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CATANDUANES STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Arts and Sciences
Virac, Catanduanes

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- CatSU College of Arts and

Sciences
 Chapter 5
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Introduction
A test of hypothesis is a method of using sample data to decide between two
competing claims (hypotheses) about a population characteristic. It concerns itself
with the decision-making rules for choosing alternatives while controlling and
minimizing the risks of wrong decisions.
Once a hypothesis has been formulated, we need a method for evaluating the
sample data to determine whether H o should be accepted or rejected. The decision
rule that we use for this purpose is called a test procedure.
The hypothesis testing procedure is simple a decision rule that specifies for
every possible value of a statistic observable in a simple random sample of size n
whether the null hypothesis should be rejected or accepted. The set of possible
values of the sample statistic is referred to as the sample space. Therefore, the test
procedure divides the sample space into mutually exclusive parts called the
acceptance region and the rejection (or critical) region.
In carrying out a test of null hypothesis versus alternative hypothesis, the null
hypothesis will be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis only if the sample
evidence strongly suggests that Ho is false. If the sample does not contain
such evidence, Ho will not be rejected.
Two basic types of decision problems can be considered for hypothesis testing
procedures. The first problem is one in which we want to know whether the
population parameter has changed or differs from a particular value. Here, we are
interested in detecting whether the population parameter is either larger or smaller
than a particular value. The second type of hypothesis test is one in which we want to
find out whether
1) the sample came from a population that has a parameter less than the
hypothesized value, or 2) from a population that has a parameter more than a
hypothesized value.
These situations give rise to a one-tailed test. The type of test in which we want to
determine whether a population parameter has changed is referred to as two-tailed
test, since the null hypothesis can be rejected by observing a statistic that falls in
either of the two tails of the sampling distribution.
In summary, a one-tailed test of hypothesis is a test where the
alternative hypothesis specifies a one-directional difference from the parameter of
interest while a two-tailed test specifies a difference that can fall in either of the
two tails of the
distribution. In other words, based on the alternative hypothesis, the one-tailed test is
directional, while the two-tailed test is non-directional.

One-tailed Test of Hypothesis Two-tailed Test of Hypothesis

a. 𝐻�: 𝜇 = 21 vs. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 21 (Right-Tailed) a. 𝐻�: 𝜇 = 21 vs. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 21
b. 𝐻�: 𝜇 = 21 vs. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 21 (Left-Tailed) b. 𝐻�: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 vs. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
c. 𝐻�: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 vs. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 > 𝜇2 (Right-Tailed)
d. 𝐻�: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 vs. 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 < 𝜇2 (Left-Tailed)

What is a Hypothesis?
 A hypothesis is a claim or statement about the population parameter
  Examples of parameters are population mean and population
proportion
 The parameter must be identified before analysis

Example of Hypothesis
1. The mean body temperature for patients admitted to elective surgery is
not equal to 370C.
The parameter of interest here is μ which is the mean body temperature for
patients admitted to elective surgery.
2. The proportion of registered voters in Quezon City favoring Candidate A
exceeds 0.60.
The parameter of interest here is p which is the proportion of registered voters
in Quezon City favoring Candidate A.

Lesson 5.1 Components of a Formal Hypothesis Test

Null Hypothesis
 denoted by Ho
 the statement being tested
 it represents what the experimenter doubts to be true
 must contain the condition of equality and must be written with the symbol =,
≤, or ≥.

Example of Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis corresponding to the common belief that the mean body
temperature is 37°𝐶 is expressed as

Ho: 𝜇 = 37°𝐶

We test the null hypothesis directly in the sense that we assume it is true and
reach a conclusion to either reject Ho or fail to reject Ho.

Alternative Hypothesis

 denoted by Ha
 Is the statement that must be true if the null hypothesis is false
 the operational statement of the theory that the experimenter believes to be true and
wishes to prove
 Is sometimes referred to as the research hypothesis

Example in Stating your Hypothesis

State the null and alternative hypotheses for each conjecture.

 a. If you believe that your brand of refrigerator lasts longer than the mean of 14 years for
other brands, state the claim that > 14 , where 𝜇 is the mean life of your refrigerators.
b. An engineer hypothesizes that the mean number of defects can be decreased in a
manufacturing process of compact disks by using robots instead of humans for
certain tasks. The mean number of defective disks per 1000 is 18.
c. A psychologist feels that playing soft music during a test will change the results of the
test. The psychologist is not sure whether the grades will be higher or lower. In the
past, the mean of the scores was 73.

