abdali Urban Regeneration Project in Amman

The Four Seasons hotel in Amman, Jordan's capital.
Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently
exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources
more efficiently, including through the good regional cooperation it has with Israel. The
country depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During
the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from Iraq and
neighboring countries. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation
Council member countries. In addition, the Arab Gas Pipeline from Egypt to the southern
port city of Aqaba was completed in 2003. The government plans to extend this pipeline
north to the Amman area and beyond.
Since King Abdullah II's accession to the throne in 1999, liberal economic policies have
been introduced which has resulted in a boom lasting for a decade continuing even
through 2009. Jordan is the 4th freest economy in the Middle East and North Africa,
beating traditionally free economies like Israel, the United Arab Emirates and Lebanon.
Jordan's developed and modern banking sector is becoming the investment destination of
choice due to its conservative bank policies that helped Jordan escape the worst of the
global financial crisis of 2009.
With instability across the region in Iraq and Lebanon, Jordan is emerging as the
"business capital of the Levant" and "the next Beirut". Jordan's economy has been
growing at an annual rate of 7% for a decade. Jordan's economy is undergoing a major
shift from an aid-dependent, rentier economy to one of the most robust, open and
competitive economies in the region. In recent years, there has been shift to knowledge-
intensive industries, i.e ICT, and a rapidly growing trade sector benefiting from regional
instability.
Jordan has more free trade agreements than any other Arab country. Jordan has FTA's
with the United States, Canada, Singapore, Malaysia, the European Union, Tunisia,
Algeria, Libya, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. More FTA's are planned with the Palestinian
Authority, the GCC, Lebanon, and Pakistan. Jordan is a member of the Greater Arab Free
Trade Agreement, the Euro-Mediterranean free trade agreement, and the Agadir
Agreement. Increased investment and exports are the main sources of Jordan's growth.
Continued close integration into the European Union and GCC markets will reap vast
economic rewards for the Kingdom in the coming years.
The main obstacles to Jordan's economy are scarce water supplies, complete reliance on
oil imports for energy, and regional instability.
Rapid privatization of previously state-controlled industries and liberalization of the
economy is spurring unprecedented growth in Jordan's urban centers like Amman and
especially Aqaba. Jordan has six special economic zones that attract significant amount
of investment amounting in the billions: Aqaba, Mafraq, Ma'an, Ajloun, the Dead Sea,
and Irbid. Jordan also has a plethora of industrial zones producing goods in the textile,
aerospace, defense, ICT, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors.
The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States[141] that went into effect in
December 2001 will phase out duties on nearly all goods and services by 2010. The
agreement also provides for more open markets in communications, construction,
finance, health, transportation, and services, as well as strict application of international
standards for the protection of intellectual property. In 1996, Jordan and the United States
signed a civil aviation agreement that provides for open skies between the two countries,
and a U.S.-Jordan treaty for the protection and encouragement of bilateral investment
entered into force in 2003. Jordan has been a member of the World Trade Organization
since 2000.[142]
Many Iraqi and Palestinian businesses maintain important offices in Jordan. Due to the
instability in these two regions, many Iraqis and Palestinians work out of Jordan. With
Jordan becoming known as the gateway to Iraq and the Palestinian territories and for its
free trade policies, Amman and the Kingdom of Jordan as a whole has the potential to
monopolize business and trade in the Levant.
In the 2000 Competitive Industrial Performance (CIP) Index, Jordan ranked as the third
most industrialized economy in the Middle East and North Africa, behind Turkey and
Kuwait. Jordan was in the upper bracket of nations scored by the CIP index.
In the 2009 Global Trade Enabling Report, Jordan ranked 4th in the Arab World behind
the UAE, Bahrain, and Qatar. The report analyzes the country's market access, the
country's transport and communications infrastructure, border administration, and the
business environment of the country[143] Textile and clothing exports from Jordan to the
United States shot up 2,000% from 2000 to 2005, following introduction of the FTA.
According to the National Labor Committee, a U.S.-based NGO (Non-Governmental
Organization), Jordan has experienced sharp increases in sweatshop conditions in its
export-oriented manufacturing sector.[144]

Jordanian exports in 2006

The proportion of skilled workers in Jordan is among the highest in the region.[145] The
services sector dominates the Jordanian economy. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry
in Jordan with revenues over one billion. Industries such as pharmaceuticals are emerging
as very profitable products in Jordan. The Real Estate economy and construction sectors
continue to flourish with mass amounts of investments pouring in from the Persian Gulf
and Europe. Foreign Direct Investment is in the billions. The stock market capitalization
of Jordan is worth nearly $40 billion.
Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a "lower middle income country." The per-
capita GDP was approximately USD $5,100 for 2007 and 14.5% of the economically
active population, on average, was unemployed in 2003. Education and literacy rates and
measures of social well-being are very high compared to other countries with similar
incomes. Jordan's population growth rate is high, but has declined in recent years, to
approximately 2.8% currently. One of the most important factors in the government's
efforts to improve the well-being of its citizens is the macroeconomic stability that has
been achieved since the 1990s. However, unemployment rates remain high, with the
official figure standing at 12.5%, and the unofficial around 30%. Rates of price inflation
are low, at 2.3% in 2003, and the currency has been stable with an exchange rate fixed to
the U.S. dollar since 1995.
Jordan is pinning its hopes on tourism, future uranium and oil shale exports, trade, and
ICT for future economic growth.
Amman was ranked as the Arab World's most expensive city in 2006 by the Economist
Intelligence Unit, beating Dubai. In 2009, Amman ranked as the 4th most expensive city
in the Arab World, behind Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Beirut.
Jordan is an importer of low skilled and semi-skilled laborers from Egypt, South Asia,
Indonesia, Syria, and the Philippines. There are a range of estimates of the size of the
migrant workforce in Jordan from conservative estimates of 300,000 foreign workers to
almost 700,000 foreigners working in Jordan. They constitute about 20-30% of the labor
force in Jordan and they are consistently cited when discussing Jordan's chronic
unemployment problem.[134] These migrant workers often work in construction, the textile
factories in Jordan's Qualified Industrial Zones, municipal maintenance services, and as
domestic workers. Recently, these migrant workers were incorporated into the Kingdom's
labor laws giving them a wide range of benefits and rights and access to legal protection,
the first Arab country to do so.[146]
In relation to the population size, Jordan is also one of the largest suppliers of skilled
labour and human capital in the world. An estimated 600,000 Jordanians or one fourth of
the labour force are earning their living in foreign countries working primarily in high
paying white-collar jobs. Between 1968 and 2003, the accumulated net number of
emmigrants amounted to over 1.1 million persons. Most of the skilled labor that left
Jordan emigrated on a temporary basis to the oil producing Persian Gulf states. Since the
mid 1970s, migrants’ remittances are Jordan’s most important source of foreign
exchange, and a decisive factor in the country’s economic development and the rising
standard of living of the population.[106]
Jordan has several large-scale global corporations despite its small size. Some of these
include Arab Bank, Aramex, Maktoob, and Kurdi Group. Since 2009, there are 2
Jordanian companies listed in the Forbes Global 2000 list, Arab Bank (Rank 708) and
Arab Potash (Rank 1964). In addition, Jordan has several billionaires as well like Ziad
Manasir and Eyhab Jumean.
[edit] Natural resources
See also: Oil shale in Jordan and Water supply and sanitation in Jordan
Although Jordan is a generally resource-poor country, Jordan does contain significant
deposits of both oil shale and sources of uranium; these potential sources of indigenous
energy have been the focus of renewed interest in recent years.
Jordan, however, is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world and considerable
water is required to develop these resources, particularly oil shale. There are very limited
resources of timber and forestry products and timbering is strictly limited by Jordan's
environmentalists.
Phosphate mines at the south of the kingdom enable Jordan to be one of the largest
producers and exporters of this mineral in the world.[147][148][149][150][151] Potassium, salt,
natural gas and stone are the most important other substances extracted. Phosphates are
carried by rail from the mines to the port of Aqaba where it is shipped via cargo ship to
other ports.
Jordan has one of the largest uranium reserves in the world. Jordan's reserves account for
2% of the world's total uranium. It's estimated that Jordan can extract 80,000 tons of
uranium from its uranic ores, and the country's phosphate reserves also contain some
100,000 tons of uranium. Jordan plans that by 2035, 60% of the country's total energy
consumption will be from nuclear energy. 4 nuclear power plants are planned to be built
in Jordan with the first one to be operational in 2017.
Since the beginning of 2010, the government of Jordan has been seeking approval from
the U.S. for producing nuclear fuel from Jordan's uranium for use in nuclear power plants
that Jordan plans to build. Jordan is not required to obtain U.S. approval since, as a
signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Jordan has every right to
produce nuclear fuel for peaceful purposes. However, in view of the U.S.-led sanctions
against Iran over Iran's nuclear program, despite Iran being a signatory of the NPT,
Jordan is first seeking US approval to avoid a fate similar to that of Iran. The government
of Israel, not a signatory of the NPT, has made clear to Washington its objection to
Jordan's nuclear energy program. According to Haaretz, Jordan learned that the US
position is essentially the Israeli position, and the U.S. has rejected Jordan's request for
approval.[152]
Natural gas was discovered in Jordan in 1987, and the estimated size of the reserve
discovered was about 230 billion cubic feet, and quantities are very modest compared
with its neighbours. It was the development of the Risha field in the Eastern Desert
beside the Iraqi border, and the field produces nearly 30 million cubic feet of gas a day,
to be sent to a nearby power plant to produce nearly 10% of the Jordan's Electric needs.
[153]

