VISION MISSION

The SFCCA envisions itself as one of the REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES In pursuit of its vision, SFCCA provides
leading educational institutions on the country Department of Education quality, relevant and competitive education
which is committed to the quality, effective,
relevant, and excellent programs in Tourism, Region V - Bicol for both basic, higher, and advance education
level as well as cater to those who need skills
Culinary, Hotel and Restaurant Management DIVISION OF CAMARINES NORTE enhancement and competency, guided by the
and Services, and other related fields and
discipline thereby providing globally
ST. FRANCIS CARACCIOLO CULINARY ACADEMY, INC. values of Godliness, nationalism, moral
uprightness, respects for everyone, and
competitive graduates in both the career Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Vinzons Camarines Norte respect for the Integrity of Creation
opportunities and within the technical
workplaces.
COPYRIGHT © 2020
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE- GRADE 12
Quarter 1| Module 6: Geological Processes and Hazards

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DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

Writer : Lowell Ibis Obrero

Language and Content Editor : Kristine C. Aleta
Reviewed by : Conrado A. Rempillo

ST. FRANCIS CARACCIOLO CULINARY ACADEMY, INC.

333Km. Maharlika Highway, Danawan Pavilion Compound,
Sto. Domingo, Vinzons, Camarines Norte 4603
Globe 0915-5907-000/ Smart 0909-5907-000

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE |2

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE- GRADE 12
Quarter 1| Module 6: Geological Processes and Hazards

I.
INTRODUCTION

There are a lot and different threats in our lives. The year 2020 is very challenging for
almost every one of us as we confront different threats in our lives such as the pandemic of
COVID-19, typhoon Ambo which severely damaged some provinces in the south last February
and the continuous threats of Taal volcano eruption since January which caused damages to
lives and properties in Batangas and other nearby provinces. People felt distress because they
experienced a strong tremble and aftershocks after a major eruption of the volcano. Aside from
these, one of the most feared threat is the coming of the “BIG ONE” or the magnitude 8.0
earthquake that may happen with the movement of the West Valley Fault. As a student what
will you do in case a great earthquake suddenly occurs and you are inside the classroom? inside
your house? or outside the streets? Earthquake is just one of the geologic processes that happens
on Earth like landslides and volcanic eruptions. These geologic processes may cause “threats”
in our lives through the potential hazards it can cause. You will know more about the different
geologic processes and hazards as you proceed on this module.
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
1. Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides (S11/ 12 ES-If-30)

II.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
1. Define the terms related to geologic hazards;
2. Evaluate the integrity of the house and its vulnerability to strong earthquakes;
and
3. Describe the various hazards that may happen in our community in the events of
natural hazards.

III.
VOCABULARY LIST

Earthquake
A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock
materials below the earth’s surface.

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 Geological hazards
The Hazards that happen due to natural processes coming from the activities on or
beneath the Earth’s surface.
Landslides
The mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity.
Volcanic eruptions
when lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases
are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure of a volcano.

IV.
PRE-TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write letter E if there is no answer on the
choices.
1. If the structure is near the fault line, which of the following can withstand ground
shaking better?
A. medium rise building C. high rise building
B. low rise building D. Both B and C

2. All hazards are caused by an earthquake, except for one?

A. surface faulting C. ground shaking and liquefaction
B. mudflow D. landslides and liquefaction

3. Which of the following manifests surface faulting?

A. displacement of road from its original position
B. sinking of building
C. mudflow
D. landslide

4. Which of the following commonly occurs whenever there is a large magnitude

earthquake?
A. forest fire C. volcanic eruption
B. landslide D. soil liquefaction

5. What part of the human body is heavily damaged when exposed to high concentration
of volcanic gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen chloride?
A. lungs C. eyes, mucous membrane and lungs
B. eyes D. mucous membrane

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE |4

 V.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES

PRACTICE ACTIVITY 1: HOW SAFE IS OUR HOUSE?

Directions: Answer the 12-item survey below. Sum up your points and identify the evaluation
on how safe is your house. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
This earthquake disaster awareness material was prepared by Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology of the Department of Science and Technology in collaboration
with the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) under the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) – Japan Science and Technology (JST) Project.
SELF-CHECK FOR EARTHQUAKE SAFETY OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
(CHB) HOUSES IN THE PHILIPPINES

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE |5

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE |6
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. How safe is your house based on the self-check survey? Explain the results of your score.
2. Do you think your house is resilient to strong earthquake? Why? Why not? Explain your
answer.
3. If you have a chance, how will you remodel your house to become earthquake resilient?

