Control of Microgrid – A Review on Recent Trends

A.Thamilmaran, P.Vijayapriya, N.Arun M.Kowsalya

Abstract – The ever increasing demand for energy and changes in climatic conditions that give rise to
increased carbon gas in atmosphere in the past few decades have initiated the advancements in renewable
energy technologies. However, integration of these distributed generations to the grid has made adverse
impacts on the existing grid and its interconnected operation. A solution to this problem is Microgrid
concept that will make the existing grid suitable for increased integration of renewable energy sources to
it. Power quality issues and condition will decide whether the Microgrid is to be in grid connected mode
or islanded mode. In either of the cases, control of Microgrid plays a vital role. Several researchers have
presented various control strategies for Microgrid under different conditions. This paper presents a
review all possible control techniques discussed in the literature for the Microgrid in both autonomous
and grid interconnected operations.

Key Words – Microgrid, supervisory control, Hierarchical control, decentralized control

Introduction

Depletion of fossil fuel and the global warming due to increased emission has made the world to turn
towards green energy and its interconnection to the existing grid to meet the increasing load demand.
Many researchers are working on integration of distributed generation to the grid for the few decades. In
recent years, researchers have realized the problems in integrating these DGs to the grid and hence turned
their attention towards the Microgrid concepts to provide efficient, reliable, eco friendly and sustainable
energy from the renewable. Microgrid is practically a small section of the power system which comprises
of interconnected distributed generations, load and energy storage that can either collectively operate in
island mode or in grid – connected mode and hence will be treated as controllable load by the grid. This
small section is connected to the grid at the point of common coupling. All the components in the
Microgrid facilitates both centralized and decentralized control as it operates at various levels as a
hierarchy. These capabilities of Microgrid controller is the crucial element in proper functioning of this
Microgrid and its acceptance. Hence the main objective of the Microgrid controller is to supply power
continuously to the loads despite of changes in the power system at acceptable voltage and frequency.
This paper presents the review of the control strategies that has been adopted for Microgrid and reported
in the literature.
Microgrid and Its Control

A Microgrid is combination of distributed generators, energy storage and load that are connected to grid
at the point of common coupling. The distributed generation may be due to PV, fuel cell, wind, biomass,
geothermal or gas turbines. The energy storage may be provided by a battery bank, ultra capacitor or a
flywheel interfaced with inverter. It can also be provided by battery banks in the dc links of microsource
inverters. A typical Microgrid structure is given in Fig 1.

Figure 1. Microgrid Structure

These components are controlled by decentralized decision making process as it is fed by many
decentralized sources so that demand and supply is fulfilled or the active and reactive power generated by
each power sources fulfils the load requirements. The objectives or responsibilities of Microgrid
controllers are:

(i) Work properly at the predefined operating point and satisfy the operating limits
(ii) Generate active and reactive power according to the requirements of the distribution system
(iii) Connect and disconnect from the grid seamlessly
(iv) Optimize the generation from the micro resources and exchange with utility
(v) Enable addition of more microresources without any modification in the existing equipment
(vi) Sensitive loads like medical equipments are met uninterruptedly
(vii) To enable the Microgrid to operate through black-start in case of general failure
(viii)Increase the reliability of the system through energy storage systems
According to the above objectives or responsibilities of the Microgrid controller, the control strategies can
be classified as
• Local Decentralized control
• Centralized interactive control
• Centralized/decentralized Load Dispatching.
These control strategies are combined in applications resulting in number of combinations of these control
types

The non – interactive control method or the decentralized control aims to maximize the power available
by tracking for maximum power in case of microresources and aims to maximize autonomy of loads in
load dispatching and demand side management. The centralized interactive control method is used for
controlling the real and reactive power generation in case of micoresources and their supply depending on
the loads.

Figure 2. Microgrid Control Structure

Review of Control Strategies of MG

The main important feature of Microgrid is its ability to operate in grid connected mode sharing the
power generation with the grid based on requirement or in islanded autonomous mode. The islanding
mode of operation may be an intentional disconnection from the main grid for maintenance need or forced
disconnection when there is power outage / fault in the main grid. For each of these operating modes, the
operational requirements are different and hence require distinguished control schemes. When the
Microgrid is grid connected, microresources operate to inject power to the grid which is the current
control mode whereas during the islanded operation it has to switch to voltage control mode to provide
constant voltage for the local loads.

The control strategies reported in literature can be grouped as for grid connected operation, islanded
operation or for switching from grid connected to islanded operation. Also there are control strategies for
various Microgrid components under each of the above mentioned modes of operation reported in the
literature.

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