Despite the fact that reserves of crude oil are non-commercial, Jordan possesses one of
the world's richest stockpiles of oil shale where there are huge quantities that could be
commercially exploited in the central and northern regions west of the country. The
extent the World Energy Council reserves Jordan approximately 40 billion tons, which
established it as the second richest state in rock oil reserves after Canada (estimated), and
first at the world's level of proven discoveries at a rate of extraction of oil up to between
8% and 12% of content, and could be the production of 4 billion tons of oil from the
current reserve, which puts the quality of Jordanian oil on the one hand extraction, on an
equal footing with their counterparts in western Colorado in the United States, which its
estimated amount may rise to 20 billion tons. The moisture content and ash within is
relatively low. And the total thermal value is 7.5 megajoules/kg, and the content of
ointments reach 9% of the weight of the organic content.[154] Jordan recently signed a deal
with Royal Dutch Shell to extract and exploit shale oil reserves in central Jordan. It is
expected Jordan will produce its first commercial quantities of oil in the year 2020, with
an estimated production of 50,000 barrels of oil a day, 35 per cent of the Kingdom's
energy consumption in "less than 10 years". Previous NRA studies have revealed that 40
billion tonnes of oil shale exist in 21 sites concentrated near the Yarmouk River,
Buweida, Beit Ras, Rweished, Karak, Madaba and Maan.
A switch to power plants operated by oil shale has the potential to reduce Jordan's energy
bill by at least 40–50 per cent, according to the National Electric Power Company.[155]
[edit] Currency and exchange rates
The official currency in Jordan is the Jordanian dinar and divides into 10 dirham, 100
qirsh (also called piastres) or 1000 fils. In 1949, banknotes were issued by the
government in denominations of 500 fils, 1, 5 ,10 and 10 dinar. From 1959, the Central
Bank of Jordan took over note production. 20 dinar notes were introduced in 1977,
followed by 50 dinar in 1999. ½ dinar notes were replaced by coins in 1999. Coins were
introduced in 1949 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 fils. The first issue of 1
fils were mistakenly minted with the denomination given as "1 fil". 20 fils coins were
minted until 1965, with 25 fils introduced in 1968 and ¼ dinar coins in 1970. The 1 fils
coin was last minted in 1985. In 1996, smaller ¼ dinar coins were introduced alongside ½
and 1 dinar coins. Since October 23, 1995, the dinar has been officially pegged to the
IMF's Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). In practice, it is fixed at 1 U.S. dollar = 0.709
dinar, which translates to approximately 1 dinar = 1.41044 dollars.[156][157] The Central
Bank buys U.S. dollars at 0.708 dinar, and sell U.S. dollars at 0.7125 dinar,Exchangers
buys U.S. dollars at 0.708 and sell U.S. dollars at 0.709.[158]
[edit] Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Jordan

The Roman temple of Hercules in ancient Philadelphia (Amman)

The treasury, as seen from al-Siq

An Arabian Desert castle in Azraq

The Corinthian columns are a popular tourist attraction in Jerash.

The Brazen Serpent statue on Mount Nebo (Jordan)
Tourism is a very important sector of the Jordanian economy, contributing between 10%
and 12% to the country's Gross National Product in 2006. In addition to the country's
political stability, the geography offered makes Jordan an attractive tourism destination.
In 2010, there were 4.6 million overnight visitors to Jordan. The result was $3.4 billion in
tourism revenues. [159][160] Opodo and Travel Guides named Jordan as the Top Emerging
Destination for 2009. Jordan's major tourist activities include numerous ancient places, its
unique desert castles and unspoiled natural locations to its cultural and religious sites.
Jordan also offers a variety of nightlife options with nightclubs, discothèques, bars, and
raves in Amman, Irbid, Aqaba, and in 4 and 5-star hotels across the kingdom including in
the Dead Sea and Petra areas. However, Jordan's best options for nightlife and clubbing
are in West Amman. More traditional nightlife options like shisha lounges and late-night
street cafes are available around Jordan. In addition, Jordan has played host to numerous
raves and concerts like the Petra Prana Festival in 2007 which celebrated Petra's win as
one of the New Seven Wonders of the World with world-renowned DJ's like Tiesto and
Sarah Main. Also, the annual Distant Heat festival held in Wadi Rum and Aqaba, which
was ranked as one of the world's top 10 raves, brings local, regional, and international
DJ's to play nonstop for two whole days. The best known tourist attractions include:
• Ancient sightseeing
○ Petra in Wadi Musa, the home of the Nabateans, is a complete city carved
in a mountain. The huge rocks are colorful, mostly pink, and the entrance
to the ancient city is through a 1.25 km narrow gorge in the mountain—
called the Siq. In the city are various structures, all (except 2) are carved
into rock, including al Khazneh – known as the Treasury – which has been
designated as one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World" by the for-
profit New Open World Corporation. Other major sites of interest in Petra
include the Monastery, the Roman theater, the Royal Tombs, the High
Place of Sacrifice. Petra was rediscovered for the western world by Swiss
explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812.
○ Umm Qais, a town located on the site of the ruined Hellenistic–Roman
city of Gadara amongst the few in the Hellenistic world to have black
basalt facades .
Roman ruins at Umm Qais.
•
○ Ajlun, famous for the Ajlun Castle called in Arabic Al-Rabad Castle.
○ Jerash, famous for its ancient Roman architecture, with colonnaded streets,
Corinthian arches, outdoor Roman Theaters and the Oval Plaza. Outside
Jerash proper, the countryside is amongst the most scenic in the country
with ancient olive groves and oak and pine woodlands.

Wakalat Street
•
○ Amman, Jordan's cosmopolitan capital, contains the Roman theater, in
addition to several museums, where one may find remains of the Dead Sea
Scrolls. Amman is one of the world's oldest cities however the city is
surprisingly modern and very prosperous. It is considered to be one of the
most westernized cities in the Arab World.[161] Jordan's capital city boasts
plenty of historical sites, a thriving nightlife scene, a rapidly growing
culinary scene with restaurants serving a plethora of international dishes
including anything from regional dishes to Western dishes and even Asian
cuisine like sushi, a plethora of modern shopping malls and cultural events
from around the world. The city has become a favourite destination among
affluent Arab vacationers in recent years due to its rather temperate
climate, its unique Eastern and Western cultural blend, and its liberal
atmosphere.[162][163]
Discothèques, music bars and shisha lounges have sprouted across Amman, changing the
city's old image as the conservative capital of the kingdom. Jordan's young population is
helping shape this new burgeoning nightlife scene turning this once "staid" capital into
one of the region's most vibrant clubbing destinations. It has drastically changed so much
that partying is becoming a cultural lifestyle for Jordanians. Driving expensive cars and
sporting the latest fashions, many of these young, affluent Jordanians gather almost every
night at the chic new spots. Furthermore, Amman has developed one of the Middle East's
very few homosexual partying scenes that is mostly concentrated around liberal, affluent
hangouts like Books@Cafe and Club Fame, attesting to the rapid opening and
westernization of Jordanian society over the past decade.[164][165] The main centers for
clubbing in the city are Abdun, Jabal Amman, and Sweifieh, Amman's unofficial red
light district. Amman along with, Abu Dhabi and Jeddah, had the highest hotel
occupancy rates in the region in 2009.[166]
•
○ Al Karak is built around an important Crusader castle from around the
times of Salah al-Din, "Crac des Moabites" now known as Al-Karak
Castle.
• Religious sites
○ Madaba, well known for its Byzantine mosaics, as well as important
religious sites such as:
 The "terra Santa" Madaba Map of the Holyland.
 The River Jordan, Bethany Beyond the Jordan the biblical
Bethabara where Jesus of Nazareth was baptized, by John the
Baptist.
 Mount Nebo, where Moses was said to have gone to get a view of
the Promised Land before he died.
• Seaside

excavated remains of Bethabara, Jordan, where John the Baptist is believed to

have conducted his ministry.
○ The Dead Sea – It is the lowest point on earth, 402 meters below sea level,
[167]
and becomes 1 meter lower each year. It is the only depository of
River Jordan and was part of the biblical kingdoms of Midianites and later
the Moabites. The Dead Sea area is home to numerous world-class resorts
 such as the Kempinski and Marriott. In addition, there are water parks, a
public beach and international restaurants. The ultra-chic destination in the
area, however, is the O-Beach which is home to cabanas, bars,
international restaurants, and a beach club.

