Mapua Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical Engineering

LECTURE

ON

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

 OTTO CYCLE T 2 P2 k−1
V1 k−1
=
T 1 P1 ( ) ( ) k
=
V2
=r
k
k−1

I. Diagrams
T 2=T 1 r
k k −1

W 1−2 =−mCv ( T 2 −T 1 )
Q1−2 =0

Process 2-3: isometric heat addition

T3 P3
= =r
T 2 P2 p

T 2=T 1 r
k k−1
T 3 =T 2 r p =T 1 r p r k−1
k

W 2−3 =0
Q2−3 =mCv ( T 3 −T 2 )

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion

k−1 k−1
T 4 P4 V 1 k −1
=
T 3 P3 ( ) ( ) ()
k
= 3
V4
=
rk

T 3 =T 2 r p =T 1 r p r
k k−1
II. PVT Relations 1
Process
compression
1-2: isentropic
T 4 =T 3
( )
r k −1
k
=T 1 r p

W 3−4 =−mCv ( T 4 −T 3 )
Q3−4 =0
 1+ c
rk =
c

III. Heat Added, QA

Q A =Q 2−3
¿ mC v ( T 3 −T 2 )
¿ mC v ( T 1 r p r −T 1 r )
k k−1 k k −1
¿ mC v T 1 r ( r p −1 )
Process 4-1: isometric heat k k −1
rejection

T 1 P1
= IV. Heat Rejected, QR
T 4 P4
QR =Q4−1
W 4−1 =0
¿ mC v ( T 1 −T 4 )
Q4−1=mCv ( T 1 −T 4 )
¿ mC v ( T 1 −T 1 r p )
ratio: ¿ mC v T 1 ( 1−r p )
V
r k = 1 →compression V. Work net, WKnet
V2
P Wknet=Q A +Q R
r p = 3 →pressure
P2 ¿ mC v T 1 ( r p −1 ) ( r
V
[ k k −1
−1 )
]
r k = 4 →expansion
V3

VI. Thermal Efficiency,

ηth
V C =V 2 =V 3 →clearance
Wknet
Where: c is the percent clearance η th = ×100%
QA
1
V C =c ( V D ) ¿ 1−
[ r
k
k −1 ] ×100%

…since V D=V 1 −V 2

1
( V D=V 1−V 2 )× ( )
V2
VII. Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP
PMEP=
Wknet
Vd
VD
=r k −1
c (V D ) P1 r k ( r p −1 ) r
…then
¿
[ ( k
k −1−1 )]
Therefore, ( k −1 ) ( r k −1 )
 V 3 =V 2

V1
¿
rk
0 .0908m 3
¿
6 . 8824
Sample Problem:
An air std. Otto cycle uses 0.1 kg of air and ¿ 0 .0132m 3
has a 17% clearance. The initial conditions
are 98 kPa and 37˚ C, and the energy
release during combustion is 1600 KJ/kg.
T 2=T 1 r
Determine the (a) compression ratio, r k, (b) k k −1
pressure, volume and temperature, PVT at ¿ 310K ( 6 .8824 )
1. 4−1
the four cycle state points, (c)
displacement volume, Vd and mean
¿ 670 .6K
effective pressure, PMEP, (d) Work net, ¿ 397 .6C °

WKnet, and (e) cycle efficiency,

ηth .
…since QA = Cv (T3-T2)

(a) compression ratio, rk qA

T 3= +T 2
Cv
1+c
rk =
c
KJ
1600
kg
1+0 .17 ¿ +670 . 6K
¿ KJ
0 .17 0 .7176
kg− K
¿ 6 . 8824
¿ 2900 .25K

(b) PVT at the four cycle state points T3

r P=
T2
V 4 =V 1
2900 .25K
¿
mRT 1 670 .6K
¿
P1 ¿ 4 . 325
KJ
¿
(
0 .1kg 0 . 287
kg−K )
(37 +273 ) K

98kPa

¿ 0 .0908m 3
 1 k −1 (c) displacement volume, Vd and mean
T 4 =T 3
rk ( ) effective pressure, PMEP
1. 4−1
1
¿ 2900 .25K ( 6 .8824 ) V d =V 1 −V 2
¿ ( 0 . 0908−0 . 0132 ) m 3
3
¿ 1340. 72K ¿ 0 .0776m

