PMDC motor control using PWM techniques

MS. DIPTI K. SHAH Prof. B. T. DESHMUKH

Department of Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical engineering
JNEC, Aurangabad JNEC, Aurangabad
Aurangabad, India Aurangabad, India
dipti.367@rediffmail.com bapu_desh@rediffmail.com

Abstract:-The goal of this work is to control the speed of PMDC II. RELATED WORKS
motor using PWM technique. The speed control of PMDC motor A reasonable number of works have found in the
is very essential in application where precision and protection is literature regarding the employment of solid state devices for
necessary. In this paper implementation of PWM is done with the control of DC drives. The paper of Alexendra Morar
the help of LM3524 for the speed control of PMDC motor fed by elucidate the use of chopper in half bridge configuration. Due
a DC chopper. The chopper is driven at a frequency of 20KHZ to this the DC motor is rotate in only one direction i.e forward
controlling the PWM duty cycle is equivalent to controlling the direction [4]. Axelrod B. have shown 4Q bidirectional drive
motor speed. This chopper circuit used here is 4 quadrant for system for DC motor based on PWM dc-dc converter is
the rotation of motor in forward and reverse direction. presented using SPICE software. There converter offers both
motoring and regenerative braking mode of operation [5].
Keywords:-PMDC motor, speed control, PWM, 4Q chopper. Paul A.R and George M. in his paper shows digital pulse
width modulation control techniques for trapezoidal brushless
D C motor drives. This digital control treats BLDC motor as a
I. INTRODUCTION
digital system and regulation the speed of the motor [6].
Saunders with his collogues have shown in their paper how
SPEED control of PMDC motor could be achieved by
using mechanical or electrical techniques. In past , speed
PWM techniques is useful for motor drive applications. also
they shows IGBT drives have faster output voltage rise time
controls of DC drives are mostly mechanical and requiring
than other power drives[7].
large size hardware to implement. The development has
launched these drives back to position of formidable relevance In this paper the PMDC motor with speed control system
which give rise to A.C drives. Some important applications is presented and direction of motor rotation is presented.
are rolling mills, paper mills, traction, printing, textiles mills
etc.. Fractional horse power D.C drives are widely employed III. METHODOLOGY
[1]. Due to the ability to supply continuously variable D.C A scheme that address on building up such a system as
voltage, controlled rectifier and DC chopper made a mention above is presented here. As the system is based on
revolution in modern industrial equipment and variable drives speed of PMDC motor , so desired goal is to achieve a
[2]. Adjustable speed drives may be operated over a wide system with control speed and direction of rotation at
range of, by controlling armature or field excitation.[3]. constant load condition. That means motor will run at
The invention of power semiconductors saw the advent of variable speed at constant load condition. In implementing
the D.C drive system for the most of the early variable speed this work frequency independent PWM output with
requirements. Based on the advantage of simple construction variable duty cycle from 0% to 100% is generated.
and ease of control, this technology continued to be taken up Furthermore an direction change logic circuit is fabricated
for future improvement. for the changing the direction of motor(forward and
reverse). Also there is use of soft start circuit , to protect
BJT and GTO along with various analog digital chips used the motor from inrush current.
in firing or controlling circuits have made DC drives more
accessible for control in numbers of applications. Recent A. System Overview
development in the area of semiconductors technology have The PMDC motor to be controlled is fed by DC source
made new power device for variable frequency drives as through a 4 quadrant chopper circuit. The output voltage of
IGBT. The use of IGBT in chopper circuit to control and chopper is fed to the PMDC motor which rotate in forward
rotate the motor in forward and reverse direction. The main and reverse direction according to the conduction of chopper
objective of this work is to become familiar with design. pair. With the help of tachometer we can measure the speed of
motor in RMP along with direction of rotation.