World's lowest (dry) point, Jordan, 1971

•
○ Aqaba is a town on the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba with numerous
shopping centers, hotels and access to various water sports and protected
coral reefs and marine life. It has the ruins of the mediaeval town of Ayla
and other Edomite ruins. Aqaba also has a vibrant nightlife scene
especially on holiday weekends when hordes of wealthy Jordanians visit
the coastal city. Numerous raves and concerts are held by international
DJ's and artists at the major resorts and beach clubs. Aqaba is seeing
nearly $20 billion worth of developments centered on tourism and real
estate projects transforming the city into a "new Dubai".
• Other sites

Mount Rum, known as Seven Pillars of Wisdom by Lawrence of Arabia

○ as-Salt, was the administrative capital east of the river Jordan during the
Ottoman era. It still boasts architecture from the 17th century upwards and
is famous for its old vineyards. It is considered today as the most ancient
of the urban centers east of the river Jordan.
○ Wadi Rum is a desert full of mountains and hills located south of Jordan.
It is popular for its sights in addition to a variety of sports that are
 practiced there, such as rock-climbing. It is also known for its association
with Lawrence of Arabia.
○ Fuheis, a town about 20 minutes north-west of Amman known for its
traditional 18th and 19th century churches and turn of the century
provincial Jordanian architecture.
○ Mahis with important religious sites, and wonderful landscape.
○ Shoubak with its Crusader Castle "Crac de Montreal", Marking both the
eastern and southern frontier of Crusader expansion.
○ Muwakir (Arabic for Machaerus) was the hilltop stronghold of Herod the
Great. Upon Herod's death, his son Herod Antipas inhabited the fortress,
and ordered John the Baptist to be beheaded there and where the fabled
Salomé daughter of Herodias is said to have danced the famous Dance of
the Seven Veils thus asking for John the Baptists' head.
[edit] Medical tourism
Jordan has been an established medical tourism destination in the Middle East since the
1970s. A study conducted by Jordan's Private Hospitals Association (PHA) found that
210,100 patients from 48 countries received treatment in the kingdom in 2008, compared
to 190,000 in 2007, bringing over $1 billion in revenue. It is the region's top medical
tourism destination as rated by the World Bank, and fifth in the world overall.[168][169][170]
There are about 60 private health care institutions in the kingdom, four of which have
been accredited by US-based Joint Commission International, which is considered the
gold standard for international accreditation in the healthcare industry.
Also, most of Jordan's doctors speak proficient English and many have been trained or
are affiliated with top US hospitals such as the Mayo Clinic and Johns Hopkins.
Although Jordan's medical institutions are of high standards, its costs are relatively low
compared to the developed world but relatively high for the developing world. Healthcare
costs in Jordan typically are just one-tenth of the price of treatments in the USA, and less
than a third of the cost of medical services in the UK. Other features that make Jordan a
popular healthcare destination are sight-seeing attractions such as Petra and the Dead Sea.
The most common procedures requested by patients from the USA and UK at the hospital
are plastic surgery, in-vitro fertilization, and orthopaedic care. Regional Patients
travelling to Jordan usually seek cardiac surgery, vascular surgery, neurosurgery, and
cancer-related procedures.
The main barrier to further growth for Jordan's medical tourism industry is visa
restrictions placed on some countries due to the fear of permanent illegal settlement in
Jordan. Jordan's main focus of attention in its marketing effort are the ex-Soviet states,
Europe, and America.[171] Top institutions that work in this industry include JORDICURE
for medical tourism, King Hussein Cancer Center, Khalidi Hospital, Jordan Hospital and
the Specialty Hospital among others.
[edit] Nature reserves
Main article: List of nature reserves in Jordan
Jordan has a number of nature reserves including:
• Dana Biosphere Reserve
 • The Azraq Wetland Reserve
• The Shaumari Wildlife Reserve
• The Mujib Nature Reserve
[edit] Influence of the Southwest Asian conflict
The ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and other conflicts in Southwest
Asia have made huge impacts on the economy of Jordan. The fact that Jordan has peace
with the surrounding countries, combined with its stability, has made it a preference for
many Palestinians, Lebanese, and Persian Gulf immigrants and refugees. Though this
may have resulted in a more active economy, it has also damaged it by substantially
decreasing the amount of resources each person is entitled to. Jordan has a law that states
that any Palestinian may immigrate and obtain Jordanian citizenship, but must remit
his/her Palestinian claim. Palestinians are not allowed to purchase land unless they give
up their Palestinian citizenship. In November 2005, King Abdullah called for a "war on
extremism" in the wake of three suicide bombings in Amman.
[edit] Opportunity cost of the conflict
A report[172] by Strategic Foresight Group has calculated the opportunity cost of conflict
for the Middle East from 1991 to 2010 at a whopping $12 trillion (12,000,000,000,000).
Jordan's share in this is almost $84 billion. Every Jordanian family will also have the
opportunity to increase their annual income by more than $1,250 if peace is established in
the region and the Arab-Israeli boycott is lifted in full.
The report[173] also outlines how an extremely significant cost to Jordan is that the country
is host to millions of refugees who make up 40% of their population and are a drain on
7% of the GDP. Jordan also spends over 5% of its GDP on defense, and has one of the
highest numbers of military personnel in the region, 23,500 military personnel per million
people.
[edit] Transportation
Main article: Transport in Jordan

A Royal Jordanian Airbus A310-300

Being that Jordan is a transit country for goods and services to the Palestinian territories
and Iraq, Jordan maintains a well-developed transportation infrastructure.
There are three commercial airports, all receiving and sending international commercial
flights, two of them in Amman and the third is located in the city of Aqaba. The largest
airport in the country is Queen Alia International Airport in Amman that serves as the
hub of the regional airline Royal Jordanian. The airport is currently under significant
expansion in a bid to make it the hub for the Levant. Marka International Airport was the
country's main airport before it was replaced by Queen Alia Airport but it still serves
several regional routes. King Hussein International Airport serves Aqaba with
connections to Amman and several regional and international cities.
Jordan has a well-developed road infrastructure with 7,999 kilometres of paved
highways.
A National Rail System was approved by the Jordanian Government which will connect
all major cities and towns by passenger and cargo rail. There are two lines to be
constructed. The North-South Line passing through Mafraq, Zarqa, Amman, Maan, and
Aqaba with international connections to Syria and Saudi Arabia. The East-West Line will
run from Mafraq, Irbid, and Azraq with international connections to Iraq and possibly
Israel. The national rail system will be completed by 2013. These routes are planned to be
electrified. There are also plans for a light rail system operating between Amman and
Zarqa and a funicular and a three line metro system for Amman.

A phosphate train at Ram station

Two connected but non-contiguously operated sections of the Hedjaz Railway exist:
• from Amman in Jordan to Syria, as the "Hedjaz Jordan Railway."
• from phosphate mines near Ma'an to the Gulf of Aqaba as the "Aqaba Railway."
Jordan shares the longest common borders with the West Bank, there are two border
crossings between Jordan and Israel in the Bisan merge (King Hussein Bridge) in the
north in the Wadi Araba in the south.
The Port of Aqaba is Jordan's sole outlet to the sea. It handles all cargo bound to Jordan,
Iraq,and in some cases the West Bank. The Main Port is being relocated further south and
being expanded. An Abu Dhabi consortium will handle the $5 billion dollar deal. The
project is set to be completed in 2013.
[edit] Defence industry
Jordan is a recent entrant to the domestic defense industry with the establishment of King
Abdullah Design and Development Bureau (KADDB) in 1999. The defense industrial
initiative is intended to jumpstart industrialization across a range of sectors. With the
Jordanian defense expenditures at 8.7% of GDP, the Jordanian authorities created the
defense industry to utilize defense budget spending power and to assist in economic
growth without placing additional demands on the national budget. Jordan also hosts
SOFEX, the world’s fastest growing and region’s only special operations and homeland
security exhibition and conference.[174] Jordan is a regional and international provider of
advanced military goods and services.[175]
A KADDB Industrial Park was opened in September 2009 in Mafraq. It is an integral
industrial free zone specialized in defense industries and vehicles and machinery
manufacturing. By 2015, the park is expected to provide around 15,000 job opportunities
whereas the investment volume is expected to reach JD500 million.[176]
[edit] Culture
Main article: Culture of Jordan

A large plate of mezes in Petra, Jordan.

Prince Ali bin Al Hussein, Vice President of the FIFA.

The culture of Jordan, as in its spoken language, values, beliefs, ethnicities is Arab as the
Kingdom is in the heart of Southwest Asia. Although many people from different regions
of the world have come to settle in Jordan, Europeans like the (Circassians and the
Chechens) or the Armenians, they have long been assimilated in the society and added
their richness to the society that subsequently developed. Jordan has a very diverse
cultural scene with many different artists, religious sects, and ethnic groups residing in
the small country because of Jordan's reputation for stability and tolerance.
Jordan borrows most of its music, cinema, and other forms of entertainment from other
countries most specifically other Arab countries like Lebanon and Egypt and the West
primarily the United States. There has been a rise of home-grown movies, television
series, and music in Jordan, but they pale in comparison to the amount imported from
abroad.
Jordan has become a center for Iraqi and Palestinian artists in exile because of the
violence in their volatile areas.

