General Mathematics

Quarter 1 – Module 25:

Representations of Logarithmic
Functions

CO_Q1_General Mathematic SHS

Module 25
General Mathematics
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Quarter 1 – Module 25: Representations of Logarithmic Functions
First Edition, 2021

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 General Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 25:
Representations of Logarithmic
Functions
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module focuses on logarithmic functions represented through the table of

values, graphs and its transformation, and equation. Logarithmic function as the
inverse of the exponential function have properties that are somewhat related to
exponential functions. Using the representations of logarithmic functions will give
the ideas of how these two functions are related to each other.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. solve exponential and logarithmic equation;
2. represent logarithmic function through its table of values, graph, and
equation; and
3. sketch the transformation of the graph of logarithmic function.

What I Know

Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know
about the topic covered. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logbx is _________ if b > 1.

a. decreasing
b. increasing
c. shifted down
d. shifted up

2. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x)+d is shifted ______ if d < 0.

a. downward
b. left
c. right
d. upward

3. What is the inverse of the function 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 ?

a. b=logxy
b. x=logby
c. y=logbx
d. y=logxb

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4. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x+c) is shifted _______ if c > 0.
a. downward
b. left
c. right
d. upward

5. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=a logb(x) is stretched if _______.

a. a>1
b. a<1
c. 0 < a < 1
d. 1 < a < 0

6. Which of the following is the graph of y = log2x?

a. c.

b. d.

7. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logbx is _________ if 0 < b < 1.

a. decreasing
b. increasing
c. shifted down
d. shifted up

8. What is the inverse of the logarithmic function?

a. exponential
b. linear
c. c. polynomial
d. d. quadratic

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9. Which of the following is the inverse of f(x) = log2x?
a. y=x2
b. y=2x
c. 2y=x
d. d. x=y2

10. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x)+d is shifted ______ if d > 0.
a. down
b. left
c. right
d. up

11. Which of the following is the graph o 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1/2𝑥𝑥 f?

a. c.

b. d.

12. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=a logb(x) is compressed if _______.
a. a>1
b. a<1
c. 0 < a < 1
d. 1 < a < 0

13. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x+c) is shifted _______ if c< 0.
a. down
b. left
c. right
d. up

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14. Which of the following is the graph of y=2logx?
a. c.

b. d.

15. Which of the following is the graph of y=log (x-2)?

a. c.

b. d.

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 Lesson
Representations of
1 Logarithmic Functions
This topic will explore the graphs of the logarithmic function through the table of
values and its transformation. The transformations of the graph of logarithmic
function are either shifting to the left or the right, shifting upward or downward,
stretching, or compressing. Also, it will help you understand other concepts related
to logarithmic functions.

What’s In

In representing logarithmic function through the table of values and graph, it

is important to recall your knowledge on how to transform the logarithmic equation
to an exponential equation. In doing so, let us start with the following examples on
how to change logarithmic equation into exponential equation. This will help you as
you go along with this module.
a. log464 = 3
1
b. log36 6 =
2
1
c. log2 � � = −2
4
In changing logarithmic equation to exponential function, it can be recalled
that the logarithmic function y=logbx is the inverse of the exponential function y=bX
and you just need to remember that you are answering the question “To what power
must b be raised to obtain the number x?”.
base power(exponent) base power(exponent)

logb x = y means 𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
logarithmic form exponential form
Let us now try the examples given above.
a. log4 64 = 3
In this example,
b=4, y=3 and
43 = 64 x=64
1
b. log36 6 = � �
2 In this example,
b=36, y= and 1
36 = 6 2

x=6
1
c. log2 � � = -2
4
In this example, b=2,
1 y= -2 and x=
2−2 =
4

Now that you know how to change the logarithmic equation into an
exponential function, it is now time to have a glimpse of the graph of a logarithmic
function by doing the activity prepared for you.

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 What’s New

Visualizing the Graphs

Match the function with its graph by writing the letter of your answer on a sheet of
paper. (Note: You have to use the available graphing tools online like Desmos,
Geogebra, etc.)
a. d.

____ 1. f(x) = log (x+2)

b. e.
____ 2. f(x) = log3 x

____ 3. f(x) = log(x-3) + 2

____ 4. f(x) = log¼ x
____ 5. f(x) = 2log

____ 6. f(x) = log (x-2)

c. f.