1
 B. Circuit Description Here PWM pulse generator is used for generating the desired
DC level with the help of positive voltage pulse circuit. This
The circuit is based on PWM techniques. LM3524 provide
desired DC level. By adjusting the register valve the duty output along with the output of direction change logic circuit
cycle can be controlled. When motor run at 20% duty cycle is given to the Anding circuit for the generation of four pulses
the output voltage develop across chopper is less which in which is used to drive the IGBT gate Driver circuit.
turn makes the speed of motor to be less but for 70% duty D. Opto-coupler
cycle the speed of motor get increased. This increase or
decreased speed is sensed by tachometer. But if any load For driving the IGBT circuits , opto couplers are used . with
occurs , the speed of motor get decreased for the same duty the advantage of isolation between control circuitry and
cycle. Also, the direction of PMDC motor can be change power circuit. Here MCT2E opto coupler is used. MCT2E
with the help of direction change logic circuit. If the motor consist of a gallium arsenide infrared emitting diode driving a
rotate in forward direction then after switching this switches silicon phototransistor in a 6-pin dual in-line package [9].
the motor will rotate in reverse direction. The control of the
armature currents is done with the help of IGBT power IV. RESULT & DISCUSSION
circuit. Due to the IGBT power circuit the motor is rotated in The result obtained are as expected can be discussed as
both the direction. Thus there is forward and reverse follows.
regenerative breaking takes place.
A. Chopper circuit output
A pulse of fixed frequency generated by the PWM pulse
generator which is fed to the IGBT chopper circuit. The
output voltageV0(dc) of chopper is given to the PMDC
motor. According to the IGBT pair operation the motor will
rotate in that direction. A freewheeling diode is used for back
emf protection.
TABLE 1
MOTOR TERMINAL VOLTAGEAT VARIOUS POT POSITION
POT POSITION OUTPUT SPEED OF
VOLTAAGE FOR MOTOR(RPM)
FORWARD
DIRECTION
CONDITION
1 07 52.6
2 26 209.40
3 60 245.96
4 85 642.70
5 120 933.20
6 180 1365
7 200 1440
Figure 1 Block Diagram 8 217 1695
9 235 1875
C. Pulse width modulation 10 250 1920
POT POSITION OUTPUT SPEED OF
PWM drive technology has become most popular drive VOLTAAGE FOR MOTOR(RPM)
technology due to the many advantage: REVERSE
DIRECTION
 High efficiency (97% to 98%). CONDITION
 Small size. 1 -07 -42.5
2 -26 -196.7
 Constant high input power factor. 3 -60 -464.3
 Open circuit operation. 4 -85 -672.4
 Multi-motor applications capability. 5 -120 -931.5
 Wide speed range . 6 -180 -967.9
7 -200 -1161
 Excellent speed regulations. 8 -217 -1730
 Ride-through capability. 9 -235 -1842
 Operation < 6Hz possible w/o cogging. 10 -250 -1956
 Low sensitive to line transmission.[7]

2
 300 REFERENCES
output
[1] Gopal K. Dubey, “fundamentals of Electric Derives”, Narosa publishing
200 voltage at House New Delhi,1989
chopper in
pot position

100 [2] Muhammad Rasid,”Power Electronics circuits, Devices and Applications”

forward Prentice Hall, 3rd edition.
0 direction [3] Atul Dewangan, Nibbedita, Sashi,Vinod Yadu,”PWM Based Automatic
closed loop speed Of DC motor” , international journal of engineering trends
-100 1 3 5 7 9 output and technology- volume 3 issue2-2012.
voltage at
-200 [4] ALEXANDRU MORAR “DC DRIVE SYSTEM WITH THE
chopper in INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS” by “Petru Maior”
-300 reverse University of Tg. - Mures, Faculty of Engineering 1, Nicolae Iorga str.
output voltage atchopper direction
[5] Axelrod, B.” Four-quadrant bi-directional drive system based on
PWM DC-DC converter” Advanced Motion Control, 2008. AMC '08. 10th
Figure 2Pot position vs. Output voltage IEEE International Workshop , Page(s): 377 - 381

[6] Paul, A.R. ,” Brushless DC motor control using digital PWM techniques”,
2500 Signal Processing, Communication, Computing and Networking
speed in rmp

2000 Technologies (ICSCCN), 2011 International Conference, Page(s): 733 – 738

1500 [7] Saunders, Skibiniks, EVon, Kempkes,”Riding the Reflected wave- IGBT
1000 Drive Technology Demands New Motor and cable considerations” IEEE IAS-
Petroleum & Chemical Industry Conference , Philadelphia ,sept.-23-25 ,1996,
500 page -75-84.
speed in RPM
0
[8] . INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER , DATA CATALOG( IGBT)
0 200 400
[9] www.national.com (Regulator IC, LM3524, IC 555, MTC2E)
output voltage at chopper during forward rotation
of motor

Figure 3 Speed of motor vs. Output voltage

V. CONCLUSION
The speed control of PMDC motor using PWM technique
with chopper has been introduces. Controlling the speed of
PMDC motor without feedback is implemented using
LM3524 [9]. The system will be made user friendly so that
anyone can be operated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Figure 4 model of circuit diagram

Firstly, I would like to pay respectfully thanks to authors ,

teachers and admirer supervisors. Special thanks to my guide
Prof. B.T.Deashmukh and Prof. J. Rana head of the
department of JNEC, Aurangabad for encouragement.