Mansaf, the national dish of Jordan.[177]

See:
• Music of Jordan
• Sports in Jordan
• Cuisine of Jordan
• Art in Jordan
• Public holidays in Jordan
[edit] Globalization
In the 2007 A.T. Kearney Globalization Index, Jordan was ranked as the 9th most
globalized nation in the world. The 2010 AOF Index of Globalization ranked Jordan as
the most globalized country in the Middle East and North Africa region as well.[178]
Jordan ranked in the top 10 for the economic, social, and political components of the
index. Jordan scored high on the trade tables with high investment rates, large amounts of
expatriate remittances, and a liberal trade regime. Jordan also had one of the most
political engagements, organization and treaty memberships in the world. High
technology penetration rates and its fast growing ICT industry earned Jordan high marks
in the technology connectivity rankings. For example, Jordan has a 101% mobile
penetration rate and a 40% internet penetration rate.[179][180] Furthermore, 52% of
Jordanians, 15 years old and above, own a desktop computer and another 15 per cent own
a laptop at home.[180] Also, Jordan has one of the highest levels of peacekeeping troop
contributions of all U.N. member states.[181]
Jordan ranked as the 9th best outsourcing destination worldwide. Amman was ranked as
the one of the "Top 10 Aspirants", cities in this ranking have a good chance in making the
top 50 outsourcing cities in the next ranking. The report said that Jordan had one of the
region's most favourable business climates, a well-educated population, solid capabilities
in the ICT industry, and Jordan was home to numerous outsourcing companies that
compete successfully internationally.[182]
[edit] List of Jordanians
Main article: List of Famous Jordanians

[edit] See also

Jordan portal

• Outline of Jordan
• Jund al-Urdunn

v·d·e Jordan topics

History Transjordan · Nabataeans · Islamic Empire · Ottoman Empire

Government Prime Ministers of Jordan · Cabinet · Foreign relations of

and politics Jordan · Public holidays in Jordan

River Jordan · Cities · Nature reserves in Jordan · Extreme

Geography points of Jordan · Dead Sea · Petra · Water supply and
sanitation

International rankings · Tourism in Jordan · Trans-

Economy Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation · Oil shale in
Jordan · Jordan Atomic Energy Commission

Royal Jordanian Land Force · Royal Jordanian Air Force ·

Royal Naval Force · Royal Special Forces · Royal
Military Maintenance Corps (Jordan) · General Intelligence Directorate
· Arab Legion · Jordanian military ranks · King Abdullah
Design and Development Bureau

Transportation
and Royal Jordanian Airlines · Newspapers
Communications

Health and Medical education in Jordan · Universities in Jordan · Human

 rights in Jordan · Scouting and Guiding in Jordan · Ministry
Education of Higher Education and Scientific Research · Private
Hospitals Association · Hospitals in Jordan