Wknet
PMEP=
mRT 2 Vd
P2 = 86 . 03KJ
V2 ¿
KJ 0 .0776m 3

¿
(
0 .1kg 0 . 287
kg−K )
( 670. 6K ) ¿ 1108 .7kPa

0 .0132m 3

¿ 1458. 05kPa (d) Work net, Wknet

Wknet=mCv ( T 1 −T 2 +T 3 −T 4 )
¿86 . 03KJ
mRT 3
P3 =
V3
KJ (e) cycle efficiency,
ηth
¿
(
0 .1kg 0 . 287
kg−K )
(2900 . 25K )

0 .0132m 3 1

¿ 6305 .85kPa
[
η th = 1−
r
k
k −1 ] ×100%

1
P4 =
mRT4
V4
[
¿ 1−
( 6 . 8824 )1. 4−1
×100%
]
KJ
¿
(
0 .1kg 0 . 287
kg−K )
(1340 . 72K ) ¿ 53 .7%

0 .0908m 3

¿ 423 . 77kPa
 DIESEL CYCLE
Process 2-3: isobaric heat addition

I. Diagrams T3 V 3
= =r
T2 V2 c

T 2=T 1 r
k k −1
T 3 =T 2 r c =T 1 r c r k −1
k

W 2−3 =P ( V 3 −V 2 )=mR ( T 3 −T 2 )
Q2−3 =mC p ( T 3 −T 2 )

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion

k−1 k−1 k −1 k −1
T 4 P4 V3 rc V 2 rc
=
T 3 P3( ) ( ) ( ) () k
=
V4
=
V1
=
rk

T 3 =T 2 r c =T 1 r c r
k k −1
T 4 =T 1 r k
c

W 3−4 =−mC v ( T 4 −T 3 )
Q3−4 =0

Process 4-1: isometric heat

rejection

II. PVT Relations

Process 1-2: isentropic

compression

k−1 k−1
T 2 P2 V
=
( ) ( )
T 1 P1
k
= 1
V2
=r
k
k−1

T 2=T 1 r
k k −1

W 1−2 =−mC v ( T 2 −T 1 )
Q1−2 =0
 T 1 P1 ηth =
Wknet
×100 %
= QA
T 4 P4

r k −1
W 4−1 =0
Q4−1=mC v ( T 1 −T 4 ) [
¿ 1−
1
r
k
k −1 ( c
k ( r c −1 ) )] ×100 %

ratio :
V V
r k = 1 = 4 →compression VII. Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP
V2 V2
Wknet
V PMEP =
r c = 3 →cut−off Vd
V2 P1 r k kr k −1 ( r c −1 ) −( r k −1 )
V V ¿
[ k c ]
r k = 4 = 1 →exp ansion ( k −1 ) ( r k −1 )
V3 V3
III. Heat Added, QA
Q A =Q 2−3
¿ mC p ( T 3 −T 2 ) Sample Problem:
¿ mC p T 1 r k −1 ( r c −1 ) A one cylinder Diesel engine operates on
k
the air-standard cycle and receives 27
Btu/rev. The inlet pressure is 14.7 psia, the
inlet temperature is 90°F, and the volume
IV. Heat Rejected, QR at the bottom dead center is 1.5 ft 3. At the
end of compression the pressure is 500
Q R =Q 4−1
psia.
¿ mC v ( T 1 −T 4 )
¿ mC v ( T 1−T 1 r )
ck Determine:
¿ mC v T 1 ( 1−r )
c
k (a) the cycle efficiency
(b) the power if the engine runs at 300RPM
(c) the mean effective pressure
V. Work net, Wknet
Solution:
Wknet=Q A +Q R
¿ mC v T 1 kr
[ k k −1
( r c −1 )−( r ck −1 ) ] (a) the cycle efficiency

3
P1 = 14 . 7 psia , T 1 = 550 R , V 1 = V 4 = 1 .5 ft
BTU
P2 = 500 psia and Q A = 27
rev
VI. Thermal Efficiency,
ηth
1 1
V P 500
rk = 1 = 2 k =
V2 P1 ( ) ( )
14 . 7
1.4 = 12. 4176
 lb in 2 ( 12 . 42 [ 1 . 4 ( 12 . 421. 4−1 ) ( 1 .69−1 )−( 1. 691. 4 −1 ) ]

m=
P1 V 1
=
14 .7
in 2
144
ft 2 (
1. 5 ft 3 ) )
= 0. 1082 lb
PMEP = 14 . 7 psia
( 1 . 4−1 )( 12 . 42−1 )
RT 1 ft−lb PMEP = 62.4 psi
53. 34 ( 550 R )
lb−R

