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Single Phase Induction Motor Cross-Field Theory

The document discusses the cross-field theory of single phase induction motors. It explains how a rotating magnetic field is produced through the interaction of the stator and rotor magnetic fields, even with only a single phase power supply. It also describes various methods used to make single phase induction motors self-starting, such as split-phase and capacitor-start configurations.

Uploaded by

Shoaib Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views

Single Phase Induction Motor Cross-Field Theory

The document discusses the cross-field theory of single phase induction motors. It explains how a rotating magnetic field is produced through the interaction of the stator and rotor magnetic fields, even with only a single phase power supply. It also describes various methods used to make single phase induction motors self-starting, such as split-phase and capacitor-start configurations.

Uploaded by

Shoaib Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Single Phase Induction Motor

Cross-Field Theory
• Consider a single phase induction motor with standstill rotor as shown in the following figure.
• The stator winding is excited by the single phase ac supply.
• This supply produces an alternating flux Φ s which acts along the axis of the stator winding.
• Due to this flux, EMF gets induced in the rotor conductors due to transformer action.
• As rotor is closed one, this EMF circulates current through the rotor conductors.
• The direction of rotor current is so as to oppose the cause producing it, which is stator flux Φ s.
Single Phase Induction Motor
Cross-Field Theory (Contd.)
• Now Fleming's left hand rule can be used to find the direction of the force experienced by the rotor conductors.
• It can be seen that when Φs acts in upward direction and increasing positively, the conductors on left
experience force from left to right while conductors on right experience force from right to left.
• Thus overall, the force experienced by the rotor is zero. Hence no torque exists on the rotor and rotor
can not start rotating.
Single Phase Induction Motor
Cross-Field Theory (Contd.)
• Assume now that an initial push is given to the rotor anticlockwise direction.
• Due to the rotation, rotor physically cuts the stator flux and dynamically EMF gets induced in the rotor. This is
called speed EMF or rotational EMF.
• The direction of such EMF can be obtained by Fleming's right hand rule and this EMF in phase with the stator flux Φs .
• The direction of EMF is shown in the Fig. 2. This EMF is denoted as E2N .
• This EMF circulates current through rotor which is I2N .
• It should be remember that the inductive reactance of a squirrel-cage rotor at line frequency is comparatively high, and so
the rotor current lags the induced emf and also the stator flux by 90o
• This current produces its own flux called rotor flux Φr. This axis of Φr is at 90o to the axis of stator flux hence this rotor
flux is called cross-field.
Single Phase Induction Motor
Cross-Field Theory (Contd.)
• Thus Φr is in quadrature with Φs in space and lags Φ s by 90o in time phase. Such two fluxes produce the rotating
magnetic field.
• It should be obvious at standstill there can be no cross-field, only the pulsating stator field.
• This leads to the conclusion that the single-phase induction motor has no inherent starting torque.
• If, however, there is some means of starting the motor, then it will continue to develop torque as a single-phase
induction motor in the direction given to it upon starting.

Cross-Field Theory
The quadrature pulsating rotor field reacts against the pulsating
main field to produce a resultant magnetic field. The resultant
magnetic field is a fairly constant rotating magnetic field that rotates
in the same direction as the direction of the rotation of the rotor. A
squirrel cage induction motor will continue to rotate, producing
induction motor torque in a rotating magnetic field, once a rotational
EMF has been initiated.
Single Phase Induction Motor
Making Single Phase Induction Motor Self-Starting
• A single phase induction motor is not self-starting.
• To overcome this drawback and make the motor self-starting, phase splitting is necessary.
• The process of deriving two phase from one phase is known as phase splitting and is usually built into the
stator circuit of the ac motor.
• For this purpose, the stator of a single phase motor is provided with an extra winding, known as starting (or
auxiliary) winding, in addition to the main or running winding.
• The two windings are spaced 900 electrically apart and are connected in parallel across the single-phase supply
as shown in figure below.
Single Phase Induction Motor
Making Single Phase Induction Motor Self-Starting (Contd.)
• It is so arranged that the phase-difference between the currents in the two stator windings is very large (ideal
value being 900)
• Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor. These two currents produce a revolving flux and hence make
the motor self-starting.
• There are many methods by which the necessary phase difference between the two currents can be created.
• By connecting a resistor
• By connecting a inductor
• By connecting a capacitor
• Most frequently a capacitor is used to generate the starting torque.
Resistance Start Induction Run Motor
In split-phase machine, as shown in Fig.
36.5(a), the main winding has low resistance Hence, as shown in Fig. 36.5(b), the
but high reactance whereas the starting current Is drawn by the starting
winding has a high resistance, but low windings lags behind the applied
reactance. The resistance of the starting voltage V by a small angle whereas
winding may be increased by connecting a high current Im taken by the main winding
resistance R in series with it or by choosing a lags behind V by a very large angle.
high-resistance fine copper wire for winding
purposes.
Resistance Start Induction Run Motor
The starting torque of a split-phase single-
phase induction motor is given by

