I. Traverse Adjustment

Traverse Adjustment
Sample Problems:
1. Given in the following tabulation are the observed data for a closed traverse. Determine the latitude and
departure of each course and adjust the traverse using a) Compass Rule and b) transit rule. Tabulate
values accordingly.
Line Distance, m AzimuthN Latitude Departure

AB 452.25 206°17’
BC 280.05 141°10’
CD 421.39 278°43’
DE 482.21 227°31’
EF 392.09 08°32’
FA 885.94 56°32’
a) Compass Rule
LINE Adj. Latitude Adj. Departure Adj. Distance Adjusted Azimuth
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
FA
b) Transit Rule
LINE Adj. Latitude Adj. Departure Adj. Distance Adjusted Azimuth
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
FA
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING anjrevadelo

Measurement of Angles and Directions
AREA COMPUTATION
When the courses or sides of a loop traverse represent boundary lines, it is usually necessary to compute
the enclosed land area for the deed description or plotted survey plat. The most commonly used method of
determining area of a closed traverse are the DMD Method; DPD Method; and the Coordinate Method.
Area by DMD Method
 Double Meridian Distance

The meridian distance of a line is defined as the shortest distance from the midpoint of the line to the
reference meridian. The double meridian distance of a line is the meridian distance of the line multiplied by two.
Double meridian distances, which are abbreviated as DMD’s, are used in computing the area of a field enclosed
by a traverse.
RULE 1: The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the course.
N
RULE 2: The DMD of any other course is equal to
B the DMD of the preceding course, plus the
departure of the preceding course, plus the
departure of the course itself.
A
RULE 3: The DMD of the last course is numerically
equal to the departure of that course but opposite
in sign.
W
E The use of the double meridian distance is to
C determine the area of a closed traverse. In the figure, the
quantities involved represent either triangles or trapezoids
which are formed by projecting a given course upon the
reference meridian. The traverse area is then equal to one-
D half the algebraic sum of the products of the latitude of
each course by its double meridian distance.
S
Area by DPD Method
 Double Parallel Distance
N
By using the latitudes of the successive
courses instead of the departures, parallel distances
can also be computed in a manner similar to meridian B
distances. The parallel distance of a line is defined as
the distance from the midpoint of the line to the
reference parallel or the east-west line. Similarly, the A
double parallel distance of a line is equal to twice its
parallel distance.
RULE 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to W E

the latitude of the course. C
RULE 2: The DPD of any other course is equal to

the DPD of the preceding course, plus the
latitude of the preceding course, plus the
D
latitude of the course itself.
S
RULE 3: The DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude of that course but opposite
in sign.
The Double Parallel Distance method of area computation is similar to the DMD method. The traverse
area is equal to one-half the algebraic sum of the products of the departure of each course by its double parallel
distance.
Sample Problem:
Given the following adjusted latitude and adjusted departure of a closed traverse, determine the area by
(a) DMD Method
Line Adj. Lat. Adj. Dep. DMD Partial Double Area
AB -205.217 263.122
BC 26.275 180.944
CD 145.106 77.500
DE 246.245 -72.349
EF 19.713 -255.063
FA -232.122 -194.154
(b) DPD Method.
Line Adj. Lat. Adj. Dep. DMD Partial Double Area

AB -205.217 263.122
BC 26.275 180.944
CD 145.106 77.500
DE 246.245 -72.349
EF 19.713 -255.063
FA -232.122 -194.154
Area by Coordinates
When the rectangular coordinates of each traverse station are known, the coordinate method may be
used to compute the enclosed area.
 Rectangular Coordinates are the two horizontal distances measured to a point from a pair of mutually
perpendicular axes. All coordinate values are computed from an origin fixed by the intersection of an x-axis
and a y-axis. If the latitudes and departures have been computed and adjusted, and if the coordinates of one
point are known, the coordinates of all other points can be determined by adding successive latitudes to the
previous Y coordinates (Northing) and successive departures to the previous X coordinates (Easting).
 In surveying, the determinant form is used for solving the area of a tract of land, thus
1 N A N B NC Nn N A
A=
[ ∙ ∙
2 E A E B EC
∙∙∙ ∙
En E A ]
From the previous problem, compute for the Northing and Easting of each station if Northing and Easting
of station A are 20,000-m N and 20,000-m E, respectively. Calculate also the area of the closed traverse using
the Coordinate Method.
Line Adj. Lat. Adj. Dep. Station Northing Easting Partial Double Area
AB -205.217 263.122 A 3000 3000
BC 26.275 180.944 B
CD 145.106 77.500 C
DE 246.245 -72.349 D
EF 19.713 -255.063 E

FA -232.122 -194.154 F
A


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Traverse Adjustment

Line Distance, m AzimuthN Latitude Departure

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING anjrevadelo

Area by DMD Method

 Double Meridian Distance

RULE 1: The DPD of the first course is equal to W E

RULE 2: The DPD of any other course is equal to

(b) DPD Method.

Line Adj. Lat. Adj. Dep. DMD Partial Double Area

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING anjrevadelo

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING anjrevadelo

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