1 1
V1 P2 500
rk =
V2
=
( ) (
P1
k
=
14 . 7 ) 1. 4 = 12. 4176

QA 27 Btu
T3 = +T 2 = +1506 . 53
mC P Btu
0 .1082 lb 0 .24 (
lb−R )
T 3 =2546. 27 R
DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
V3 T3 2546 . 27
rC = = = = 1. 6902
V2 T2 1506 . 53 I. Diagrams

r k −1
[ ( )]
ηTH = 1 −
r
1
kk −1
C
k ( r C −1 )
100 %

1 .69021 .4 −1
[
ηTH = 1−
1
(
12 . 41761. 4−1 1 . 4 ( 1 .6902−1 )
100 % = 59% )]
(b) the power if the engine runs at 300RPM

Btu Btu ft−lb

W NET = Q A ηTH = 27 ( 0.59 ) = 15.93 or 12,396.09
rev rev rev
ft−lb rev min−HP
Power = W NET N = 12, 396.09
rev (
300 )(
min 33,000 ft−lb )
Power =112.7 HP

(c) the mean effective pressure

P1 r k kr
II. PVT Relations
[ k k −1
( r C −1 ) −( r C k−1 ) ]
PMEP =
( k −1 ) ( r k−1 ) Process 1-2: isentropic
compression
 1 1
P2 k T2 V1
( ) ( )
P1
=
T1
k −1
= =r
V2 k
Wknet=Q A +Q R
¿ mC v [ ( T 3−T 2 ) +k ( T 4 −T 3 ) + ( T 1−T 5 ) ]

Process 2-3: isometric heat addition

VI. Thermal Efficiency,
ηth
T3 P3
= =r p Wknet
T2 P2 ηth = ×100 %
QA

Process 3-4: isobaric heat addition mC v [ ( T 3−T 2 ) +k ( T 4 −T 3 ) + ( T 1−T 5 ) ]

¿
mC v [ ( T 3−T 2 ) +k ( T 4 −T 3 ) ]
T4 V4
= =r c
T3 V3
T 5 −T 1
=1− ×100 %
Process 4-5: isentropic expansion [ (T 3−T 2 )+k (T 4−T 3 )]
1 1
P5 k T 5 V4 where :
( )( )
P4
=
T4
k−1
=
V5 T 2=T 1 r
k
k −1

T 3 =T 2 r p =T 1 r r
k k −1 p
Process 5-1: isometric heat T 4 =T 3 r c =T 1 r k −1 r p r c
rejection k
T4
T 1 P1 T 5= k −1
V5
=
T 5 P5 ( )
V4

V5 V5 V4
= ×
but, V3 V4 V3

III. Heat Added, QA

Q A =Q 2−3 +Q 3−4 V5 V1
¿ mC v ( T 3 −T 2 ) + mC p ( T 4 −T 3 ) V5 V4 V2 rk
= = =
V V4 rc rc
¿ mC v [ ( T 3−T 2 ) +k ( T 4 −T 3 ) ] 3

then, V3

IV. Heat Rejected, QR so that…

Q R =Q 5−1 T 5 =r k r p T 1
c
¿ mC v ( T 1 −T 5 )
and…
V. Work net, Wknet
 ¿
mRT 4

[(
ηth = 1 −
r
k
1
k −1
( ( r c k r p −1 )
( r p −1 ) + kr p ( r c−1 ) ) )]
×100 % V}
rc = =
V 3 mRT 2
P4

P2
P2 T 4
¿= ×
VII. Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP P4 T 2
Wknet ( 3626 .78 kPa ) ( 2750 K )
PMEP = ¿
Vd 6894 kPa [ ( 300 K ) ( 131. 4−1 ) ]
¿ 1. 73

¿
( 1590 . 202−836 . 948 )
Sample Problem +1. 4 ( 2751. 049−1590 . 202 )
+ ( 300−1227. 833 )
¿
Given: righ
¿
P1 = 100kPa ¿
¿
T1 = 300K T 1 =300 K
rk = 13 T 2= 300 K ( 13 )1 . 4−1 =836 . 948 K
T4 = 2750K T 3=836 . 948 K ( 1 .9 )=1590 .202 K
T 4=1590 . 202 K ( 1 .73 ) =2751 . 049 K ¿ ¿ ¿
[ ][ ]
P4 = 6894kPa
T 5=300 K ( 1 . 9 ) ( 1. 73 )=1227 . 833 K
Cv (air) = 0.7174
Wknet =mC v
¿
Required: WKnet