King Abdullah I · King Talal · King Hussein · King Abdullah

People
II · Queen Rania

Portal

[edit] References
1. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=jordan
2. ^ "Population: Jordan". CIA.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Jordan&countryCode=jo&regionCode=me&#jo.
Retrieved 2010-11-10.
3. ^ "Prosperity Index". Legatum Institute. http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=JO.
Retrieved 2010-11-10.
4. ^ http://www.yalibnan.com/2010/11/07/human-development-of-the-arab-world/
5. ^ "Jordan Country Report". Global Finance. http://www.gfmag.com/gdp-data-country-
reports/246-jordan-gdp-country-report.html. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
6. ^ "Human Development Report 2010" (PDF). United Nations. 2010.
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
7. ^ Pringle, Denys, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and
Jerusalem), Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.286
8. ^ "Jordan makes progress in human development". The Jordan Times. November 5, 2010.
http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=31596. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
9. ^ "Peace first, normalcy with Israel later: Egypt". Al Arabiya News Channel. August 17, 2009.
http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/08/17/82112.html. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
10. ^ "Mideast peace drive gets two-prong boost". Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review. 18
August 2009. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=mideast-peace-drive-gets-two-prong-
boost-2009-08-18. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
11. ^ "In US, Egypt leader puts onus on Israel". Khaleej Times Online. 18 August 2009.
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?
xfile=data/middleeast/2009/August/middleeast_August424.xml&section=middleeast. Retrieved 1
April 2010.
12. ^ "Obama, Mubarak Discuss Mideast Peace". The Washington Post.
http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/08/18/obama_mubarak_to_discuss_midea.html.
Retrieved 2010-03-31.
13. ^ Mary Jane Bolle, Alfred B. Prados, and Jeremy M. Sharp (2006) CRS Report for Congress:
Qualifying Industrial Zones in Jordan and Egypt. Congressional Research Service. (Report).
Retrieved 1 April 2010.
14. ^ Alex Dziadosz (18 August 2009). "Mubarak team seeks to revive wilting carrot for Arab-Israeli
peace". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0818/p06s14-wome.htm.
Retrieved 1 April 2010.
15. ^ "Egypt leader in US as pressure builds". The Jordan Times. 18 August 2009.
http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=19294. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
16. ^ "1967: Egypt and Jordan unite against Israel". BBC News. 1967-05-30.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/low/dates/stories/may/30/newsid_2493000/2493177.stm.
Retrieved 2010-03-31.
17. ^ "League of Arab States". Arableagueonline.org.
http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/arabic/categoryList.jsp?level_id=61. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
18. ^ "NEWS – Press 174 – Jordan becomes 136th member of the". WTO. 2000-04-11.
http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres00_e/pr174_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
19. ^ "Jordan – Member information". WTO. 2000-04-11.
http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/jordan_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
20. ^ "Jordan's Membership to WTO". Mit.gov.jo. http://www.mit.gov.jo/portrals/0/tabid/514/Jordan's
%20Membership%20to%20WTO.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
21. ^ "Jordan Economic & Commerce Bureau – Investment – Success Stories". Jordanecb.org.
http://www.jordanecb.org/agreements_jowto.shtm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
22. ^ "temp.fm" (PDF). http://untreaty.un.org/unts/144078_158780/11/9/4225.pdf. Retrieved 2010-
06-15.
23. ^ "Jordan country brief – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Dfat.gov.au.
http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/jordan/jordan_brief.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
24. ^ "TradeKey Jordan B2B Marketplace for Jordanian Products, Suppliers & Manufacturers".
Jo.countrysearch.tradekey.com. http://jo.countrysearch.tradekey.com/. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
25. ^ "Jordan's Economic Policy: No Compromises .. No Guarantees – IslamOnline.net – Politics in
Depth". IslamOnline.net. 2000-04-28. http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?
c=Article_C&cid=1156077720929&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
26. ^ "Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development". arabfund.org. Archived from the original
on 2006-11-10.
http://web.archive.org/web/20061110200615/http://www.arabfund.org/ENINDEX.HTM.
Retrieved 2010-11-10.
27. ^ "Arab Inter-parliamentary Union". Arab-ipu.org. http://www.arab-
ipu.org/english/emembers.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
28. ^ [1][dead link]
29. ^ "Jordan and the IMF". Imf.org. http://www.imf.org/external/country/jor/index.htm?type=9998.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
30. ^ [2][dead link]
31. ^ "ICC – Jordan". Icc-cpi.int. http://www.icc-
cpi.int/Menus/ASP/states+parties/Asian+States/Jordan.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
32. ^ "Membership by regional groups from 19 June 2006–18 June 2007". .ohchr.org.
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/groups.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
33. ^ "ESCWA Members". Escwa.un.org. http://www.escwa.un.org/members/main.asp?
country=jordan. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
34. ^ "Jordan". Ec.europa.eu. http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/partners/enp_jordan_en.htm. Retrieved
2010-06-15.
35. ^ "EUROPA – Press Releases – European Neighbourhood Policy – JORDAN". Europa.eu. 2008-
04-03. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?
 reference=MEMO/08/209&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. Retrieved
2010-06-15.
36. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2004-05-12). "Refworld | European
Neighbourhood Policy: Country Report, Jordan". UNHCR.
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,EUCOMMISSION,,JOR,4562d8cf2,4153e4274,0.html.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
37. ^ "United Nations Member States". Un.org. http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#j.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
38. ^ "Jordan obtains 'advanced status' with EU". Jordan Times. 2010-10-27.
http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=31315. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
39. ^ "Edom". BiblePlaces.com. http://www.bibleplaces.com/edom.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
40. ^ "Jordan – History – The Ottoman Empire". The Royal Hashemite Court.
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_ottoman.html. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
41. ^ "American Jewish Yearbook p.528" (PDF).
http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1937_1938_5_YRAppendices.pdf. Retrieved 2010-
12-22.
42. ^ See:
 Jericho Declaration, Palestine Post, December 14, 1948, Front page [3][dead link]
 Telegram Mr. Wells Stabler to the Acting Secretary of State, December 4, 1948, Foreign
relations of the United States, 1948, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa Volume V,
Part 2, pages 1645–46 [4]
 British House of Commons, Jordan and Israel (Government Decision), HC Deb 27 April
1950 vol 474 cc1137-41 [5]
43. ^ "From Occupation to Interim Accords, Raja Shehadeh, Kluwer Law International, 1997, pages
77–78; and Historical Overview, A. F. & R. Shehadeh Law Firm [6]
44. ^ *Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 2, US State Department
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pages 1163–68
45. ^ Palestine and International Law, ed. Sanford R. Siverburg, McFarland, 2002, ISBN 0-7864-
1191-0, page 47
46. ^ Israel, the West Bank and international law, By Allan Gerson, Routledge, 1978, ISBN 0-7146-
3091-8, page 77
47. ^ It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that seems to be untrue; see S. R.
Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983)
261–263.
48. ^ See Israel and the West Bank, By Thomas S. Kuttner, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1977,
Volume 7; Volume 1977, edited by Yoram Dinstein, Kluwer Law International, 1989, ISBN 0-
7923-0357-1, [7]
49. ^ See Israel and the creation of a Palestinian state: a European perspective, By Joseph Weiler,
Croom Helm, Ltd. 1985, ISBN 0-7099-3605-2, p. 48
50. ^ See Joseph A. Massad, Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2001),ISBN 0-231-12323-X, page 229
51. ^ The policy of the U.S. Department, was stated in a paper on the subject prepared for the Foreign
Ministers meetings in London in May was in favor of the incorporation of Central Palestine into
Jordan, but desired that it be done gradually and not by sudden proclamation. Once the annexation
took place, the Department approved of the action "in the sense that it represents a logical
development of the situation which took place as a result of a free expression of the will of the
people.... The United States continued to wish to avoid a public expression of approval of the
 union." See Foreign relations of the United States, 1950. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,
Volume V (1950), p. 1096
52. ^ Foreign relations of the United States, 1949. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa Volume VI,
Page 713
53. ^ Foreign relations of the United States, 1949. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume VI,
pp. 878, 879
54. ^ Clea Lutz Bunch, "Balancing Acts: Jordan and the United States during the Johnson
Administration", Canadian Journal of History 41.3 (2006)
55. ^ Foreign relations of the United States, 1950. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume V
(1950), p. 921
56. ^ The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research. "International
Boundary Study No. 60 – December 30, 1965 Jordan – Saudi Arabia Boundary". U.S. State
Department. http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS060.pdf. Retrieved 16
July 2010.
57. ^ "Jordan asked Nixon to attack Syria, declassified papers show - CNN.com". CNN. 2007-11-28.
http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/11/28/nixon.papers/index.html. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
58. ^ Black September at History Central.
59. ^ (Arabic) Aljazeera.net article.
60. ^ See "An Interview with Yasser Arafat", New York Review of Books, Volume 34, Number 10,
June 11, 1987 [8]
61. ^ See Renouncing claims to the West Bank, Jordan under King Hussein » Renouncing claims to
the West Bank
62. ^ [9][dead link]
63. ^ "Jordanians march against inflation – Middle East". Al Jazeera English.
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/20111141219337111.html. Retrieved 2011-
01-15.
64. ^ Johnny McDevitt (2011-01-15). "Jordanians protest against soaring food prices". The Guardian
(London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/15/jordanians-protest-over-food-prices.
65. ^ a b Andoni, Lamis (2011-01-16). "To the tyrants of the Arab world ...". Al Jazeera. Archived
from the original on 2011-01-18. http://www.webcitation.org/5vq7RMfnR. Retrieved 2011-01-
19.
66. ^ al-Khalidi, Suleiman (2011-01-21). "Thousands of Jordanians protest economic conditions".
Reuters. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE70K4NN20110121. Retrieved 2011-01-
21.
67. ^ "Jordan's Royal Palace says king sacks government in wake of street protests". Associated Press.
1 February 2011. http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/177327--jordan-s-royal-palace-
says-king-sacks-government-in-wake-of-street-protests. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
68. ^ Derhally, Massoud A. "Jordan's King Abdullah Replaces Prime Minister". Bloomberg.
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-01/jordan-s-prime-minister-rifai-resigns-king-asks-
bakhit-to-form-government.html. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
69. ^ BBC World Weather – Country Guide:Jordan.
70. ^ US Department of State Background Note: Jordan
http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/jordan.html
71. ^ p.148 Parker, C. 2004 ‘Transformation without transition: electoral politics, network ties, and
the persistence of the shadow state in Jordan’ in Elections in the Middle East: what do they mean’
Cairo Papers in Social Sciences Vol. 25 Numbers ½, Spring Summer 2002 Cairo
72. ^ World Bank 2003 p.44 ‘Better governance for development in the Middle East(Country of the
Camels) and North Africa: Enhancing inclusiveness and accountability’ Washington.
73. ^ [10][dead link]
74. ^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C.. "Jordan – Government – The Judicial Branch".
Kinghussein.gov.jo. http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/government4.html#The%20Judicial
%20Branch. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
75. ^ a b c d e "Security & Political Stability". Jordaninvestment.com.
http://www.jordaninvestment.com/JordanataGlance/SecurityPoliticalStability/tabid/72/language/e
n-US/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
76. ^ "Jordanian lawmakers demand freeze of peace pact with Israel". Monsters and Critics. 2009-07-
29.
http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1492072.php/Jordanian_lawma
kers_demand_freeze_of_peace_pact_with_Israel_. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
77. ^ Azoulay, Yuval. "Israel disavows MK's proposal to turn West Bank over to Jordan – Haaretz
Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com.
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1088343.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
78. ^ "Jordan Says It Trained 2,500 Afghan Special Forces". Globalresearch.ca. 2010-05-13.
http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=19149. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
79. ^ "AFP: Jordan trained 2,500 Afghan special forces: minister". Google.com. 2010-05-12.
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ijjb8xn57wfIS3SSG1it64ydGeZg.
Retrieved 2010-12-22.
80. ^ Hedgpeth, Dana (2007-11-03). "Report from the ''Washington Post''". Washingtonpost.com.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/02/AR2007110202165.html.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
81. ^ "Jordanian peacekeepers earn country good reputation". Jordanembassyus.org. 2007-09-26.
http://www.jordanembassyus.org/09262007004.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
82. ^ "Special Operations: Jordanians Train Iraqi Commandoes". Strategypage.com. 2006-05-14.
http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htsf/articles/20060514.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
83. ^ New Page 0
84. ^ "Jordan Trains GCC States – MiddleEastNewsline". Menewsline.com. 2009-08-19.
http://www.menewsline.com/article-4380-Jordan-Trains-GCC-States.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
85. ^ "Report Card on Democratic Reforms in Arab World Issued | Middle East | English".