Solution:
a. 𝐻�: 𝜇 = 14 and 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 14
b. 𝐻�: 𝜇 = 18 and 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 18
c. 𝐻�: 𝜇1 = 73 and 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 ≠ 73

Some Notes:
 In this context of trying to support the goal of the research, the alternative hypothesis
is sometimes referred to as the research hypothesis.
 Also in this context, the null hypothesis is assumed true for the purpose of conducting
the hypothesis test, but it is hoped that the conclusion will be rejection of the
null hypothesis so that the research hypothesis is supported.

Lesson 5.2 Type I and Type II Error

There are two kinds of errors that can be made in significant testing. The type I error
(alpha error), considers a conclusion that is drawn stating that the null hypothesis FALSE
when in fact it is TRUE. This means that a true hypothesis can be incorrectly rejected. This
probability of a Type I error is called the significance level and is usually set by a researcher.
On the other hand, the type II error (beta error) occurs when the hypothesis is not rejected
when in fact it is false.
True State of Null Hypothesis
Statistical Decision
Ho: True Ho: False
Reject Ho Type I Error Correct
Do not reject Ho Correct Type II Error

Lesson 5.3 Hypothesis Tests Terminologies

Level of Significance
The level of significance is the maximum probability of committing a type I error.
This
probability is symbolized by α (Greek letter alpha). That is, P(type I error)=α.
Statisticians generally agree on using three arbitrary significance levels: the 0.10,
0.05, and 0.01 levels. That is, if the null hypothesis is rejected, the probability of a
type I error will be 10%, 5%, or 1%, depending on which level of significance is used.
Here is another way of putting it: When 𝛼 = 0.10, there is a 10% chance of rejecting a
true null hypothesis; when 𝛼 = 0.05, there is a 5% chance of rejecting a true
null
hypothesis; and when 𝛼 = 0.01, there is a 1% chance of rejecting a true null
hypothesis.

Test Statistic

A test statistic is a quantity calculated from the sample data. It is used to

decide whether or not the null hypothesis should be rejected in a hypothesis test. The choice
of the test statistic will depend on the assumed probability model and the hypothesis
under consideration. The Z-test, t-test, chi-square test, F-test, and ANOVA are examples
of test statistic.

Critical or Tabular Value

The critical or tabular value for a hypothesis test is a threshold to which the
value of the test statistic in a sample is compared to determine whether or not the null
hypothesis is rejected. The critical value can be on the right side of the mean or on
the left side of the mean for a one-tailed test. Its location depends on the inequality
sign of the alternative hypothesis. For example, in situation A, where the
alternative hypothesis is 𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 14. Since the inequality sign is >, the null
hypothesis will be
rejected only when the sample mean is significantly greater than 14. Hence, the critical
value must be on the right side of the mean.

Critical Region or Rejection Region

The critical region or rejection region is a set if values if the test statistic for which the
null hypothesis is rejected in a hypothesis test; that is, the sample space for the test statistic
is partitioned into regions. The critical region will lead us to reject the hull hypothesis and
accept the other region represented by the alternative hypothesis. Therefore, if the observed
values of the test statistic is a member of the critical region, we conclude “reject Ho.” If it is
not a member of the critical region, then we can conclude “do not reject Ho.”

The p-value - the smallest level of significance at which Ho will be rejected based on
the information contained in the sample.
 An alternative form of decision rule (based on the p-value) is to reject Ho if the p-
value is less than or equal to the level of significance (𝛼).

Example of Making Decisions Using the p-value

If the level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05

p-value Decision
0.01 Reject Ho
0.05 Reject Ho
0.10 Do not reject Ho

Lesson 5.4 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.