What is It

In the previous activity, you are going to match the given graphs to their
respective equations or functions and try to identify the graphs of a logarithmic
function.

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After doing the activity, it is time for you to reflect on the following:
1. Do you find difficulty in determining the graph of a function?
2. What can you say axbout the graph of a logarithmic function?
3. How about the properties of logarithmic function f(x)=logbx?

Graph of a Logarithmic Function

Let us begin with the parent function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥. Because every logarithmic
function of this form is the inverse of the exponential function with the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 , their graphs are reflections of each other across the line y = x, as shown below.

For any real number x and constant b > 0, b ≠ 1, we can see the following
characteristics in the graph f(x)=logbx: one-to-one function; vertical asymptote x = 0;
domain: (0, ∞) and range: (-∞, ∞); x-intercept: (1,0) and key point (b, 1), y-intercept:
none; increasing if b > 1 and decreasing if 0 < b < 1.

Example 1. Sketch the graph of y = log2x.

Solution:

Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function by assigning
values for y. Then solve for x. A table of values for y=log2x is as follows:
1 1 1 1
x 1 2 4 8
16 8 4 2
y -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Now, let us solve x given y = log2 x where y=-4 from the table.

y = log2x Convert into exponential equation

log2x = -4 → by = x You need to rewrite log2x=y in the
form by=x. Here, the base is 2 and the
exponent is -4.
𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 → 2−4 = 𝑥𝑥 Substitute for b, y, and x in the
exponential equation, bY=x.
1 1
x= = Solve for x.
24 16
Now, continue with the remaining values of y to complete the table.

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Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth
curve.

Example 2. Sketch the graph of = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 .

2
Solution:
Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function by assigning
values for y. Then solve for x. A table of values for 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 is as follows:
1 1 1 1
X 16 8 4 2 1
2 4 8 16
Y -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Now, let us solve x given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 where y=-4 from the table.

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 Convert into exponential equation.
2
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 = −4 → by = x You need to rewrite 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 in the form
2
by=x. Here, the base is ½ and the
exponent is -4.
1 −4
𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 → � � = 𝑥𝑥 Substitute for b, y, and x in the
2
exponential equation, bY=x.
1 1
x= 1 4
= 1 = 16 Solve for x.
�2� �16�

Now, continue with the remaining values of y to complete the table.

Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth
curve.

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Example 3. Sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙4 𝑥𝑥 .
Solution:
Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function by assigning
values for y. Then solve for x. A table of values for y=log4x is as follows:
1 1
x 1 4 16
16 4
y -2 -1 0 1 2
Now, let us solve for x given y = log4 x where y=-2 from the table.

y = log4x Convert into exponential equation.

log4x = -2 → by = x Rewrite log4x=y in the form by=x.
Here, the base is 4 and the exponent
is -2.
𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 → 4−2 = 𝑥𝑥 Substitute for b, y, and x in the
exponential equation, bY=x.
1 1
x= = Solve for x.
42 16

Now, continue with the remaining values of y to complete the table.

Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth
curve.

Plotting of points for y=log3x Graph of y=log4x

Example 4. Sketch the graph of = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 .

4

Solution:

Step 1: Construct a table of values of ordered pairs for the given function by assigning
values for y then solve for x. A table of values for 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 is as follows:
1 1
x 16 4 1
4 16
y -2 -1 0 1 2

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Now, let us solve for x given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 where y=-2 from the table.

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 Convert into exponential equation

4
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 = −2 → by = x You need to rewrite 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 in the form
4
1
by=x. Here, the base is and the
4
exponent is -2.
1 −2
𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 → � � = 𝑥𝑥 Substitute for b, y, and x in the
4
exponential equation, bY=x.
1 1
x= 1 2
= 1 = 16 Solve for x.
�4� �16�

Now continue with the remaining values of y to complete the table.

Step 2. Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth
curve.

Plotting of points for Graph of

In addition to the graphs of the logarithmic function, let us also take a look
at how the graph of the parent function y=logbx transform either by shifting to the
left or right, shifting up or down, stretches, and compresses.

Graphing Transformations of Logarithmic Functions

Transformation of logarithmic graphs behave similarly to those of other parent

functions. We can shift, stretch, and compress the parent function y = logb(x)
without loss of shape.