Solution:

P4=6894 kPa=P3
So…
P3 6894 kPa
r p= = =1 . 9
P2 3626 . 78 kPa

Also,
V4
rc =
V3 ;
V 2=V 3

Then…
 BRAYTON CYCLE Diagrams

QA
2 3
P=C

s=C s=C
WC WT
1 QR 4

(Open cycle)

QA

2 3
P=C

s=C s=C
WC QR WT
1 4
P=C I. PVT Relations

Process 1-2: isentropic

compression
(Closed cycle)
 1 1
P2 k T2 V1 ηth
( ) ( )
P1
=
T1
k −1
= =r
V2 k
V. Thermal Efficiency,

Wknet
ηth = ×100 %
QA
Process 2-3: isobaric heat addition T 4 −T 1
T3 V3
=
{ [ ]}
¿ 1−
T 3 −T 2
×100 %

T2 V2 1
[ ]
¿ 1−
r
k
k −1
×100 %

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion VIII. Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP

Wknet
1
P4 k T 4
1
V3 PMEP =
( )( )
P3
=
T3
k −1
=
V4
¿
Wknet
Vd

V 4 −V 2
Process 5-1: isometric heat
rejection

T1 V 1 Problem:
=
T4 V4 There are required 2238KN net from a gas
turbine unit for pumping of crude oil. Air
enters the compressor section at 99.975
kPa and 278K. The pressure ratio r p=10.
II. Heat Added, QA The turbine section receives the hot gases
Q A=mC p ( T 3 −T 2 ) at 1111K. Assume a closed Brayton cycle,
and find (a) required air flow, and (b)
thermal efficiency.

III. Heat Rejected, QR Given:

Wknet = 2238KN
QR =mC p ( T 1 −T 4 ) P1 = 99.975kPa
T1 = 278K
T3 = 1111K
rp = 10 = P2/P1
IV. Work net, Wknet

Wknet=Q A +Q R Required:
¿ mC p [ ( T 3 −T 2 ) + ( T 1 −T 4 ) ] (a) mass flowrate, m

(b) thermal efficiency,

ηth
 so,
Solution: Wknet=mC p [ ( T 3 −T 2 ) + ( T 1 −T 4 ) ]
2238 KJ / s=m ( 1. 0047 ) [ ( 574 . 27 )−( 297 . 44 ) ]
(a) mass flowrate, m
∴m=8 .046 kg/s
1 1
T2 P2

from…
( )
T1
k −1
=r k =
P1 ( ) k

ηth
(b) thermal efficiency,
k −1
T 2=( T 1 )( r p ) k
1
¿ 278 K ( 10 )
¿ 536 .73 K
1 . 4−1
1 .4 [
ηth = 1−
r
k
k−1 ]
×100 %

[
¿ 1−
r
p
k−1
k ]×100 %

P3 1k T 3 1 1
()()P4
=
T4
k−1

where : P3 =P 2
[
¿ 1−
( 10 )
¿ 48 . 21%
1. 4−1
1. 4 ] ×100 %

also… P 4 = P1

1111 K
T 4= 1. 4−1
=575 . 44 K
1. 4
(10 )
 COMPARISON OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES

Diesel Engine

Advantages
 Lower fuel cost
 Higher efficiency
 Readily available for a wide range of sizes and application
 Lower running speed

Disadvantages
 Maintenance is more expensive
 Heavier and bulkier for a given power
 Higher capital cost
 Pollution

Gasoline Engine

Advantages
 Light – hence more portable
 Lower capital costs
 Cheaper to maintain
 Higher running speeds

Disadvantages
 Not so durable – especially under continuous long term usage
 Lower efficiency for equivalent power
 Fuel is more expensive
 Narrow range of off-the-shelf engines available – smaller engines more readily
available
 Pollution
 ENGINE TYPES IN TERMS OF CHARGING

1st stroke (Intake):

The piston sucks in the fuel-air-
mixture from the carburetor into
the cylinder.

2nd stroke (Compression):

The piston compresses the
mixture.

3rd stroke (Combustion):

The spark from the spark plug
inflames the mixture. The
following explosion presses the
piston to the bottom, the gas is
operating on the piston.