.voanews.com. 2010-03-29. http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Report-Card-on-
Democratic-Reforms-in-Arab-World-Issued-89461557.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
86. ^ "Regional Tables 2008". freedomhouse.org. 2004-05-10.
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=443&year=2008. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
87. ^ "Country Report". freedomhouse.org. 2004-05-10. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?
page=22&country=7634&year=2009. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
88. ^ "Combined Average Ratings: Independent Countries 2009". freedomhouse.org. 2004-05-10.
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=475&year=2009. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
89. ^ http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm
90. ^ a b c d "Jordan Human Rights". Amnestyusa.org. 2008-10-30. http://www.amnestyusa.org/all-
countries/jordan/page.do?id=1011179. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
91. ^ Associated, The (2009-07-29). "Jordan sets up tribunal to hear honour killing cases | World |
News". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/news/world/2009/07/29/10300721.html.
Retrieved 2010-06-15. [dead link]
92. ^ "Jordan | Honor Killings". Globalpost.com.
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/jordan/100323/honor-killings-jordan?page=0,0. Retrieved
2010-12-22.
93. ^ "JORDAN: Women Make Progress But Honour Killings Persist". Australia.to. 2010-04-23.
http://www.australia.to/2010/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2362:jordan-
women-make-progress-but-honour-killings-persist&catid=52:world&Itemid=166. Retrieved 2010-
12-22.
94. ^ http://www.hrw.org/en/node/90054/section/4
95. ^ a b http://www.womendialogue.org/magazine/conditions-domestic-workers-middle-east
96. ^ Taylor Luck. "Jordan's religious freedom record lauded". The Jordan Times.
http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=21117. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
97. ^ "Jordan Business Magazine – Born Again Problems". Jordan-business.net. http://www.jordan-
business.net/magazine/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=235&Itemid=40.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
98. ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c550b90a-6d13-11e0-83fe-00144feab49a.html#axzz1KIi5MBU2
99. ^ "‫"النتائج الولية للتعداد‬. Dos.gov.jo. http://www.dos.gov.jo/census2004/page1.htm. Retrieved 2010-
06-15.
100.^ a b "CIA – The World Fact book – Jordan". Cia.gov.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jo.html#People. Retrieved
2010-12-22.
101.^ "People of Jordan". State.gov. 2010-01-19. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3464.htm.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
102.^ Leyne, Jon. Doors closing on fleeing Iraqis, BBC News, 24 January 2007. Retrieved 4 July
2008.
103.^ "CIA World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/jo.html. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
104.^ "UNRWA Statistics". Un.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-13.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080713042517/http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/index.html.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
105.^ http://www.unrwa.org
106.^ a b [N. Zaqqa; Economic Development and Export of Human Capital. A Contradiction? The
impact of human capital migration on the economy of sending countries. A case study of Jordan;
PhD thesis 2006, p. 11]
107.^ http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=11349
108.^ a b Fleishman, Jeffrey (2009-05-10). "For Christian enclave in Jordan, tribal lands are sacred".
Los Angeles Times. http://www.vibramfive-fingers.com/vibram-five-fingers-classic-man-shoes.
Retrieved 2009-05-10.
109.^ http://www.prosperity.com/prosperiscope/
110.^ a b Jordan country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 2006).
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
111.^ untitled
112.^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C.. "Jordan – Human Resources – A Healthy
Population". Kinghussein.gov.jo. http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/resources4.html. Retrieved 2010-
06-15.
113.^ [11][dead link]
114.^ "Interactive Infographic of the World's Best Countries". Newsweek. 2010-08-15.
http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/15/interactive-infographic-of-the-worlds-best-countries.html.
Retrieved 2010-12-22.
115.^ "Jordan's budding film industry". Globalpost.com. 2009-11-02.
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/jordan/091028/film-jordan-petra-spielberg-hollywood?
page=0,0. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
116.^ Human Development Index and its components, undp.org, 2010
117.^ "Business Articles – Lebanon 4th on MENA Quality of Life Index". The Daily Star. 2010-01-
05. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=3&article_id=110313.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
118.^ http://www.prosperity.com/country.aspx?id=JO
119.^ a b "People & Talent". Jordaninvestment.com. http://www.jordaninvestment.com/default.aspx?
tabid=76&language=en-US#. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
120.^ "SSC plan to cover Irbid workers". The Jordan Times. 2009-10-30.
http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=21172. Retrieved 2010-06-15. [dead link]
121.^ "Survey: Global Investment House after last year's drop". Menafn.com. 2010-03-21.
http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093284131. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
122.^ "Jordan unveils $7bn housing project – Real Estate". ArabianBusiness.com. 2008-02-27.
http://www.arabianbusiness.com/512281-jordan-unveils-7bn-housing-project. Retrieved 2010-06-
15.
123.^ "Most Expensive Countries to Live in" (PDF).
http://www.pandaravadai.com/docs/Misc/MostOfTheMost.PDF. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
124.^ http://jordantimes.com/index.php?news=32978
125.^ http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/thousands-protest-in-jordan-for-third-
week
126.^ "USAID/ Jordan- Education". Jordan.usaid.gov. 2006-06-12.
http://jordan.usaid.gov/sectors.cfm?inSector=17. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
127.^ "Education system in Jordan scoring well | Culture". Global Arab Network. 2009-10-21.
http://www.english.globalarabnetwork.com/200910213278/Culture/education-system-in-jordan-
scoring-well.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
128.^ "Time Series > Education > Public spending on education, total > % of GDP > Syria".
NationMaster. http://www.nationmaster.com/time.php?stat=edu_pub_spe_on_edu_tot_of_gdp-
education-public-spending-total-gdp&country=sy-syria. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
129.^ "Emerging Markets Economic Briefings". Oxfordbusinessgroup.com.
http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/weekly01.asp?id=4663. Retrieved 2010-06-15. [dead link]
130.^ a b "People & Talent". Jordaninvestment.com.
http://www.jordaninvestment.com/JordanataGlance/PeopleTalent/tabid/76/language/en-
US/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
131.^ "Jordan Guide – Rough Guides travel information". Roughguides.com.
http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?
titleid=87&xid=idh124603328_0006. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
132.^ "USAID/ Jordan- About Us: Overview". Jordan.usaid.gov. 2007-06-03.
http://jordan.usaid.gov/aboutus_subsub.cfm?id=77&section=Overview. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
133.^ "ICT". Jordaninvestment.com.
http://www.jordaninvestment.com/IndustrySectors/InformationCommunicationTechnologySector/
tabid/89/language/en-US/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
134.^ a b http://www-
wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/01/30/000104615_20090
203101235/Rendered/PDF/JO010ERfKE0II01aisal0Stage010Jan.28.pdf
135.^ Nature (2006-11-02). ": Islam and Science: The data gap : Article". Nature.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7115/full/444026a.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
136.^ http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=33299
137.^ "Jordan raises admission scores for private universities | Education". AMEinfo.com.
http://www.ameinfo.com/225199.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
138.^ University of Jordan.
139.^ Jordan University of Science and Technology.
140.^ Hashemite University.
141.^ Jordan-US FTA.
142.^ "Jordan: Country Profile – Geography, History, Government and Politics, Population and
Economy". Oxfordbusinessgroup.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070621173535/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/country.asp?
country=19. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
143.^ "World Economic Forum – Global Enabling Trade Report". Weforum.org. 2010-05-19.
http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/GlobalEnablingTradeReport/index.htm. Retrieved
2010-06-15.
144.^ NLCNet[dead link].
145.^ The Times (London). http://jobs.timesonline.co.uk/document/5c1b56fe-503a-40ff-ab4e-
28aaf71ec6c6.pdf.
146.^ "Jordan to include migrant workers in its labor laws – Pinoy Abroad – GMANews.TV –
Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs – Latest Philippine News". GMANews.TV.
http://www.gmanews.tv/story/130217/Jordan-to-include-migrant-workers-in-its-labor-laws.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
147.^ "Jordan Phosphate Mines Co". Jordanphosphate.com.
http://www.jordanphosphate.com/Content/PC/PageContent.aspx?ItemID=2. Retrieved 2010-06-
15.
148.^ "Jordan Phosphate – Aqaba". Sulphuric-acid.com. http://www.sulphuric-acid.com/Sulphuric-
Acid-on-the-Web/Acid%20Plants/Jordan%20Phosphate%20-%20Aqaba.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-
15.
149.^ "Article: PHOSPHATE EXPORTS BY JORDAN. | AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library
advocacy". AccessMyLibrary. 2000-09-22. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-
72118642/phosphate-exports-jordan.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
150.^ "Embassy of Jordan (Washington, D.C.)". Jordanembassyus.org.
http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/aboutjordan/er5.shtml. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
151.^ "Jordan – Natural Resources". Countrystudies.us. http://countrystudies.us/jordan/50.htm.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
152.^ Haaretz, 7 Jul. 2010, "Who's Afraid of the Jordanian Atom?"
153.^ Jordan
154.^ Arab Petroleum Research Center, 2003, Jordan, in Arab oil & gas directory 2003: Paris,
France, Arab Petroleum Research Center, pp. 191–206.
155.^ "Oil shale ventures to create thousands of jobs". The Jordan Times. 2009-08-30.
http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=19601. Retrieved 2010-06-15. [dead link]
156.^ Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Programme Management Unit[dead link]
157.^ Tables of modern monetary history: Asia[dead link]
158.^ Report of the Working Party on the Accession of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to the
World Trade Organization
159.^ http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110203145154
160.^ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-17/jordan-tourism-revenue-rises-17-in-2010-
jordan-times-reports.html
161.^ http://rt.com/news/media-jordan-breaking-taboos/
162.^ Ferren, Andrew (2009-11-22). "A Newly Stylish Amman Asserts Itself". The New York Times.
http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/travel/22next.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
163.^ Time in Jordan is:. "Amman". Na2.visitjordan.com. http://na2.visitjordan.com/visitjordan-
na/visitjordan_cms/MajorAttractions/Amman/tabid/64/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
164.^ "Amman bustles with nightlife, shedding old image". France24. 2010-02-24.
http://www.france24.com/en/20100224-amman-bustles-with-nightlife-shedding-old-image.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
165.^ Khatib, Ahmad (2010-02-24). "Amman develops serious nightlife". The Daily Telegraph
(London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7306813/Amman-develops-serious-
nightlife.html. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
166.^ "Middle East tourism shows resilience | Business | ICM Commercial & Business News".
News.icm.ac.uk. http://news.icm.ac.uk/business/middle-east-tourism-shows-resilience/5742/.
Retrieved 2010-06-15.
167.^ The Dead Sea[dead link], NPR
168.^ Health Tourism Destinations says: (2009-04-19). "Jordan: Top Medical Tourism Destination
in the Arab World". medicaltourismguide.com.
http://medicaltourismguide.com/2009/04/07/jordan-top-medical-tourism-destination-in-the-arab-
world/. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
169.^ Associated, The. "Jordan launches medical tourism advertising campaign in U.S. – Haaretz
Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/news/jordan-launches-
medical-tourism-advertising-campaign-in-u-s-1.279922. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
170.^ "Medical Tourism Jordan – Jordan Health Travel – Jordan Medical Tourism".
Medicaltourismco.com. http://www.medicaltourismco.com/jordan-hospitals/medical-tourism-
jordan.php. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
171.^ "Jordan pushes medical tourism industry | Middle East News". AMEinfo.com.
http://www.ameinfo.com/219214.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
172.^ Cost of conflict in the Middle East,
173.^ "Strategic Foresight Group". Strategicforesight.com. 2010-05-17.
http://www.strategicforesight.com/. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
174.^ :: SOFEX Jordan::
175.^ "KADDB Industrial Park". Kaddb-ipark.com. 2009-10-09. http://www.kaddb-
ipark.com/Public/English.aspx?Site_ID=1&Page_ID=843. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
176.^ ":: KADDB Industrial Park ::". Kaddb-ipark.com. http://www.kaddb-ipark.com/. Retrieved
2010-12-22.
177.^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C.. "Jordan – Jordanian Cuisine". Kinghussein.gov.jo.
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/facts3.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
 178.^ http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/static/pdf/rankings_2010.pdf
179.^ "At A Glance". The Jordan Times. November 22, 2009.
http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=21795. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
180.^ a b Hani Hazaimeh (June 13, 2010). "Domestic Internet penetration increases in 2010". The
Jordan Times. http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=27413. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
181.^ "Hong kong, jordan, and estonia debut among the top 10 in expanded ranking of the world's
most globalized countries | News & media". Atkearney.com. 2007-10-22.
http://www.atkearney.com/index.php/News-media/hong-kong-jordan-and-estonia-debut-among-
the-top-10-in-expanded-ranking-of-the-worlds-most-globalized-countries.html. Retrieved 2010-
06-15.
182.^ "Survey: Global Investment House after last year's drop". Menafn.com. 2010-03-21.
http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?StoryId=1093280320. Retrieved 2010-06-15.

