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Module 2

The document discusses various methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying, including pacing, which involves counting steps, and taping, which uses a calibrated tape between two points. It provides examples of how to calculate pace factor and determine unknown distances from the number of paces taken. The document also describes corrections that must be applied to taped measurements due to factors such as temperature, tension, slope, and wind.

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Kit Lbj
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253 views

Module 2

The document discusses various methods for measuring horizontal distances in surveying, including pacing, which involves counting steps, and taping, which uses a calibrated tape between two points. It provides examples of how to calculate pace factor and determine unknown distances from the number of paces taken. The document also describes corrections that must be applied to taped measurements due to factors such as temperature, tension, slope, and wind.

Uploaded by

Kit Lbj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 2121: FUNDAMENTALS OF

SURVEYING LEC
Module 2: Measurement of Horizontal Distances
Pacing

A Horizontal Distance Measurement method which involves counting


the number of steps or paces in a required distance
Pace – Length of a step in walking

Pace
Pacing

A Horizontal Distance Measurement method which involves counting the number


of steps or paces in a required distance
Pace – Length of a step in walking

Distance = Pace Factor x Mean Number of Paces


Sample Problem no. 1

A 45-m course, AB, on a level ground was placed by a surveyor for the purpose of determining his pace factor . The number of paces for
each trial taken are shown in the accompanying tabulation.

TAPED NO. OF
TRIAL LINE MEAN
DISTANCE PACES
1 AB 50
2 BA 53
3 AB 45.000 51
4 BA 53
5 AB 52
6 BA 53

a. Determine his pace factor


b. If the surveyor then took 771, 770, 768, 770, 772, and 769 paces in walking an unknown distance CD, what is the length of the line?
c. Assuming that the taped length of line CS is 667 m, determine the relative precision of the measurement performed.
Sample Problem no. 1
TAPED NO. OF
TRIAL LINE MEAN
DISTANCE PACES
1 AB 50
2 BA 53
3 AB 45.000 51
4 BA 53
5 AB 52
6 BA 53
Taping

A Horizontal Distance Measurement method where the surveyor


stretches a calibrated tape between two points and reading the
distance indicated on the tape.
Corrections in Taping
• Taping operations could either be of the following:

- To determine an unknown length


- To lay out a specific length

• Rules for Taping Corrections:

1. When a line is measured with a tape that is “too long”, the corrections are applied to the
observed length by adding.
2. When a specified or required length is to be laid out with a tape that is “too long”, the
corrections are subtracted from the known length to determine the corrected length to be laid
out.
3. When measuring or laying out lengths with a tape that is “too short”, the corrections are
applied opposite to those stated in the first 2 rules.
Correction Due to Incorrect Tape Length
Correction Due to Slope
Correction Due to Slope
Correction Due to Temperature

• The tape lengthens as the temperature rises and shortens as the temperature falls

Ct = a L (T – Ts)

where:
Ct = Correction due to temperature
a = Coefficient of linear expansion
T = Observed temperature of the tape at the time of measurement
Ts = Temperature at which the tape was standardized
L = Measured or laid out length or Nominal length
Correction Due to Pull or Tension
Correction Due to Sag
Correction Due to Normal tension
Correction Due to Wind

• A strong wind blowing perpendicular to the direction of taping will move the middle and
unsupported portion of the tape to one side of the line measured. This introduces an error
to the measurement which is like the effect of sag but is usually much less. To avoid this
type of error, it is preferable not to undertake any taping work during windy days. If it
cannot be avoided and the measurement must be done on windy days, efforts should be
taken to support the tape from being affected by the blowing of wind.
Combined Corrections

The corrections for the effects of incorrect length of tape, temperature, tension, slope and sag may be combined
as a single net correction per tape length. Each correction is computed separately, and it is important to identify
which correction tends to make the tape too long or too short. Since the sign of each correction can be
determined during computation, it is then a matter of adding these quantities algebraically to arrive at a single
and overall correction to lengths which are measured or laid out. Combined corrections are usually determined
based on the nominal tape length since each correction is relatively small and do not appreciably affect each
other. The resulting net correction per tape length may be used if conditions remain constant during
taping. Variation in conditions may be due to changes in temperature during the day, non-uniformity of pull
exerted on the ends of the tape, the ground may be such that it becomes necessary to support the tape at various
intervals, and some other factors which may affect the taping operation.
Sample Problem no. 2
Sample Problem no. 3
Sample Problem no. 4

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