2. Specify the level of significance and decide whether a one-tailed test or a two-tailed
test shall be used.
3. Decide the test statistic to be used. Find the critical or tabular value.
4. Compute for the value of the test statistic using the data from the population and the
sample.
5. Make a decision
a. If decision rule is based on region of rejection: Check if the test statistic falls
in the region of rejection. If yes, reject Ho.
b. If decision rule is based on p-value: Determine the p-value. If the p-value is less
than or equal to 𝛼, reject Ho.
6. State the conclusion

Figure 1
Procedure for
Finding p value
*Important Note:
Accept/Fail to Reject
A few textbooks continue to say “accept the null hypothesis” instead of “fail to reject
the null hypothesis.” The term accept is somewhat misleading, because it seems to imply
incorrectly that the null hypothesis has been proved, but we can never prove a null
hypothesis. The phrase fail to reject says more correctly that the available evidence isn’t
strong enough to warrant rejection of the null hypothesis. In this text we use the terminology
fail to reject the null hypothesis, instead of accept the null hypothesis.

Figure 2
Wording of Final Conclusion
Exercise 5A
1. Define null and alternative hypotheses, and give an example of each.
2. What symbols are used to represent the null hypothesis and the alternative
hypothesis?
3. What is meant by a type I error? A type II error? How are they related?
4. In hypothesis testing, why can’t the hypothesis be proved true?
5. For each conjecture, state the null and alternative hypotheses.
a. The average age of community college students is 24.6 years.
b. The average age of attorneys is greater than 25.4 years.
c. The average score of high school basketball games is less than 88.
d. The average pulse rate of male marathon runners is less than 70 beats
per minute.
e. The average weight loss for a sample of people who exercise 30 minutes
per day for 6 weeks is 8.2 pounds.
6. Given the following value of alpha (𝛼), decide whether to reject or do not reject the
null hypothesis (Ho)

Level of Significance p-value Decision

0.01 0.04
0.05 0.03
0.05 0.05
7% 0.09
10% 0.10
Lesson 5.5 The z-Test Formulas

If the sample size is 30 or morte sample units, we shall use the z-test formulas, as
follows:
A. z-Test using One-sample Mean

( 𝑥 −𝜇 ) √�
𝑧= 𝑠

where: 𝜇 = established population mean

𝑥 = sample mean
s = sample strandard deviation
n = number of samples

B. z-Test using Two-sample Means

𝑥 1 −𝑥 2
𝑧=
𝑠 2 𝑠 2
√ 𝑛1 + 2
1 𝑛2

where: 𝑥1 = sample mean for group 1

𝑥2 = sample mean for group 2
�12 = sample variance for group 1
�22 = sample variance for group 2
𝑛1 = number of subjects in group 1
𝑛2 = number of subjects in group 2

Lesson 5.5.1 Applications of z-Test

Z-test Using One-Sample Mean

Example:
A manufacturer claims that the average life of batteries used in their electronic games
is 150 hours. It is known that the standard deviation of this type of battery is 20 hours. A
consumer wishes to test the manufacturer’s claim and accordingly tests 100 electronic
games using this battery and found out that the mean life is equal to 169 hours. Test the
hypothesis by using a level of significance 𝛼 = 5%.

Solutions:
Given:
𝜇 = 150 hours 𝑥 = 169 hours
� = 20 hours 𝑛 = 100 electronic games
Since the population standard deviation is known and the sample size is greater than
30, the z-test will be used.
To have a better understanding of the application of this test, we shall present both
the one-tailed and two-tailed tests.
A. One-Tailed Test Using One-Sample Mean

Step 1. State the null and alternative hypothesis

Ho: The average life of batteries used in electronic games is equal to 150 hrs.
(𝐻�: 𝜇 = 150)
Ha: The average life of batteries used in electronic games is greater than 150 hrs
(𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 150)
Step 2. Specify the level of significance. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Step 3. Determine the test statistic to be used and the tabular z-value.
z-test using one-sample mean shall be used since 𝑛 = 100 (𝑛 ≥ 30). At 𝛼 =
0.05 , the tabular z-value is ±1.645 for a one-tailed test.
Step 4. Determine the computed z-value.
( 𝑥 −𝜇 ) √�
Computed 𝑧 = 𝑠
( 169 −150)
=
√100
20
19 ( 10 ) 1
= 90 =
20 20
Computed 𝑧 = 9.5
Step 5. Decision Rule: Reject Ho if computed z-value is greater than or equal to the tabular
value. Otherwise, do not reject.
Decision: Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, we reject the
null hypothesis.
Step 6. Conclusion: The manufacturer’s claim that the average life of its batteries at 150
hours is not true at 𝛼 = 0.05.