PRACTICE ACTIVITY 2: GEOLOGICAL HOTSPOTS

Hotspots or hot spots has two different meanings. In geology, a hotspot is a location on
the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism (a geologic activity like earthquake
and landslide) for a long period of time. Meanwhile in technology, hotspot is a physical location
where people have Internet access using a router connected to an Internet service provider. On
this activity, you will be encountering two hotspots because you will be learning more about
the different geologic hazards using the internet.
Direction:
1. Complete the table below through reading the articles about the geologic processes
from the internet. Answer of how/why/where/when the following geologic processes
happens.
2. Suggested website for your references:
https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/hazards/home.html

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE |7

 https://study.com/academy/lesson/volcanic-hazards-prevention-landslides-
laharstsunamis.html

Table 6.1
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

It happens? Earthquake Volcanic Eruptions Landslide

How

Why

Where

When

In case that you don’t have internet connection, try to analyze the following pictures
and answer the Table above.

3. Based from what you have learned through answering the table above, you may now
describe below on what you think are the various hazards that may happen in the event
that the following geologic activities happen in your community.
a. Earthquake
b. Volcanic Eruptions
c. Landslide

KEY CONCEPTS ON GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Hazards that happen due to natural processes coming from the activities on or beneath the
Earth’s surface.

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TYPES OF GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
EARTHQUAKE - is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden
movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.
Table 6. 2
TYPES OF HAZARDS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE AND ITS DEFINITION AND
EFFECTS
TYPES OF
HAZARDS DUE TO DEFINITION EFFECTS
EARTHQUAKE

Deformation on the ground that

fissuring, displacement of
Ground Rupture marks the intersection of the fault
the ground due to movement
with the earth’s surface. of the fault
Disruptive up, down and sideways
can cause damage or collapse
vibration of the ground during an
of structure; may trigger
Ground Shaking
earthquake. other hazards like
liquefaction & landslide
Phenomenon wherein sediments, sinking and/or tilting of
especially near bodies of water, structure above it; sand boil;
Liquefaction
behave like liquid similar to a fissuring
quicksand.
Down slope movement of rocks, erosion; burial and blockage
Earthquake- induced
solid and other debris commonly of roads and rivers
Landslide
triggered by strong shaking.
Series of waves caused commonly flooding; coastal erosion;
Tsunami by an earthquake under the sea. drowning of people and
damage to properties

LANDSLIDE
The mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity. It occurs when
the driving force is greater than the resisting force. Landslide materials may include soil,
debris, rock and garbage.

Landslide Triggers Landslide triggering Modes of Failure

Intense rainfall conditions
Natural triggers
Weathering rocks steep slopes
Ground vibrations weathering of rocks Movement of
created during overloading on the landslide that may
earthquakes slope occur in: fall, topple,
weakening of slope slide, spread, and
Volcanic activity
Man-made triggers material flow

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE |9

 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
When lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and volcanic blocks), and assorted gases
are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure of a volcano.
TABLE 6.3
TYPES OF HAZARDS DUE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Types of Hazards
due to volcanic Definitions
eruptions
Rivers of incandescent of molten rock or lava moving downslope or
Lava Flow
away from an eruption vent.
These are hot or cold mixtures of water and volcanic debris that form
Lahar when volcanic materials interact with water, ice, snow, or loose wet
sediments.
Tephra Fall or These are hot avalanches of rock, ash, and gas that travel down volcano
Ashfall and slopes at high speeds. Tephra (fragmented volcanic particles) or Ash
Ballistic (fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter) propelled
Projectiles through the atmosphere in an eruption plume.
Pyroclastic Mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles (pyroclastic), hot gases and
Density Currents ash that rush down the volcanic slopes or rapidly outward from a
or PDCs source vent at high speeds.
Laterally-directed thrusts of hot gas and ash that can be generated from
Lateral Blast an exploding dome on the summit vent or inside the edifice when
sudden mass failure of the volcanic flanks occurs.
It is formed from a dissolved component of magma that is released to
Volcanic Gas
the atmosphere in large quantities during eruptions.