[edit] Further reading

• El-Anis, Imad. Jordan and the United States: The Political Economy of Trade
and Economic Reform in the Middle East (I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave
Macmillan; 2011) 320 pages; case studies of trade in textiles, pharmaceuticals,
and financial services.
• Robins, Philip. A History of Jordan (2004)
• Salibi, Kamal S. The Modern History of Jordan (1998)
• Teller, Matthew. The Rough Guide to Jordan (4th ed. 2009)
[edit] External links
Find more about Jordan on Wikipedia's sister projects:

Definitions from Wiktionary

Images and media from Commons

Learning resources from Wikiversity

News stories from Wikinews

Quotations from Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource

Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Government of Jordan official website

• Jordan entry at The World Factbook
• Jordan web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado–
Boulder Libraries
• Jordan at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Jordan
• Jordan travel guide from Wikitravel

Israel
Syria Iraq
West Bank

Saudi
Israel Jordan
Arabia

Israel Saudi
Saudi Arabia
Gulf of Aqaba Arabia

Geographic locale

v · d · eCountries and dependencies of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia ·
Azerbaijan · Bahrain ·
Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei ·
Burma (Myanmar) · Cambodia ·
People's Republic of China ·
Cyprus · Egypt · Georgia ·
India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq ·
Israel · Japan · Jordan ·
Kazakhstan · North Korea ·
South Korea · Kuwait ·
Sovereign states Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon ·
Malaysia · Maldives ·
Mongolia · Nepal · Oman ·
Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar ·
Russia · Saudi Arabia ·
Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria ·
Tajikistan · Thailand · East
Timor (Timor-Leste) · Turkey ·
Turkmenistan · United Arab
Emirates · Uzbekistan ·
Vietnam · Yemen
 Abkhazia · Republic of China
States with limited (Taiwan) · Nagorno-Karabakh ·
recognition Northern Cyprus · Palestine ·
South Ossetia ·

Christm
as
Island ·
Australia
Cocos
(Keeling
) Islands

Hong
People's Republic of
Kong ·
Dependencies and China
Macau
Special Administrative
Regions
Akrotiri
and
Dhekeli
a·
United KingdomBritish
Indian
Ocean
Territor
y

v · d · eCountries bordering the Red Sea

Djibouti · Egypt · Eritrea · Israel

Jordan · Saudi Arabia · Somalia · Sudan · Yemen

International membership and history

v · d · eUnion for the Mediterranean

Albania · Algeria3 · Austria1 · Belgium1 · Bosnia

and Herzegovina · Bulgaria1 · Croatia2 ·
Membe Cyprus1 · Czech Republic · Denmark1 · Egypt3 ·
1 1

r Estonia1 · Finland 1· France 1· Germany · 1

1 1 1

states Greece 3 · Hungary · Ireland · Israel · Italy ·

Jordan · Latvia1 · Lebanon3 · Libya3,4 ·
Lithuania1 · Luxembourg1 · Malta1 · Mauritania3 ·
Monaco · Montenegro · Morocco3 ·
 Netherlands1 · Palestinian Authority3 · Poland1 ·
Portugal1 · Romania1 · Slovakia1 · Slovenia1 ·
Spain1 · Sweden1 · Syria3 · Tunisia3 · Turkey2 ·
United Kingdom1 ·
Bold: countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea · Italic:
countries with overseas territory bordering the sea
1
EU member · 2 EU candidate · 3 Arab League member · 4
Observer member

See also Euromediterranean Partnership · Euromed FTA

v · d · eMembers of the Arab League

Algeria · Bahrain · Comoros · Djibouti · Egypt · Iraq · Jordan ·

Kuwait · Lebanon · Libya · Mauritania · Morocco · Oman ·
Members
Palestine · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Somalia · Sudan · Syria ·
Tunisia · United Arab Emirates · Yemen

Observers Brazil · Eritrea · India · Venezuela

Diplomac
Arab Peace Initiative
y

v · d · eOrganisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)

Afghanistan · Albania · Algeria · Azerbaijan · Bahrain ·

Bangladesh · Benin · Burkina Faso · Brunei · Cameroon ·
Chad · Comoros · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt ·
Gabon · Gambia · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Guyana ·
Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Jordan · Kuwait · Kazakhstan ·
Kyrgyzstan · Lebanon · Libya · Maldives · Malaysia ·
Members
Mali · Mauritania · Morocco · Mozambique · Niger ·
Nigeria · Oman · Pakistan · Palestine · Qatar · Saudi
Arabia · Senegal · Sierra Leone · Somalia · Sudan ·
Suriname · Syria · Tajikistan · Turkey · Tunisia · Togo ·
Turkmenistan · Uganda · Uzbekistan · United Arab
Emirates · Yemen

Bosnia and Herzegovina ·

Central African Republic ·
Countries and territoriesRussia · Thailand · Northern
Observer Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot
s State)

Moro National Liberation

Muslim communities
Front
 Economic Cooperation
Organization · African
International organizationsUnion · Arab League · Non-
Aligned Movement · United
Nations

v · d · eMonarchies

List of current sovereign monarchs · List of current constituent monarchs

By
continent Africa · Americas · Asia · Europe · Oceania

Antigua and Barbuda · Australia · Andorra · The

Bahamas · Bahrain · Barbados · Belize · Belgium ·
Bhutan · Brunei · Cambodia · Canada · Denmark ·
Grenada · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kuwait ·
Liechtenstein · Lesotho · Luxembourg · Malaysia ·
By country Monaco · Morocco · Netherlands · New Zealand ·
Norway · Oman · Papua New Guinea · Qatar · Spain ·
Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines · Saudi Arabia · Solomon Islands ·
Swaziland · Sweden · Thailand · Tonga · Tuvalu ·
United Arab Emirates · United Kingdom · Vatican City

Absolute · Constitutional · Elective · Hereditary ·

By type
Diarchy · Federal

Italics indicate Commonwealth realms, which each share the same person as head of
state.

v · d · eAfro-Asiatic-speaking countries

Algeria · Egypt · Libya · Mali · Mauritania ·

Berber
Morocco · Niger · Tunisia
 Chadic
Cameroon · Chad · Niger · Nigeria

Djibouti · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Kenya · Somalia ·

Tanzania
Cushitic

Beja Egypt · Eritrea · Sudan

Egyptia
n Egypt

Omotic Ethiopia

Algeria · Bahrain · Djibouti · Egypt ·

Iraq · Israel · Jordan · Kuwait ·

Lebanon · Libya · Malta · Mauritania ·
Arabic / Maltese
Morocco · Oman · Qatar · Saudi
Arabia · Somalia · Sudan1 · Syria ·
Semitic
Tunisia · UAE · Yemen

Northwest Semitic2 Iraq · Israel · Syria ·

South Semitic Eritrea · Ethiopia · Oman · Yemen

1
excluding Southern Sudan 2
Aramaic and Hebrew

v · d · eBritish Empire and Commonwealth of Nations

Legend
CURRENT TERRITORY · Former territory
* now a Commonwealth Realm · now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
Europe
18th century 19th century 20th century
1708–1757 Minorca 1800–1964 Malta 1921-1937 Irish Free State
since 1713 GIBRALTAR 1807–1890 Heligoland
1763–1782 Minorca 1809–1864 Ionian Islands
1798–1802 Minorca
North America
17th century 18th century 19th century
1583–1907 Newfoundland 1701–1776 Delaware 1818–1846 Columbia
1607–1776 Virginia 1712–1776 North Carolina District / Oregon Country1
since 1619 BERMUDA 1712–1776 South Carolina 1841–1867 Province of
1620–1691 Plymouth 1713–1867 Nova Scotia Canada
Colony 1733–1776 Georgia 1849–1866 Vancouver
1629–1691 Massachusetts 1763–1873 Prince Edward Island
Bay Colony Island 1853–1863 Colony of the
1632–1776 Maryland 1763–1791 Quebec Queen Charlotte Islands
1636–1776 Connecticut 1763–1783 East Florida 1858–1866 British
1636–1776 Rhode Island 1763–1783 West Florida Columbia
1637–1662 New Haven 1784–1867 New Brunswick 1859–1870 North-Western
Colony 1791–1841 Lower Canada Territory
1663–1712 Carolina 1791–1841 Upper Canada 1862–1863 Stikine Territory
1664–1776 New York 1866–1871 Vancouver
1665–1674 and 1702-1776 Island and British Columbia
New Jersey 1867–1931 *Dominion of
1670–1870 Rupert's Land Canada2
1674–1702 East Jersey
1674–1702 West Jersey 20th century
1680–1776 New Hampshire 1907–1949 Dominion of
1681–1776 Pennsylvania Newfoundland3
1686–1689 Dominion of
New England
1691–1776 Massachusetts
1
Occupied jointly with the United States
2
In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of
Westminster. see Canada's name.
3
Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.
Latin America and the Caribbean
17th century 18th century 19th century
1605–1979 *Saint Lucia 1762–1974 *Grenada 1831–1966 British Guiana
1623–1883 Saint Kitts 1763–1978 Dominica (Guyana)
(*Saint Kitts & Nevis) since 1799 TURKS AND 1833–1960 Windward
1624–1966 *Barbados CAICOS ISLANDS Islands
1625–1650 Saint Croix 1833–1960 Leeward Islands
1627–1979 *St. Vincent and 1860–1981 *Antigua and
the Grenadines Barbuda
1628–1883 Nevis (*Saint 1871–1964 British
Kitts & Nevis) Honduras (*Belize)
1629–1641 St. Andrew and 1882–1983 *St. Kitts and
Providence Islands4 Nevis
since 1632 MONTSERRAT 1889–1962 Trinidad and
1632–1860 Antigua Tobago
(*Antigua & Barbuda)
1643–1860 Bay Islands 20th century
since 1650 ANGUILLA 1958–1962 West Indies
1651–1667 Willoughbyland Federation
(Suriname)
1655–1850 Mosquito Coast
(protectorate)
1655–1962 *Jamaica
since 1666 BRITISH VIRGIN
ISLANDS
since 1670 CAYMAN ISLANDS
1670–1973 *Bahamas
1670–1688 St. Andrew and
Providence Islands4
1671–1816 Leeward Islands