B. Two-Tailed Test Using One-Sample Mean

Step 1. State the null and alternative hypothesis

Ho: The average life of batteries used in electronic games is equal to 150 hours.
(𝐻�: 𝜇 = 150)
Ha: The average life of batteries used in electronic games is greater than 150 hours.
(𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 150)
Step 2. Specify the level of significance. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Step 3. Determine the test statistic to be used and the tabular z-value. Z-test using one-
sample mean shall be used since 𝑛 = 100 (𝑛 ≥ 30). At 𝛼 = 0.05, the tabular z-value
is ±1.96 for a two-tailed test.
Step 4. Determine the computed z-value.
( 𝑥 −𝜇 ) √�
Computed 𝑧 = 𝑠
( 169 −150) √100
= 20
19 ( 10 ) 1
= 90 =
20 20
Computed 𝑧 = 9.5

Step 5. Decision Rule: Reject Ho if computed z-value is greater than or equal to the tabular
value. Otherwise, do not reject.
Decision: Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, we reject the
null hypothesis.
Step 6. Conclusion: The manufacturer’s claim that the average life of its batteries at 150
hours is not true at 𝛼 = 0.05.
z-test using Two-Sample Means
Example:
A bank is opening a new branch in one of two neighborhoods. One of the
factors considered by the bank was whether the average monthly family income (in thousand
pesos) in the two neighborhoods differed. From census records, the bank drew two random
samples of 100 families each and obtained the following information:
Neighborhood
Sample A Sample B
𝑥1 = 10,800 𝑥2 = 10,300
�1 = 300 �2 = 400
𝑛1 = 100 𝑛2 = 100

The bank wishes to test the null hypothesis that the two neighborhoods are the same
mean income. What should the bank conclude? Test the hypothesis using 𝛼 = 0.05.
Solutions: For the purpose of discussion, we present both the one-tailed and the two-tailed
tests in solving the problem.

One-Tailed using Two-Sample Means

Step 1. State the null and alternative hypothesis

Ho: The average income in the two neighborhoods, A and B, are equal
(𝐻�: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2)
Ha: The average income of neighborhood A is higher than that of neighborhood B.
(𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 > 𝜇2)
Step 2. Specify the level of significance. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Step 3. Determine the test statistic to be used and the tabular z-value. z-test using two-sample
means shall be used since 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are both equal to 100 𝑛 ≥ 30. At 𝛼 = 0.05, the
tabular z-value is ±1.645 for a one-tailed test.
Step 4. Determine the computed z-value.
𝑥 1 −𝑥 2
Computed 𝑧 = 𝑠12 𝑠2 2
√ 𝑛 +𝑛
1 2

10 ,800 −10,300
=
3002 4002
√ 100 + 100

500
=
√900+1,600
500
= 50
Computed 𝑧 = 10

Step 5. Decision: Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, we reject the
null hypothesis.
Step 6. Conclusion: The average family income of neighborhood A is higher than that
of
neighborhood B at 𝛼 = 0.05.

Two-Tailed Test Using Two-Sample Means

Step 1. State the null and alternative hypothesis
Ho: The two neighborhoods have the same average family income.
(𝐻�: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2)
Ha: The two neighborhoods, A and B, do not have the same average family income.
(𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2)
Step 2. Specify the level of significance. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Step 3. Determine the test statistic to be used and the tabular z-value. z-test using two-sample
means shall be used since 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are both equal to 100 𝑛 ≥ 30. At 𝛼 = 0.05, the
tabular z-value is ±1.96 for a two-tailed test.
Step 4. Determine the computed z-value.
𝑥 1 −𝑥 2
Computed 𝑧 = 𝑠 2 𝑠 2
√ 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
1 2

10 ,800 −10,300
=
3002 4002
√ 100 + 100

500
= 900+1,600
√

500
= 50
Computed 𝑧 = 10

Step 5. Decision: Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, we reject the
null hypothesis.
Step 6. Conclusion: The two neighborhoods, A and B, do not have the same average family
income at 𝛼 = 0.05.

Lesson 5.6 The t-Test Formulas

When the sample size is less than 30 sample units, we shall use the t-test formulas,
as follows.