V.
POST TEST

MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE

Directions: Write TRUE if the underlined word/s are correct, or write FALSE if the
underlined words are wrong and indicate the correct answer.
1. Some factors like topography, bedrock type, location and orientation of the fault rupture
result to varying level of ground shaking.
2. The aftermath of liquefaction can leave large areas covered in a deep layer of mud.
3. Vertical spreading occurs where sloping ground starts to move downhill, causing cracks to
open up, and are often seen along hill crests and river banks.
4. Earthquake, also known as tremor is defined as any sudden shaking of the ground caused
by the passage of seismic waves through earth’s rocks.
5. Landslides are long wavelength oceanic waves produced by the sudden movement of
seawater by a shallow earthquake, volcanic eruption or submarine landslide.

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE | 10

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. The following are potential hazards caused by an earthquake, except for one?
A. ground shaking C. lahars
B. liquefaction D. tsunami

2. When a volcano erupts, it can spew which of the following?

A. rock & ash B. gas
C. lava D. all of the above

3. Choose from the following list of the processes that might produce a tsunami.
A. earthquakes C. landslides
B. volcanic eruptions D. meteorite impacts

4. Identify the geologic event that can occur at a transform boundary.

A. earthquake C. landslides
B. volcanic eruption D. tsunami

5. What force is responsible for erosion and deposition in landslides?

A. gravity B. ice
C. temperature D. wind

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE | 11

 VISION MISSION
The SFCCA envisions itself as one of the REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
In pursuit of its vision, SFCCA provides
leading educational institutions on the country Department of Education quality, relevant and competitive education
which is committed to the quality, effective,
relevant, and excellent programs in Tourism, Region V - Bicol for both basic, higher, and advance education
level as well as cater to those who need skills
Culinary, Hotel and Restaurant Management DIVISION OF CAMARINES NORTE enhancement and competency, guided by the
and Services, and other related fields and
discipline thereby providing globally
ST. FRANCIS CARACCIOLO CULINARY ACADEMY, INC. values of Godliness, nationalism, moral
uprightness, respects for everyone, and
competitive graduates in both the career Brgy. Sto. Domingo, Vinzons Camarines Norte respect for the Integrity of Creation
opportunities and within the technical
workplaces.

ANSWER SHEET
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
MODULE 6: GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND HAZARDS

NAME: _____________________________________________ Strand: _______________

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. Write letter E if there is no answer on the choices.

1. If the structure is near the fault line, which of the following can withstand ground shaking better?
A. medium rise building C. high rise building
B. low rise building D. Both B and C
2. All hazards are caused by an earthquake, except for one?
A. surface faulting C. ground shaking and liquefaction
B. mudflow D. landslides and liquefaction
3. Which of the following manifests surface faulting?
A. displacement of road from its original position
B. sinking of building
C. mudflow
D. landslide
4. Which of the following commonly occurs whenever there is a large magnitude earthquake?
A. forest fire C. volcanic eruption
B. landslide D. soil liquefaction
5. What part of the human body is heavily damaged when exposed to high concentration of volcanic gases
such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen chloride?
A. lungs C. eyes, mucous membrane and lungs
B. eyes D. mucous membrane

PRACTICE ACTIVITY 1: HOW SAFE IS OUR HOUSE?

QUESTION POINT GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. a. How safe is your house based on the self-check survey? Explain the
results of your score.
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4.
________________________________________________________
5. b. Do you think your house is resilient to strong earthquake?
6. Why? Why not? Explain your answer.
7. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
8. ________________________________________________________
9. ________________________________________________________
10. c. If you have a chance, how will you remodel your house to
become earthquake resilient?
11. ___________________________________________________
12. ___________________________________________________
TOTAL ___________________________________________________
SCORE ___________________________________________________

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE | 12

PRACTICE ACTIVITY 2: GEOLOGICAL HOTSPOTS

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

It happens? Earthquake Volcanic Eruptions Landslide

How

Why

Where

When

3. Based from what you have learned through answering the table above, you may now describe
below on what you think are the various hazards that may happen in the event that the following
geologic activities happen in your community.
A. Earthquake
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Volcanic Eruptions
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
C. Landslide
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

POST TEST:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE | 13