Phase angle between Is and Im is made as


large as possible because the starting
torque of a split-phase motor is
proportional to sinα.
Resistance Start Induction Run Motor
A centrifugal switch S is connected in series
with the starting winding and is located inside
the motor. Its function is to automatically
disconnect the starting winding from the
supply when the motor has reached 70 to 80
percent of its full-load speed. A relay coil is
connected in series with main winding and
the pair of contacts which are normally open,
is included in the starting winding.
During starting period, when Im is large, relay
contacts close thereby allowing Is to flow and
the motor starts as usual. After motor speeds
up to 75 percent of full-load speed, Im drops
to a value that is low enough to cause the
contacts to open.

A typical torque/speed characteristic of such a


motor is shown in Fig. 36.7.
Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors
In these motors, the necessary phase
difference between Is and Im is produced by
connecting a capacitor in series with the
starting winding as shown in Fig. 36.10. The
capacitor is generally of the electrolytic type
and is usually mounted on the outside of the
motor as a separate unit as shown in Fig.
36.11.
The capacitor is designed for extremely short-
duty service. When the motor reaches about
75 percent of full-load speed, the centrifugal
switch S opens and cuts out both the starting
winding and the capacitor from the supply,
thus leaving only the running winding across
the lines.
Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors
As shown in Fig. 36.12, current Im drawn by
the main winding lags the supply voltage V by
a large angle whereas Is leads V by a certain
angle. The two current are out of phase with
each other by about 80o (for a 200 W, 50 Hz
motor) as compared to nearly 30o for a split-
phase motor.

Their resultant current I is small and is almost


in phase with V as shown in Fig. 36.12.
Since the torque developed by a split-phase
motor is proportional to the sine of the angle
between Is and Im, it is obvious that the
increase in the angle (from 30o to 80o) alone
increases the starting torque to nearly twice
the value developed by a standard split-phase
induction motor.
Typical performance curve of such a motor is
shown in Fig. 36.13.
Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor without Core Loss

A single-phase motor may be looked upon


as consisting of two motors, having a
common stator winding, but with their
respective rotors revolving in opposite
directions. The equivalent circuit of such a
motor based on double-field revolving
theory is shown in Fig. 36.14.

Here the single-phase motor has been


imagined to be made up of (i) one stator
winding and (ii) two imaginary rotors.

The stator impedance is Z=R1+jX1. The


impedance of each rotor is (r2+jx2)
Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor without Core Loss
The impedance of ‘forward
running’ rotor is

And it runs with a slip of s.

The impedance of ‘backward


running’ motor is

And it runs with a slip of (2-s).

The total torque is


Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor with Core Loss

The core loss can be represented by an equivalent resistance which may be


connected either in parallel or in series with the magnetizing reactance as shown in
Fig 36.15.
Since under running
condition Vf is very high
(and Vb is correspondingly,
low) most of the iron loss
takes place in the ‘forward
motor’ consisting of the
common stator and
forward-running rotor. Core-
loss current Iw=core-loss/Vf.
Hence, half value of core-
loss equivalent resistance is
rc=Vf/Iw. As shown in Fig
36.15, rc has been
connected in parallel with
xm in each rotor.
References
[1] B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, “A Textbook of ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY in SI Units Volume II, AC & DC Machines
Chand & Company Ltd., (Multicolour illustrativeEdition).

[2] A. F. Puchstein, T. C. Lloyd, A.G. Conrad, “Alternating Current Machines”, © 1942, Asia Publishing House, Third Edi
(Fully revised and corrected Edition 2006-07).

[3] Jack Rosenblatt, M. Harold Friedman, “Direct and Alternating Current Machinery”, Indian Edition (2nd Edition), C
Publishers & Distributors.

[4] A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr. Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 5thEditionin SI units, ©1992 Me
Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company.

[5] Irving L. Kosow, Electrical Machinery and Transformers, Second Edition, Prentice –Hall India Pvt. Limited.

Acknowledgement
Ahmed Mortuza Saleque

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