A. t-Test using One-Sample Mean

( 𝑥 −𝜇 ) √ �
�= 𝑠
where: 𝜇 = established population mean
𝑥 = sample mean
s = sample strandard deviation
n = number of samples
B. t-Test using Two-Sample Means
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
�=
1 1
[𝑠1 2 ( � 1 −1)]+[ 𝑠2 2 (� 2] ]
√[ −1) ] [�1+�2]−2
[� +
�2
1

where: 𝑥1 = sample mean for group 1

𝑥2 = sample mean for group 2
�12 = sample variance for group 1
 �22 = sample variance for group 2
𝑛1 = number of subjects in group 1
𝑛2 = number of subjects in group 2

Lesson 5.6.1 Applications of t-Test

A. t-test Using One-Sample Mean

Example:
The personnel department of a company developed an aptitude test for a certain
group of semi-skilled workers. The individual test scores were assumed to be normally
distributed. The department asserted a tentative hypothesis that the arithmetic mean grade
obtained by
this group of semi-skilled workers is 100. It was agreed that this hypothesis would be
subjected to a two-tailed test at 5% level of significance. The aptitude test was given to a
sample of 16 semi-skilled workers and the results are:
𝑥 = 94 �=5 𝑛 = 16 𝜇 = 100
Is the personnel department’s tentative hypothesis correct at 𝛼 = 5%?

Solution: Since the sample size is less than 30 units, we shall use the t-test using one-
sample mean.
Step 1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
Ho: The arithmetic mean obtained by the semi-skilled workers is 100.
(𝐻�: 𝜇 = 100)
Ha: The arithmetic mean obtained by the semi-skilled workers is not equal to 100.
(𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 100)
Step 2. Specify the level of significance. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Step 3. Determine the test statistic to be used and the degrees of freedom (df)
�� = 𝑛 − 1 (for one-sample mean)
�� = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 (for two groups of samples)
The t-test using one-sample mean shall be used since 𝑛 = 16 (𝑛 < 30). At 𝛼 = 0.05,
and �� = 𝑛 – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15, the t-tabular value is ±2.131 for a two-tailed test.
Step 4. Compute the value of t.
( 𝑥 −𝜇 ) √�
Computed � = 𝑠
( 94−100 )
=
√16
5
−6(4)
=
5
Computed � = −4.80

Step 5. Make the decision.

Since the |computed � = −4.80| > |����𝑙�� ��𝑙�� = ±2.131|, we
shall reject the null hypothesis.
Step 6. Conclusion
At 5% level of significance with �� = 15, the arithmetic mean of 100
obtained by the semi-skilled workers is not true.

B. t-test Using Two-Sample Mean

 Example: A taxi company is trying to determine whether the use of radial tires and
belted tires provide the same fuel consumption. Twelve cars were driven twice over a
prescribed test course; and for each test a car used a different type of tire (radial or belted) in
random order. The data obtained were recorded, as follows:
Type of Wire 𝑥 s
Radial 5.75 1.10
Belted 5.61 1.30

At 0.05 level of significance, can we conclude that cars equipped with radial tires and
belted tires provide the same fuel consumption? Assume that the data are normally
distributed.

Solution:
Step 1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
Ho: There is no significant difference on the fuel consumption of cars using radial and
belted tires.
(𝐻�: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2)
Ha: There is no significant difference on the fuel consumption of cars using radial and
belted tires.
(𝐻𝑎: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2)
Step 2. Specify the level of significance. Use 𝛼 = 0.05.
Step 3. Determine the test statistic to be used and the degrees of freedom (df).
The t-test using two-sample mean shall be used since 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are both 12 , (n < 30)
for a two-tailed test. At 𝛼 = 0.05 using the degrees of freedom of 22 based on �� = 𝑛1 +
𝑛2 – 2 = 12 + 12 – 2 = 22, we obtain the t-tabular value of ±2.074 for a two-tailed test.

Step 4. Compute the value of t.

𝑥 1 −𝑥 2
Computed � =
[ 𝑠1 2 (𝑛1 −1 )] +[ 𝑠2 2 ( 𝑛2 1 1
√[ −1 )] ][ + ]
[𝑛1+𝑛2]−2 𝑛1 𝑛2

5 .75−5 .61
=
( )2 2
√[ [ 1.10 (12−1)]+[(1.3) (12−1)] ][ 112+ 112]
[12+12]−2
0.14
= 13. 31+ 18 . 59 1
√[ 22 ][6]

0.14
=
√[ 31.90] [ 1]
22 6

0.14
=
√(1.45)(0.1667)
0.14
=
√0.2417
0.14
=
0.4916
Computed � = 0.2848
Step 5. Decision
Since the |computed � = 0.2848| < |����𝑙�� ��𝑙�� = ±2.131|,
we shall not reject the null hypothesis.
Step 6. Conclusion
There is no significant difference on the fuel consumption of cars using the
radial tires and the belted tires at 𝛼 = 0.05, with �� = 22.

Exercise 5B
A. z-test Using One-Sample Mean

1. The amount of coffee dispensed by a vending machine is assumed to be normally

distributed. A vendor claims that the mean amount of coffee dispensed by the
machine is 6 ounces per cup. The office manager doubted this claim. He randomly
selected thirty-six cups of coffee from this machine and recorded the amount of coffee
dispense in each. The sample mean was 5.8 ounces with a standard deviation of 0.8
ounce. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicated that the mean
amount of coffee dispensed is less than 6 ounces per cup? Test the hypothesis at
0.05 level.

2. In a particular community, it is claimed that the mean household water usage for a
particular month is 45 cubic meters. The following year, a countrywide water
conservation campaign was conducted. Fifty homes were randomly selected
and found that the mean consumption is 47 cubic meters with a standard deviation of
2.5 cubic meters. Is there enough evidence to accept the claim that the mean
household water usage per month is 45 cubic meters at 0.01 level.

B. t-test Using One-Sample Mean

1. A nationwide survey found out that the average time that college students spent on
their personal computers is 7.5 hours per week. A random sample of 28
college students showed that they spent 7.1 hours per week using their
computers with a standard deviation of 0.7 hour. Test whether the average number
of hours spent by college students is significantly lower than the national average of
7.5 hours. Use 0.05 level.
2. A TV manufacturer claims that the life span of its regular TV sets is 12 years with a
standard deviation of 1.2 years. Using a random sample of their 20 TV sets,
the
average life span is found to be 11.2 years. Test the hypothesis that the T sets’ life
span of 12 years as claimed by the manufacturer is true at 0.05 level.

C. Z-test Using Two-Sample Means

1. Recorded speech can be compressed and played back at a faster rate. A paper gave
the results of a study designed to test comprehension of time-compressed speech.
Fifty students listened to a 60-minute lecture and took a comprehensive test. Another
50 students heard the same lecture time-compressed to 40 minutes. The sample mean
and the standard deviation of comprehension scores for the normal speed group were
9.18 and 4. 59, respectively, and those for the time-compressed group were 6.34 and
4.93, respectively. Use 0.01 to determine whether the two-mean comprehension
scores for students hearing a time-compressed lecture is significantly lower than the
true mean score for students who hear a lecture a normal speed.
2. Job satisfaction as a function of work schedule was investigated in two
different factories. In this factory, the employees are on fixed shift system while in the
second factory, the workers have rotating shift system. Using the data in the
table below,
 determine if there is a significant difference in job satisfaction between the two groups
of workers. Use 0.01 level.

Work Schedule 𝑥 s n
Fixed Shift 7.29 3.12 49
Rotating Shift 6.08 2.96 42

D. t-test Using Two-Sample Means

1. In a study of usage of instant coffee by a simple random of 10 rural families,
the consumption of such coffee was found to have an arithmetic mean of 30 ounces
per family every month with a standard deviation of 5 ounces. In another similar study
for
17 urban families, consumption was found to average 28 ounces with a
standard deviation of 4 ounces. A 0.01 level of significance, would you conclude that
there was a statistically significant difference in the sample averages of consumption
of instant coffee between the rural and the urban families.

2. A study was conducted to examine the relationship between attitudes towards

mathematics and success at college level mathematics. Twenty men and twenty-five
women were identified as being at high risk of failure. Each student was asked
to respond to a series of questions, and then answers were used to obtain a math
anxiety score. Summary values appear in the table below. Test the hypothesis using
a 0.05 level of significance.

Gender 𝑥 s n
Men 20 35.5 11.9
Women 25 36.6 12.3
Republic of the Philippines
CATANDUANES STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Arts and Sciences
Virac, Catanduanes