4-stroke engine
4th stroke (Exhaust): The
piston presses the exhaust out
of the cylinder.
 2-stroke engine

1st stroke
The compressed fuel-air mixture ignites and
thereby the piston is pressed down. At the same
time the intake port I is covered by the piston.
Now the new mixture in the crankcase becomes
pre-compressed. Shortly before the piston
approaches the lower dead centre, the exhaust
port and the overflow conduit are uncovered.
Being pressurized in the crankcase the mixture
rushes into the cylinder displacing the consumed
mixture (exhaust now).

2nd stroke
The piston is moving up. The overflow conduit
and the exhaust port are covered, the mixture in
the cylinder is compressed. At the same time
By means of a crank shaft the up and down motion is converted
into a rotational motion. new fuel-air mixture is sucked into the crankcase

For the corresponding power:

Wk
P= = Wk x f = Wk x N s
t

f =2 π n =N s
where

for four stroke engines:

rev 1 power stroke 2

( )
N s =2 π ( c ) ( a ) n;
s
[
2 rev x
2π
1 rev ] ()
= ( c )( a )( n )
4
power stroke/s

For two stroke engines:

 rev 1 power stroke 2
( )
N s =2π ( c ) ( a ) n;
s
[
1 revs x
2π
1 rev ] ()
= ( c ) ( a )( n ) power stroke/s
2

COMBUSTION

 A chemical reaction in which fuel combines with oxygen; liberation of a large amount of
heat energy.

Combustion of Solid Fuel

H2
C
N2

O2 S

Facts:
- when C is burned, it becomes flue gas
- mole (a unit of volume)
- all products of combustion should be released ion the stock
- hot molecules are lighter

a. combustion of Carbon, C
 C +O2 →CO 2
1 moleC +1moleO 2 →1 moleCO 2
lb lb lb
[
1 mole 12
mole ]C+1 mole 16 [
mole ]
( 2 ) O2 →1 mole 44
mole [
CO 2 ]
12 lbC +32lbO 2 →44 lbCO 2
(12lbC +32 lbO 2 → 44 lbCO2 )1/12

2 2
2 3
 1 lb of C requires 3 lbs of O2 to produce 3 lbs of CO2

b. combustion of Hydrogen, H2

( 2 ) H 2 +O2 → ( 2 ) H 2 O
2 molesH 2 +1moleO 2 →2 molesH 2 O
lb lb lb
2 moles 1
[ ]
mole [
( 2 ) H 2 +1 mole 16
mole ]
( 2 ) O2 →2mole 18[ H O
mole 2 ]
4 lbH 2 +32lbO 2 →36 lbH 2 O
(4 lbH 2 +32lbO 2 →36 lbH 2 O)1/4

 1 lb of H2 requires 8 lbs of O2 to produce 9 lbs of H2O

c. combustion of Sulfur, S

S+O 2 →SO 2
1 moleS+1moleO 2 →1 moleSO 2
lb lb lb
1 mole 32[mole ]
S +1 mole 16[mole ]
( 2 ) O2 →1 mole 64
mole [
SO 2 ]
32 lbS+32lbO 2 →64 lbCO 2
(32lbS+32 lbO 2 →64 lbCO 2 )1 /32

 1 lb of S requires 1 lb of O2 to produce 2 lbs of SO2

Generalization:

O 2 lbO 2 lbO 2 lbO 2

2 +8 +1
F (oxygen-fuel ratio) = 3 lbC lbH 2 lbS

…for a given gravimetric analysis of coal

 O 2 lbO 2 lbC lbO 2 lbH 2 lbO 2 lbS
F
=2
3 lbC
C
lbfuel(+8
lbH 2
H2 )
lbfuel
+1
lbS
S (
lbfuel ) ( )
2 lbO 2 O 2 lbO 2 lbO 2
¿2
3 (
C
lbfuel ) (
+8 H 2−
8 lbfuel
+1 S )
lbfuel ( )
…instead of supplying pure O2, supply air

<gravimetric> <volumetric>
Air = 23.1% O2 + 76.9% N2 Air = 21% O2 + 79% N2

…then
A O lbO 2 1
= ⋅ [
F F lbfuel
0 .231
lbO 2]( )
lbair
2 lbO 2 O lbO 2 lbO 2
¿2[ ( )(
C
3 lbfuel
+8 H 2− 2
8 lbfuel
+1 S
lbfuel ) ( )]( 1

0 . 231
lbO 2
)
lbair
lbair O lbair lbair
=11. 5 ( C )
lbfuel (
+ 34 . 63 H 2 − 2
8 lbfuel )
+ 4 . 33 ( S )
lbfuel