4
Now the San Andrés y Providencia Department of Colombia
Africa
18th century 19th century 20th century
1792–1961 Sierra Leone 1806–1910 Cape Colony 1900–1914 Northern
1795–1803 Cape Colony 1810–1968 Mauritius Nigeria
1816–1965 Gambia 1900–1914 Southern
1856–1910 Natal Nigeria
1868–1966 Basutoland 1900–1910 Orange River
(Lesotho) Colony
1874–1957 Gold Coast 1900–1910 Transvaal
(Ghana) Colony
1882–1922 Egypt 1906–1954 Nigeria Colony
1884–1966 Bechuanaland 1910–1931 South Africa
(Botswana)
1911–1964 Northern
1884–1960 British
Rhodesia (Zambia)
Somaliland
1914–1954 Nigeria Colony
1887–1897 Zululand
and Protectorate
1888–1894 Matabeleland
1915–1931 South West
1890–1965 Southern
Africa (Namibia)
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 5
1919–1960 Cameroons
1890–1962 Uganda
(Cameroon) 6
1890–1963 Zanzibar
(Tanzania) 1920–1963 Kenya
1891–1964 Nyasaland 1922–1961 Tanganyika
(Malawi) (Tanzania) 6

1954–1960 Nigeria
 1891–1907 British Central 1979–1980 Southern
Africa Protectorate Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 5
1893–1968 Swaziland
1895–1920 East Africa
Protectorate
1899–1956 Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan
5
Southern Rhodesia issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and returned
to British control in 1979.
6
League of Nations mandate
Asia
17th Century 18th century 19th century 20th century
1685-1824 Bencoolen 1702–1705 Côn Đảo 1819–1826 British 1918–1961
(Sumatra) 1757–1947 Bengal Malaya (Peninsular Kuwait
(West Bengal (India) and Malaysia and Singapore) protectorate
Bangladesh) 1826–1946 Straits 1920–1932
1762–1764 Philippines Settlements Iraq6
1795–1948 Ceylon (Sri 1839–1967 Colony of 1921–1946
Lanka) Aden Transjordan6
1796–1965 Maldives 1839–1842
1923–1948
Afghanistan Palestine6
1841–1997 Hong Kong 1945–1946
1841–1941 Kingdom South
of Sarawak (Malaysia) Vietnam
1858–1947 British 1946–1948
India (India, Pakistan and Malayan
Bangladesh, Burma) Union
1879–1919 1946–1963
Afghanistan Sarawak
1882–1963 British (Malaysia)
North Borneo (Malaysia) 1948–1957
1885–1946 Federation
Unfederated Malay of Malaya
States (Malaysia)
1888–1984 Sultanate since 1960
of Brunei AKROTIRI AND
1888–1946 Sultanate of DHEKELIA
Sulu (before as
1891–1971 Muscat and part of
Oman protectorate Cyprus)
1892–1971 Trucial since 1965
States protectorate BRITISH
1895–1946 Federated INDIAN OCEAN
Malay States TERRITORY
1898–1930 Weihai
Garrison
 1878–1960 Cyprus
6
League of Nations mandate
Oceania
18th century 19th century 20th century
1788–1901 New South 1803–1901 Van Diemen's 1900–1970 Tonga (protected
Wales Land/Tasmania state)
1807–1863 Auckland 1900–1974 Niue7
Islands7 1901–1942
1824–1980 New Hebrides *Commonwealth of
(Vanuatu) Australia
1824–1901 Queensland 1907–1953 *Dominion of
1829–1901 Swan River New Zealand
Colony/Western Australia 1919–1942 Nauru
1836–1901 South Australia 1945–1968 Nauru
since 1838 PITCAIRN ISLANDS 1919–1949 Territory of
1841–1907 Colony of New New Guinea
Zealand 1949–1975 Territory of
1851–1901 Victoria Papua and New Guinea11
1874–1970 Fiji 8

1877–1976 British Western

Pacific Territories
1884–1949 Territory of
Papua
1888–1965 Cook Islands7
1889–1948 Union Islands
(Tokelau)7
1892–1979 Gilbert and
Ellice Islands9
1893–1978 British Solomon
Islands10
7
Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand
8
Suspended member
9
Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu
10
Now the *Solomon Islands
11
Now *Papua New Guinea
Antarctica and South Atlantic
17th century 19th century 20th century
since 1659 ST. HELENA12 since 1815 ASCENSION since 1908 BRITISH
ISLAND12 ANTARCTIC TERRITORY14
since 1816 TRISTAN DA since 1908 SOUTH GEORGIA
CUNHA12 AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH
since 1833 FALKLAND ISLANDS13, 14
ISLANDS13
12
Since 2009 part of SAINT HELENA, ASCENSION AND TRISTAN DA CUNHA; Ascension Island (1922—) and
Tristan da Cunha (1938—) were previously dependencies of St Helena
13
Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982
14
Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"

Categories: Jordan | Member states of the Arab League | Arabic-speaking countries |
Countries bordering the Red Sea | Eastern Mediterranean countries | Fertile Crescent |
Levant | Middle Eastern countries | Near Eastern countries | Member states of the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference | Southwest Asian countries | States and
territories established in 1946 | Western Asia
Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links
from June 2010 | Articles with dead external links from December 2010 | Articles with
dead external links from January 2011 | Articles with dead external links from September
2010 | Articles with dead external links from November 2010 | Wikipedia indefinitely
move-protected pages | Articles that may be too long from June 2010 | Articles containing
Arabic language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced
statements from February 2011 | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010
Personal tools
• Log in / create account
Namespaces
• Article
• Discussion
Variants
Views
• Read
• Edit
• View history
Actions
Search
Top of Form
Special:Search

Bottom of Form
Navigation
• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article
 • Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
• Help
• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Permanent link
• Cite this page
Print/export
• Create a book
• Download as PDF
• Printable version
Languages
• Acèh
• Afrikaans
• Alemannisch
• አማርኛ
• Ænglisc
• ‫العربية‬
• Aragonés
• ‫ܐܪܡܝܐ‬
• Arpetan
• Asturianu
• Azərbaycanca
• Bamanankan
• বাংলা
• Bahasa Banjar
• Bân-lâm-gú
• Беларуская
• Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
• Bikol Central
• བོད་ཡིག
• Bosanski
• Brezhoneg
• Български
• Català
• Чӑвашла
• Cebuano
• Česky
• Cymraeg
• Dansk
• Deutsch
• ް ަ‫ދިވެހިބ‬
‫ސ‬
• Diné bizaad
• Dolnoserbski
• Eesti
• Ελληνικά
• Español
• Esperanto
• Estremeñu
• Euskara
• ‫فارسی‬
• Fiji Hindi
• Føroyskt
• Français
• Frysk
• Gaeilge
• Gaelg
• Gagauz
• Gàidhlig
• Galego
• ગુજરાતી
• Hak-kâ-fa
• Хальмг
• 한국어
• Hawai`i
• Հայերեն
• िहनदी
• Hornjoserbsce
• Hrvatski
• Ido
• Ilokano
• ইমার ঠার/িবষুিপয়া মিণপুরী
• Bahasa Indonesia
• Interlingua
• Interlingue
• Иронау
• Íslenska
• Italiano
• ‫עברית‬
• Basa Jawa
• Kapampangan
• Къэбэрдеибзэ / Qabardjajəbza
• Къарачай-Малкъар
• ქართული
• कशमीरी - (‫)كشميري‬
• Қазақша
• Kernowek
• Kinyarwanda
• Kiswahili
• Коми
• Kreyòl ayisyen
• Kurdî
• Latina
• Latviešu
• Lëtzebuergesch
• Lietuvių
• Líguru
• Limburgs
• Lingála
• Lojban
• Lumbaart
• Magyar
• Македонски
• മലയാളം
• Malti
• मराठी
• ‫مصرى‬
• ‫ماِزرونی‬
• Bahasa Melayu
• Монгол
• Nāhuatl
• Dorerin Naoero
• Nederlands
• 日本語
• Nnapulitano
• Norfuk / Pitkern
• Norsk (bokmål)
• Norsk (nynorsk)
• Novial
• Occitan
• O'zbek
• ‫پنجابی‬
• Papiamentu
• ‫پښتو‬
• Piemontèis
• Plattdüütsch
• Polski
• Português
• Qırımtatarca
• Română
• Runa Simi
• Русский
• Саха тыла
• Sámegiella
• संसकृत
• Scots
• Seeltersk
• Shqip
• Sicilianu
• Simple English
• SiSwati
• Slovenčina
• Slovenščina
• Ślůnski
• Soomaaliga
• ‫کوردی‬
• Српски / Srpski
• Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски
• Suomi
• Svenska
• Tagalog
• தமிழ்
• Taqbaylit
• Татарча/Tatarça
• తలుగు
• ไทย
• Türkçe
• Удмурт
• ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
• Українська
• ‫اردو‬
• ‫ ئۇيغۇرچە‬/ Uyghurche
• Vèneto
• Tiếng Việt
• Volapük
• Võro
• Winaray
• Wolof
• 吴语
• ‫יִידיש‬
• Yorùbá
• 粵語
• Zazaki
• Žemaitėška
• 中文
• This page was last modified on 25 April 2011 at 00:06.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-
profit organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers