SS1

SCHEME OF WORK FOR FIRST TERM

Week Topic
1 Writing the scheme of work/introduction
2-3 OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
·        Definition of computer
·        Constituents of a computer
·        Computer hardware
·        Computer software
·        Characteristics of a computer
4 DATA AND INFORMATION
·        Definition of data and information
·        Differences between data and information
·        Examples of data and information
5-6 COMPUTING DEVICES 1(Pre-computer age to
19th century)
·        Features, components and uses of:
Abacus, Slide rule, Napier’s bone, Pascal’s calculator,
Leibniz multiplier, Jacquard’s loom, Charles Babbage
difference and Analytical engine, Hollerith machine `
7-8 COMPUTING DEVICE II (20TH century to date)
·        Features, components and uses of:
ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC 1, Desktop PC, Laptop and
Notebook computer, Palmtop computer.
9 INPUT DEVICES
 TOPIC ONE: OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Definition of a Computer

A computer can be defined as an electronic machine (device) which under the

control of a stored program accepts data, stores the data, processes the data and
brings out the results as information.

Computer as an IPOS system

Computer performs 4 key operations on data namely:

a. Input               
b. Processing     
c. Output
d. Storage

Input: data are entered into the computer through the input unit. Data are raw
facts that are to be processed into meaningful form.

Processing: Computer performs certain operations on data entered into it; the

Central Processing Unit (CPU) handles this operation.

Output: The result of what has been processed will be displayed by the output
device such as the monitor.

Storage: Inputted data and processed information are stored in the memory and
permanent storage on the computer.
 Constituents of a Computer system

The computer is referred to as a system because it is made up of several

components that work together to enable it function properly. There are 2 main
constituents of the computer system, these are:
     The hardware
       The Software
 
Hardware

These are the physical components of the computer system. They are the
tangible parts that can be seen and touched. There are two major parts, namely:

·         The system unit

·         The peripherals

System unit: The system unit is the rectangular casing that houses (contains)
several important components that controls the operation of the computer
system such as the motherboard, CPU (Microprocessor), RAM, Sound card,
video card, CD drive, Floppy disk drive etc. It also provides interface for
connection of the peripherals.

Peripherals: These are the devices connected to the system unit for the purpose
of input, output and storage operations. Examples of peripheral devices are
keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Scanner, DVD, CD, USB flash drive etc.

Software

The software is a term used to describe the collection (or set) of programs that
can be run on a computer system. A program is a set of instructions that tells the
computer what to do, when to do it and how to do it.

There are two types of software, these include:

 System software
 Application software
System software: This software controls the computer hardware and the
internal operations of the computer system. Examples include Windows OS
(Windows XP, Windows ME, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8,
Windows 10), Linux OS(Redhat, Fedora, Ubuntu etc.),  MAC OS etc.

Application software: These are software that enables the user to perform

specific operation or task on the computer. Examples include:

Application software (packages) Functions / Uses

MS Word, WordPad, WordPerfect Used for word processing
MS Excel, Lotus1-2-3, Quattro Pro Used for spreadsheet, calculation and
analysis
Corel draw, Paint, Photoshop, Used for graphic works
PageMaker, Corel Graphics
Front page, Publisher, Dreamweaver, For web designing
cold fusion
MS Access, Oracle, Postgre sql, Fox For database management
pro, Dbase, Ingress, MySQL
MS outlook, Outlook express, MS For email management
exchange, Sendmail
MS PowerPoint, Impress, Prezi, Used for presentation of seminars and
Harvard Graphics lectures
Maths, MATLAB, SPSS, Mintab Create and edit mathematical
formulae/statistical analysis
Internet explorer, Mozilla firefox, Internet/Web browsing
chrome, Opera mini, UC browser,
Netscape Navigator, Safari ,  Mosaic,

Characteristics of a Computer

 ·         Speed: Computer performs its data processing operation at a very

high speed. The speed of the computer is measured in Hertz (Hz). A computer
with speed rating of Mega Hertz (MHz) can perform millions of cycle of
operation per second.

 ·         Accuracy: Computer gives accurate result as long as the correct

data is keyed into it.
 ·         Versatility: computer can be used to perform various kinds of task
e.g. graphic design, word processing, web development etc.

 ·         Reliability/Durability: Computers do not get tired like human;

they can work continuously for days and weeks without any error.

 ·         Memory and storage: Computer can store large amount of data

and information. The capacity of the memory/storage device is measured in
bytes. A byte is a group of eight bits. A kilobyte (KB) is 1024 bytes. A
megabyte (MB) is 1,000,024 bytes.

 ·         Programmable: The computer hardware is useless without the

program that controls it. Thus, all tasks and activities performed by a computer
are made possible by means of a program.

 ·        It is electronic in nature

TOPIC TWO: DATA AND INFORMATION

Data
Data are raw facts and figures without any added interpretation. Data can be
defined as a representation of facts or concepts in a formalized manner which
should be suited for interpretation or processing by human or electronic
machine. Examples of data include:

  Symbols: $, @, &, /, # etc.

  Figures/Numbers: 1, 2, 34, 0.12 2 etc.
 Alphabets: A-Z or a-z
 Words: Tunde, Facts, Ibadan etc.
 Information
Information is an organized or classified data which has some meaningful
values for the receiver.  It can also be defined as the processed data on which
decisions are based. Examples of information include:

 Computer is a representation of modern life

  2 x 7 = 14
 10% of N1000 = N 100

Sources of data and information

Sources of data

Data are used for information generation and this can be obtained from different
sources. Some of the sources of data include:

 Observations 
  Questionnaires
 Interviews, survey and fieldwork 
  Registrations 
  Experiments 
   Form filling
 Sources of information

Information can come from virtually anywhere — media, blogs, personal

experiences, books, journal and magazine articles, expert opinions,
encyclopedias, database, television, newspapers and web pages — and the type
of information you need will change depending on the question you are trying
to answer.
 Differences between data and information

Data Information
Data is used as input for the computer Information is the output of data.
system.
Data is unprocessed facts and figures. Information is processed data.
Data doesn’t depend on Information Information depends on data.
Data is not specific. Information is specific.
Data doesn’t carry a meaning Information must carry a logical
meaning.
Data is the raw material. Information is the product.
Data cannot be used for decision making. Information is used for decision making

Qualities of good information

   Relevance: It must be suitable for the purpose it is required for.

    Accurate: It be free from errors
     Availability: It should be easy to obtain or access
     Timely: It should be available at the right time
     Comprehensive/Completeness: It should contain all necessary details
   Reliability: It should come from a reliable source.

TOPIC 3: COMPUTING DEVICES I

·         Abacus
Features and components
Abacus was invented around 500 BC. It was made up of strings or wires,
frames and beads. Modern Abacus uses sliding beads in columns that
are divided into two by a center bar. The upper part is called the
heaven and each of the two beads (representing the two hands) is
 worth 5 when moved to the center. The lower part is called the
“earth”, where each of the 5 beads (representing the 5 fingers) is
worth 1 when moved towards the center. The Abacus is really just a
representation of the human fingers.
Use
For addition and subtraction

·         Napier’s Bone
Features and components
John Napier in 1617 invented the Napier’s bone. The device involves a
collection of moveable numbered rods and a board.
Use
Used to perform multiplication

·         Slide rule 
     Features and components 
William Oughtred invented the slide in 1632. The Slide rule is a
mechanical analog computer. In its most basic form, the slide rule uses
two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of
numbers.
Uses
The slide rule is used mainly for multiplication and division, and also
for "scientific" functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry,
but usually not for addition or subtraction.