Problem: Given the ultimate/gravimetric analysis of coal as follows:

S = 4.79%; H2 = 5.39%; C = 62.36%; N2 = 1.28%; O2 = 15.5%

Calculate the following:

(a) Theoretical oxygen-fuel ratio
(b) Actual air-fuel ratio at 20% excess
(c) Gravimetric analysis of dry and wet flue gas

Solution:

O
(a) theoretical oxygen-fuel ratio, F

O 2 lbO 2 lbC lbO 2 0 . 155 lbH 2 lbO 2 lbS

F
=2
3 lbC (
0 . 6236
lbfuel
+8 )
lbH 2
0 . 0539−
8( +1
lbfuel lbS )
0 . 0479
lbfuel ( )
lbO 2
¿ 1. 988
lbfuel
 A
(b) actual air-fuel ratio, F a

A A
= ( 1+e )
Fa Ft
A
¿ ( 1+ 0 .2 )
Ft

lbO 2
1 . 998
A O 1 lbfuel lbair
where : =
Ft F
(
0 .231
lbO 2
lbair
=
)0 . 231
lbair
lbO 2
=8 .606
lbfuel

…then,

A A
= ( 1+e )
Fa Ft
lbair
¿ 8 .606 ×1. 20
lbfuel
lbair
¿ 10 .338
lbfuel

(c) gravimetric analysis of dry gas

mdg=m CO +m SO +m N + mO
2 2 2 2

mwg =m dg +m H2 O
 2 lbCO2 lbC lbCO2
mCO =3
2 3 lbC (0 .6236 )
lbfuel
=2. 287
lbfuel
lbSO 2 lbS lbSO 2
mSO =2
2 lbS (0 . 0479 )
lbfuel
=0. 0958
lbfuel
lbN lbair lbN lbN
mN =0 .0128 2 +10 .33
2 lbfuel lbfuel ( lbair )
0 .769 2 =7 . 9564 2
lbfuel
O lbO lbO
mO = ( excess ) =1.988 2 ( 0. 2 ) =0 . 3976 2
2 F lbfuel lbfuel

lbdg
∴mdg =2.287+0 . 0958+7 .9564+0. 3976=10. 73
lbfuel

2 .287
%GCO = ×100 %=21 .3141 %
2 10 .73

0 . 0958
%GSO = ×100 %=0 . 8928 %
2 10 .73
7 . 9564
%G N = ×100 %=74 . 1509 %
2 10 . 73

0. 3976
%GO = ×100 %=3 .705 %
2 10 . 73

…for wet flue gas

lbH 2 O lbH 2 lbH 2 O

mH O=9
2 lbH 2 (
0. 0539
lbfuel )
=0 .4851
lbfuel

lbwg
∴mwg =10 .73+0 .4851=11. 2151
lbfuel
 2 .287
%GCO = ×100 %=20 . 3921%
2 11. 2151

0 . 0958
%GSO = ×100 %=0 . 8542%
2 11.2151

7 . 9564
%G N = ×100 %=70 . 9436 %
2 11. 2151

0. 3976
%GO = ×100 %=3. 5452 %
2 11. 2151

0 . 4851
%G H O= ×100 %=4 .3259 %
2 11.2151

Example 2 : Given the ultimate/gravimetric analysis of coal as follows:

S = 0.99%; H2 = 4.76%; C = 80.85%; N2 = 1.8%; O2 = 5.6%; Ash = 6.08%; Moisture = 3.02%

Calculate : (a) The ash and moisture free of fuel

(b) Actual air-fuel ratio at 30% excess
(c) Volumetric analysis of wet flue gas

Solution:

(a) The ash and moisture removal

Moisture Removal Ash and Moisture free
S = 0.0099 0.0099
H2 = 0.0476 – 0.0302(1/9) = 0.04424 0.04424
O2 = 0.056 – 0.0302 (8/9) = 0.02916 0.02916
C = 0.80850 0.80850
N2 = 0.018 0.018
Ash = 0.0608 _______
0.9706 0.9098

Solving for the ash and moisture free analysis:

S = 0.0099/0.9098 = 0.01088
H2 = 0.04424/0.9098 = 0.04863
O2 = 0.02916/0.9098 = 0.03205
C = 0.80850/0.9098 = 0.88866
N2 = 0.018/0.9098 = 0.01978
1.0000
 O
(b) theoretical oxygen-fuel ratio, F