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 A. Horizontal Shifts of the Parent Function y = logb (x)
For any constant c, the function f(x) = logb (x+c)
● shifts the parent function y = logb (x) left c units if c > 0.
● shifts the parent function y = logb (x) right c units if c < 0.
● has the vertical asymptote x = - c.
● has domain (-c, ∞).
● has range (-∞, ∞).

Example 1. Sketch the graph of f(x) = log3(x-2) alongside its parent function.

Solution:
Since the function f(x) = log3(x-2), we notice x + (-2) = x – 2.
Thus, c = -2, so c < 0. This means we will shift the function f(x) = log3(x) right
2 units. The vertical asymptote is x = -(-2) or x = 2.
1
● Consider three key points from the parent function such as ( , -1), (1,0),
3
7
and (3,1) then add 2 to the x coordinates for the new coordinates ( , -
3
1), (3,0), and (5,1).
Graph:

B. Vertical Shifts of the Parent Function y = logb(x)

For any constant d, the function f(x) = logb(x) + d.

● shifts the parent function y = logb(x) up d units if d > 0.
● shifts the parent function y = logb(x) down d units if d < 0.
● has the vertical asymptote x = 0.

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Example 2. Sketch the graph of f(x) = log3(x) – 2 alongside its parent function.

Solution:
Since the function is f(x) = log3(x) -2, we will notice d = -2. Thus,
d < 0. This means we will shift the function f(x) = log3(x) down 2 units.
The vertical asymptote is x = 0.
1
● Consider three key points from the parent function such as ( ,-
3
1), (1,0), and (3,1) then subtract 2 from the y coordinates for the
1
new coordinates ( , -3), (1,-2), and (3,-1).
3
Graph:

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 C. Vertical Stretches and Compressions of the Parent Function y=logb(x)

For any constant b > 1, the function f(x) = a logb(x)

● stretches the parent function y = logb(x) vertically by a factor of a if
a>1.
● compresses the parent function y = logb(x) vertically by a factor of a if
0 < a < 1.
● has the vertical asymptote x = 0.
● has the x-intercept (1,0).

Example 3. Sketch the graph of f(x) = 2 log4(x) alongside its parent function.

Solution:
Since the function f(x) = 2 log4(x), we will notice a = 2.
This means we will stretch the function f(x) = log4(x) by a factor of 2. The
vertical asymptote is x = 0.
1
● Consider three key points from the parent function such as ( , -1),
4
(1,0), and (4,1) then multiply the y-coordinate by 2 for the new
1
coordinates ( ,-2), (1,0), and (4,2).
4

Graph:

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 What’s More

Activity 1.1
Match It!

Match the following logarithmic functions to its corresponding graph by drawing a

line to connect them.

1.) f(x) = log (x-1)+2 2.) f(x) = log2x 3.) f(x) = log x2 4.) f(x) = log (x+3) 5.) f(x) = 3 - ½logx

a.) b.) c.) d.) e.)

Activity 1.2

Let’s “Pair”

Complete the table of values and find the inverse of the given function. Sketch the
graphs of the function and its inverse on a separate sheet of paper.
1.
1
X 1 1000
1000
y = log x -2 -1 1 2

2.

X -1 -2 -4 -8 -16 -32

y= log4(-x)

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Activity 1.3
Graph the following using table of values:

1. f(x) = log2 (x+3)

2. f(x) = log3 (x) – 1

1
3. f(x) = log x`
2

4. f(x) = 4log x

5. f(x) = log3 (x – 2)

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

● The graph of a logarithmic function has a vertical asymptote at ______.

● The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x) is increasing if ______ and

decreasing if _______.

● The graph of the function f(x)=logb (x+c) shifted the parent function f(x)=logb(x)
to the _____ if c > 0 and to the _____ if c < 0.

● The graph of the function f(x)=logb(x) + d shifted the parent function f(x)=logb(x)
upward if _____ and downward if ____.

● The graph of the function f(x)=a logbx _______ the parent function f(x)=logbx if
______ and compresses if ______.

What I Can Do

Answer the problem given below.