·         Pascal’s calculator
Features and components
Blaise Pascal invented the Pascal’s calculator otherwise called
PASCALINE in 1642. It is a gear or dial driven (just as that on analogue
telephone) calculating device.
Use
It could only be used for addition and subtraction operations. It’s use is
evident in odometer and electricity meter.
 ·         Leibniz multiplier
Features and components
Leibniz multiplier or (Stepped Reckoner) was invented by Gottfried
William Leibniz in 1671. It was an improvement on the PASCALINE. It
contains a special kind of gear called “Leibniz wheel”.
Uses
It could add, subtract, multiply and divide.
 ·         Jacquard’s loom
Features and components
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard’s loom. This
machine was controlled by a number of punched cards, put together
into a continuous sequence.
Use
Used for producing fabrics with beautiful patterns
 ·         Difference engine
Features and components
In 1822, An English mathematics professor called Charles Babbage
invented the Difference engine. It was composed of 25000 parts,
weighed 15 tons and stood 8 feet (2.4m) high.
Use
Used for calculating differential equations.
 ·         Analytical engine
Features and components
In 1832, Charles Babbage designed another machine called Analytical
engine which was deemed to be the first mechanical computer. The
machine was steam-powered, though never completed, outlined the
basic elements of a modern day general purpose computer. It contains
input in the form of punched card containing operating instructions
and a "store" for memory of 1,000 numbers of up to 50 decimal digits
long. It also contained a "mill" with a control unit that allowed
processing instructions in any sequence, and output devices to produce
printed results. Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1842) created
the instruction routines to be fed into the computer, making her the
first female computer programmer.
Use
It could store 1000 numbers of up to 50 decimal digits long. It was
programmable.
  ·       Herman Hollerith machine
Features and components
Herman Hollerith invented the Herman Hollerith machine which used
punch card to store information which he fed into the machine to
compile the results mechanically.
Use
It was used for collating, sorting and summing the data gotten from
1980 US census.

TOPIC FOUR: COMPUTING DEVICES II

 ·        ENIAC
In 1946, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert completed the ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical integrator and Calculator). It was the first
general purpose computer. ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes,
weighed 30 tons, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space and
required 160 kilowatts of electrical power. The ENIAC used punched
card for input and output. ENIAC was used by US for hydrogen bomb
project and programming.
 ·        EDVAC
Features and components
The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) is the successor
of the ENIAC and was made by the same designers: John Mauchly and Presper
Eckert in 1949. 
Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal. It was the
first designed stored  program computer with memory capacity of 1000 words
(later set to 1,024 words, thus  giving a memory, in modern terms, of 5.5
kilobytes). It contains 6,000 vacuum tubes and consumed 56 KW of power and
covered 490 square feet of floor space.
 UNIVAC 1
Features and components
The UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer 1) was invented by John
Mauchly and Presper Eckert in 1951. The machine was 25 feet by 50 feet in
length, contained 5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes, and 300 relays and had
an internal storage capacity 1,000 words or 12,000 characters. It utilized a
Mercury delay line, magnetic tape, and typewriter output. Magnetic tape was
still used for input and output. It was the first commercial computer.
Assignment
State the features and components of the following devices
·        Desktop Personal Computers
·        Laptop and Notebook Computers
·        Palmtop computers
 
 TOPIC 5: INPUT DEVICES

These are the hardware devices that are used for entering data and instructions
into the computer system. The input devices allow human to interact with the
computer system. The following are some examples of Input devices:

Keyboard: Most important input device. The keyboard is very much like a
typewriter keyboard with a few additional keys. The keys when pressed send an
input signal into the computer. 

Mouse: A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard or flat surface. It
controls the movement of the cursor on a display screen.
Light pen: An input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select,
create and modify object on a display screen.

Touchpad: A touchpad is used for pointing on a computer display screen. It

works by sensing the user’s finger movement and downward pressure. It
is often rectangular in shape and found mostly on laptops. It is an
alternative to mouse.
Touch screen: It allows the user to operate / make selections by simply
touching the display screen. The display screen is sensitive to touch of a
finger or stylus. Widely used on ATM machines and most mobile phones.

Microphone: A device that is used to capture and record sound.

Bar code reader: These are photoelectric scanners that read bar codes
printed on product containers. They are generally used in super markets.

Scanner: Scanner reads texts, images or illustrations printed on paper and

translate the information into a form that the computer can use. It works
by digitizing an image.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR): MICR can identify

character printed with a special ink that contains particles of magnetic
material. This device is widely used in banking industry. 

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR): Also called mark sense reader is a

technology where an OMR device senses the presence or absence of a
mark, such as pencil mark. OMR is widely used in tests such as aptitude
test.

Joystick: Is an input and pointing device used in computer games.

Digital camera: An input device used to capture images and moving

pictures.

Differences between Mouse and Keyboard

Keyboard Mouse
Used to enter instructions Used to point and select
Keys are pressed Buttons are clicked
Combination of keys can be Left or right button is clicked
pressed
 Cannot drag and drop text Drags and drops text
It has keys It has buttons
Requires no mouse pad Requires a mouse pad

Assignment

List and briefly explain ALL set of keys on the keyboard.

Hint: Alphabet keys