O 2 lbO 2 lbC lbO 2 0. 032046 lbH 2 lbO 2 lbS

F
=2
3 lbC (0 . 88866
lbfuel )
+8
lbH 2 (
0 . 04863−
8 ) +1
lbfuel lbS (
0 . 01881
lbfuel )
lbO 2
¿ 2. 7376
lbfuel

A
actual air-fuel ratio, F a

A A
= ( 1+e )
Fa Ft
A
¿ ( 1+ 0 .2 )
Ft
lbO 2
2 .7376
A O 1 lbfuel lbair
where :

…then,
=
Ft F
(
0 .231
lbO 2
lbair
=
)0 . 231
lbO 2
lbair
=11 .8512
lbfuel

A A
= ( 1+e )
Fa Ft
lbair
¿ 11 .0216 ×1. 3
lbfuel
lbair
¿ 15 . 4066
lbfuel
(c) Solving of the volumetric analysis:

We solve first the gravimetric analysis of wet gas

mwg =m CO +m SO +m N + mO +m H
2 2 2 2 2O

2 lbCO2 lbC lbCO2

mCO =3
2 3 lbC (
0 .888866
lbfuel )
=3 .25841
lbfuel
lbSO 2 lbS lbSO2
mSO 2=2
lbS ( 0 . 010881
lbfuel ) =0 . 021763
lbfuel
lbN lbair lbN lbN
mN =0 . 01978 2 +15 . 4066
2 lbfuel lbfuel ( lbair )
0 .769 2 =11. 86746 2
lbfuel
O lbO lbO
mO = ( excess ) =2. 7376 2 ( 0. 3 ) =0 . 82129 2
2 F lbfuel lbfuel
lbH O lbH lbH O
2 lbH 2 (
mH O=9 2 0. 048631 2 =0 . 437679 2
lbfuel ) lbfuel

lbwg
∴mwg =3. 25841+0 . 021763+11.86746+0 .82129+0. 437679=16 . 4066
lbfuel

3 . 25841
%GCO = ×100 %=19 .86035 %
2 16 . 4066

0 . 021763
%GSO = ×100 %=0 . 13265 %
2 16 . 4066
11. 86746
%G N = ×100 %=72. 33345 %
2 16 . 4066

0. 82129
%GO = ×100 %=5 . 00585 %
2 16 . 4066

0 . 437679
%G H O= ×100 %=2. 6677 %
2 16 . 4066
Calculating for the volumetric analysis of wet flue gas

VCO2 nCO2 m CO
%VCO2   nCO 2=
2

Vwg n wg MW CO
solution: ; 2

mCO
2

MW CO 2 MW wg
%V CO =
2 mwg
MW wg
=GCO
2 ( MW CO
2
)
where:
mwg
MW wg =
nwg
mwg
1
¿
mCO m SO2 mN 2 mO 2 mH 2 O
2
+ + + +
MW CO MW SO MW N MW O MW H
2 2 2 2 2O

1
=
mCO m SO mN mO mH O
2 2 2 2 2
+ + + +
mwg MW CO m wg MW SO mwg MW N mwg MW O mwg MW H
2 2 2 2 2O

1
=
GCO 2 GSO 2 G N2 G O2 G H2O
+ + + +
MW CO MW SO MW N MW O MW H
2 2 2 2 2O

1
=
0 . 1986035 0 . 0013265 0 .7233345 0 .050058 0 .026677
+ + + +
44 64 28 32 18

lb
MW wg =29 . 9274
lbmole
 29 . 9274
%V CO =19 . 86035
2 44( )
=13 . 50838 %

29 .9274
%V SO =0 .13265
2 (64 )
=0 . 062028 %

29 .9274
%V N =72 . 33345
2 (28 )
=77 . 31256 %

29. 9274
%V O =5. 005853
2 (32 )
=4 . 681637 %

29 . 9274
%V H O=2 .66768981
2 18 ( )
=4 . 43503%

Heating Value – quantity of heat produced by the combustion of fuel under specified
condition per unit weight or unit of volume.

HHV (Higher Heating Value) – accounts for the energy carried by the superheated
water vapor. The products of combustion of fuel with H 2 content producing
vapor in superheated state and will usually leaves the system, thus carrying
with it the energy represented by the superheated water vapor.

LHV (Lower Heating Value) – is found by deducting the heat needed to vaporize the
mechanical moisture and the moisture found when fuel burns from HHV.