Loudness of Sound
The loudness L, in bels (after Alexander Graham Bell), of a sound of intensity I is
defined to be
𝐼𝐼
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜

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where Io is the minimum intensity detectable by the human ear (such as the tick of
a watch at 20 ft under quiet conditions). If a sound is 10 times as intense as another,
its loudness is 1 bel greater than that of the other. If a sound is 100 times as intense
as another, its loudness is 2 bels greater, and so on. The bel is a large unit, so a
subunit, the decibel, is generally used. For L, in decibels, the formula is
𝐼𝐼
𝐿𝐿 = 10 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜
Find the loudness, in decibels, of each sound with the given intensity.

SOUND INTENSITY
a. Jet engine at 100 ft. 1014 • Io

b. Loud rock concert 1011.5 • Io

c. Bird calls 104 • Io

d. Normal conversation 106.5 • Io

e. Thunder 1012 • Io

f. Loudest sound possible 1019.4 • Io

a.) How will you help in reducing noise pollution in your community?

Rubric for rating this activity.

Score Descriptors

The situation is correctly modeled with an exponential and logarithmic

20 function, appropriate mathematical concepts are fully used in the solution
and the correct final answer is obtained.

The situation is correctly modeled with an exponential and logarithmic

15 function, appropriate mathematical concepts are partially used in the
solution and the correct final answer is obtained.

The situation is not modeled with an exponential and logarithmic function,

10 other alternative mathematical concepts are used in the solution and the
correct final answer is obtained.

The situation does not model an exponential and logarithmic function, a

5
solution is presented but has an incorrect final answer.

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 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x)+d is shifted upward if

_________.
a. d=0
b. b. d < 0
c. c. d > 0
d. d. o < d < 1

2. Which of the following is the graph of = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 ?

2

a. c.

b. d.

3. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=a logb(x) is _________ if 0 < a < 1.
a. compresses
b. shifted downward
c. shifted to the right
d. stretches

4. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x+c) is shifted to the right if

________.
a. c > 0
b. c < 0
c. c = 0
d. 0 < c < 1

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5. Which of the following is the graph of y=log (x+2)?
a. c.

b. d.

6. Which of the following is the exponential form of −4 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 𝑥𝑥 ?

2
1
a. 𝑥𝑥 = −4 2
1
b. b. −4 = 𝑥𝑥 2
1 −4
c. c. 𝑥𝑥 = � �
2
1 −4
d. d. = 𝑥𝑥
2

7. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logbx is decreasing if_____.

a. b < 1
b. b. b = 0
c. c. 0 < b < 1
d. d. b > 1

8. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x)+d is shifted downward if

_________.
a. d=0

b. d < 0

c. d > 0

d. o < d < 1

9. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logb(x+c) is shifted to the left if

________.
a. c > 0
b. b. c < 0
c. c = 0
d. 0 < c < 1
10. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=a logb(x) is _________ if 0 a > 1.
a. compresses
b. shifted downward
c. shifted to the right
d. stretches

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11. The graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=logbx is increasing if_____.
a. b < 1
b. b = 0
c. 0 < b < 1
d. b > 1

12. Which of the following is the graph of y=-2logx?

a. c.

b. d.

13. How many units of the graph of the logarithmic function f(x)=log(x+3) is
shifted to the left?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5

14. What is the inverse of y = log3x?

a. y=x3
b. b. y=3x
c. c. 3y=x
d. d. x=y3

15. What is the inverse of the exponential function?

a. logarithmic
b. linear
c. polynomial
d. quadratic

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 Additional Activities

Sketch the graph of the following logarithmic functions. Show your solution
and table of values then describe the graph of the function against the function
y=logbx. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 + 5)

Table of values: Solution: Graph:

2. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

Table of values: Solution: Graph:

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 Module 25
CO_Q1_General Mathematic SHS 21
What I Know What's More Assessment
1. d Activity 1.1 1. c
2. b 1. D 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. C 2. b
3. b Activity 1.2 3. a
4. d 4. d
5. d x 1 1 10 100 5. b
6. c 0 0 0 6. c
1 1 1
7. c 7. a
1000 100 10
y -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
8. b 8. b
9. c 9. a
10. a 10.d
11. c 11.d
12. b 12.c
13. a 13.b
14. c 14.c
15. b 15.a
x -1 -2 - -8 - -
4 16 32
y
0 1 1 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
Answer Key
References

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22 CO_Q1_General Mathematic SHS

Module 25
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