1. Calcium plays a key structural and signaling role in the body. It is primarily stored in bones but also regulates enzymes, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and sensory functions.
2. Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that interacts with many other proteins to regulate various cellular functions. It has four calcium-binding sites that undergo a conformational change when bound to calcium, exposing surfaces that allow it to interact with target proteins.
3. Binding of calcium to calmodulin causes it to change shape, exposing hydrophobic surfaces that interact with and regulate target proteins like kinases and phosphatases, inducing further changes in their structure and function. This allows calmodulin to act as an
1. Calcium plays a key structural and signaling role in the body. It is primarily stored in bones but also regulates enzymes, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and sensory functions.
2. Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that interacts with many other proteins to regulate various cellular functions. It has four calcium-binding sites that undergo a conformational change when bound to calcium, exposing surfaces that allow it to interact with target proteins.
3. Binding of calcium to calmodulin causes it to change shape, exposing hydrophobic surfaces that interact with and regulate target proteins like kinases and phosphatases, inducing further changes in their structure and function. This allows calmodulin to act as an
1. Calcium plays a key structural and signaling role in the body. It is primarily stored in bones but also regulates enzymes, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and sensory functions.
2. Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that interacts with many other proteins to regulate various cellular functions. It has four calcium-binding sites that undergo a conformational change when bound to calcium, exposing surfaces that allow it to interact with target proteins.
3. Binding of calcium to calmodulin causes it to change shape, exposing hydrophobic surfaces that interact with and regulate target proteins like kinases and phosphatases, inducing further changes in their structure and function. This allows calmodulin to act as an
1. Calcium plays a key structural and signaling role in the body. It is primarily stored in bones but also regulates enzymes, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and sensory functions.
2. Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that interacts with many other proteins to regulate various cellular functions. It has four calcium-binding sites that undergo a conformational change when bound to calcium, exposing surfaces that allow it to interact with target proteins.
3. Binding of calcium to calmodulin causes it to change shape, exposing hydrophobic surfaces that interact with and regulate target proteins like kinases and phosphatases, inducing further changes in their structure and function. This allows calmodulin to act as an
Calcium in adult: as skeleton 1.2 Kg, daily intake 0.7-
0.8
99%-in structural; teeth, bone
1% body fluid: associated with enzymes. Complex formation, free ions as electrolytes
Functions: Activation of enzymes, muscle contraction;
blood clotting; cell division; sensory function; generation of energy (hydrolysis of ATP) lonized CCa (biologically active)
Ca complexed with 50% citrate, phosphate, bicarbonate
10%
40%
Protein-bound non-diffusible Ca Deficiency of Ca2*; Metabolism disorder, Vomiting, abdominal pain, Mascle contraction problem Overload of Ca2t: complexation with fat; insoluble salt
Study: Calcium in skeleton; Calcium in activation of enzyme; Calcium in contraction of muscle; Calcium in blood clotting Deficiency of Ca: Metabolism disorder, Vomiting, abdominal pain, Mascle contraction problem Overload of Ca2: complexation with fat; insoluble salt Study: 1. Calcium in skeleton; Mineralisation of Bones and teeth. Bone is a mineralized connectivetissue. It containa organic (collagen protein) and inorganic (mineral) -
HYDROXY APATITE, Ca10(Po4)6 (OH)2
Component, 2. Calcium in activation of enzyme; Calmodulin is a Calcium binding regulatory protein mol wt 17000 Calmodulin can bind with 4 calcium ions 3. Calcium in contraction of muscle; Glycolysis metabolic degradation of glucose 4. Gluconeogenesis-metabolic synthesis of glucose. 5. in blood clotting: whenever our skin becomes broken, Calcium calcium works together with vitamin K and protein wll helps to blood clotting. Calcium is factor IV in coagulation cascade. Prothromlin (factor 10) contains Gla(y Carboxy glutamate) Residues. forms a bridge between Gla residues of prothrombin and Calcium membrane phospholipids of platelets 6. Messenger system is necessary for transmission of nerve impulses from Calcium synaptic to post-synaptic region. pre- Secretion Hormones: for hormonal activation: Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin Calcium mediates secretion of Insulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vasopressin,ete. from the cells MYOCARDIUM in myocardium, Ca++ prolongs systole. in hypercalcemia cardiac arrest is seen in systole. Caution: when calcium is administered intravenously, it should be given very slowly. Calmodulin, or calcium-modulated protein, is a calcium-binding8 protein found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. It interacts with many other proteins in the cell, and acts as a regulator or an effector molecule in a wide variety of cellular functions.
Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein)
is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryoticcells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca, and the binding of Ca* is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca, calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signaltransduction pathway by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as kinases or phosphatases Calmodulin is a small, highly conserved protein that is 148 amino acids long (16.7 kDa). The protein has two approximately symmetrical domains globular (the N- and C- domains) each containing a pair of EF hand motifs separated by a flexible linker region for a total of four Ca binding sites, two in each globular domain In the Ca~-free state, the helices that form the four EF-hands are
collapsed in a compact orientation, and the central linker is
disordered;15IGLZ8! the Ca-saturated state, the EF-hand helices adopt an
in one another, and the central linker open orientation roughly perpendicular to forms an extended alpha-helix in the crystal structure, ala but remains largely disordered in solution The Cdomain has a higher binding affinity for Ca than the N-domain. Dalmadulin s a monona MJS 17 Ka Cm Sists ef 148 ami00acids t laaulina r i no atoin braptophan Conteins te is hi io co e laisthde op phonglalonina tn tgimane(82) Calmbdulin Bndiing Camtains four a brAps es nde partein. l e chab.el 6-bali.coS CG2 s loomd toone r marr 9omanu oPohalice Honal chang OCCAYs e n biäup SHs a lokam a in q OVRr 301 IRephjetia CA oAdioA Conft2uafion Ceocmedhiona ChOme must pCCuurbetxe it Con eglale m nnád. gotem w WED opand fo bndr Site, QtidrtKgdin 1ai lh elootsaldte Side chain March 0 nd. Phde lbondp we seint NAa utamae, hspeople 0sporatë, ond ho soid: CO O H t nCetan my peoplerwonhp Aloel Yo hom 12 12
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g g m a Inacfu Resgno-CM 4Ca ComplesX achve Recd Kecogrition 2activation ap orgtae Mechanism: Binding of Ca by the EF-hands causes an opening of the N- and C-domains, which exposes hydrophobic target-binding surfaces,l These interact complementarynonpolar segments on target proteins, surfaces with typically consisting of groups of bulky hydrophobic amino acids separated by 10-16 polar and/or basic amino acids.18134 The flexible central domain of allows the protein wrap around its target, calmodulin modes of to although known. "Canonical" targets of calmodulin, such as myosin alternate binding are light-chain kinases and CaMKIL, bind only to the Ca-bound protein, whereas some proteins, such as Nav channels and 1Q-motif proteins, also bind to calmodulin in the absence of Caj1l Binding of calmodulin induces conformational rearrangements in the target protein via "mutually induced fit"12 leading to changes in the target protein's function. Calcium binding by calmodulin exhibits considerable cooperativity 511 making calmodulin unusual example of a monomeric an (single-chain) cooperative binding protein. Furthermore, target binding alters the binding affinity of calmodulin toward Ca ions, 201211122 which allows for complex allosteric interplay between Ca? and target binding interactions.l This influenceofof target binding on Ca affinity is believed to allow for Ca activation proteins that constitutively are bound to calmodulin, such as small-conductance Ca-activated potassium (SK) channels Ohitis aCalcu tn e acfrafi.on of onygne Jen 00iald tk relala Shecellelay Ca t CatntP aolend achivales spebte apsmas Snegathc tuachan Calmpdulin. Ccium- bind, ro gulalen eted operetas an G ocaphoxs Calmcdalinheiabtdcnsratitpeatse gclre u.clazhde mchalolism Phasphodiaierate clein AdonnlCgclase N pituphoylahion1 ytptom pacleins erc 16 15 16 02 Cholol e24 Jomodiu Anol Myain kinese-Soleial muscde136 muo u s ele Ggta qen Non-mS Cle Caltium meldhsophou flux- phonalase ainase Mg ATPase SecgeHon-rhesina on Noto tsensmle Secrefion ttelease. ih muscla CantncionS g Caloum
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ATP hopotin- C(Suburit) aclina Qs Cal nodulin. Role in animals (edit) Calmodulin mediates many crucial processes such as inflammation, metabolism, apoptosis, smooth muscle contraction, intracellular movement, short-term and long-term memory and the immune response2120 Calcium participates in an intracellular signaling system by acting as a diffusible second messenger to the initial stimuli. It does this by binding various targets in the cell including a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aguaporins and other proteins, Calmodulin is expressed in many cell types and can have different subcellular locations, including the Cytoplasm within organelles, or associated with the plasma or organelle membranes, but it is always found intracellularly.2 Many of the proteins that calmodulin binds are unable to bind calcium themselves, and use calmodulin as a calcium sensor and signal transducer. Calmodulin can also make use of the calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calmodulin can undergo post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation acetylation, methylation and proteolytic cleavage, each of which has potential to modulate its actions. Biologicalvoles of calciu
Calcium is major components of the structural
a
materials like bone and shell.
of skeleton occurs through the Formation calcium ion. biomineralisalion of units calcium forms the In such structural like insoluble carbonate biominerals LISES OF CALCILM Muscle contraction-Glycolysis - metabolic degradation of glucose. Gluconeogenesis metabolic -
synthesis of glucose Blood cloting whenever our skin becomes broken, calcium works together with vitamin Kand proteinwillhelps to bloodclotting Messenger system for hormonal activation 1 Parathyroid hormone 2 Calcitonin Bone Seashells
Eggshells Dental caries
Diseases imanges
Rickets (defective calcification): Osteporosis (cdemineralisation of bone) Hypercalcaemia