HHV for Coal: Dulong’s Formula

HHV = 14,600 C + 62, 000 (H2 – O2/8) + 4050 S BTU/lb

HHV = 33,820 C + 144,212 (H2 – O2/8) + 9,304 S kJ/kg

Combustion of Liquid Fuels

Properties of Liquid Fuels

1. Specific Gravity

0 141 .5
API = − 131. 5
600
S. G .@ 0
60

0 140
BAUME = 0
− 130
60
S .G . @
600

2. Calorific or Heating Value

HHV = 18,440 + 40 (0 API - 10) BTU/lb for kerosene

HHV = 18,650 + 40 (0 API – 10) BTU/lb for gas fuels, oil or distillate light oils

Faragher Marrel & Essax Equation:

HHV = 17,645 + 54 (0 API ) BTU/lb for heavy cracked fuel oil.

Naval Boiler Laboratory Formula:

HHV = 18,250 + 40 (0 Be – 10) BTU/lb for all petroleum products.

Bureau of Standard

HHV = 22,230 – 3,780 (S.G.)2 BTU/lb

3. Viscosity – the measure of the resistance of oil to flow.

4. Flash Point – the maximum temperature of which an oil emit vapor that will ignite.

5. Pour Point – the lowest temperature at which the fuel will flow when it is chilled without
disturbance.

6. Fire point – the temperature at which oil burns.

7. Ignition Quality – the ability of a fuel to ignite spontaneously

a. If Chemical composition is given:

CH 4 + air Δ⃗ products of combustion

where: air = 21% O2 + 79% N2

= 1 volume of O2 + 3.76 volume of N2

CH 4 + x ( O 2 +3. 76 N 2 ) ⃗Δ yCO 2 +zH 2 O+ x 3. 76 N 2

Carbon balance: 1= y

4=2 z
Hydrogen balance: z=2

2 x =2 y +z
2 ( 1 )+z
x= =2
Oxygen balance: 2

1 vol. CH4 + 2 vol. [O2 + 3.76N2] → 1 vol. CO2 + 2 vol. H2O + 2 [3.76N2](1+e)

1 mol CH4 + 2 mol [O2 + 3.76N2] → 1 mol CO2 + 2 mol H2O + 2 mol [3.76N2](1+e)

lb
Weight of fuel, CH4
=1 mol 16[ lbmol ]
=16 lb

lb lb
Weight of air
=2 mol 32 [ lbmol
+ ( 3 .76 ) 28 ]
lbmol
=274 .56 lb

Therefore…

Air 274.56lb lbair

= =17.16
Fuel 16lb lbfuel
 Combustion of Gaseous Fuel

Given the volumetric analysis of a gaseous fuel is given:

CO 2=2 . 4 %
N 2 =1.8 %
CH 4=64 .1 %
C2 H 2=31 .7 %

[ 2. 4 CO 2 +1 . 8 N 2 +64 . 1CH 4 +31 .7 C 2 H 2 ]+ x [ O2 +3 . 76 N 2 ] → yCO 2 + zH 2 O +[ ( x )( 1+e ) 3 .76 N 2 + N 2 in the fuel ]

Carbon balance: 2. 4+64 . 1+2 ( 31. 7 )= y ∴ y=129 .9

Hydrogen balance: 4 ( 64 .1 ) +2 ( 31. 7 )=2 z ∴ z=159 . 9

Oxygen balance: 2 (2 . 4 ) +2 x=2 ( 129 . 9 ) +159 .9 ∴ x=207 . 45

Weight of fuel
lb fuel
=2 . 4 ( 12+32 ) +1 .8 ( 28 ) +64 .1 ( 12+ 4 ) +31. 7 ( 24+2 )=2005 .8
moles fuel

Weight of air =207 . 45 [ 32+ ( 3 .76×28 ) ] =28 , 478 . 44

Therefore…

lb
28 , 478 . 44
Air lbmol lbair kgair
= =14 .2 or
Fuel lb lbfuel kgfuel
2005 .8
lbmol
 INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION

Given the volumetric analysis of fuel:

CO 2 =2 . 4 %
N 2 =1.8 %
CH 4=64 .1 %
C2 H 2=31 .7 %

assumption: CO = 20% of CO2

Solution:

[ 2. 4 CO 2 +1 . 8 N 2 +64 . 1CH 4 +31 .7 C 2 H 2 ]+ x [ O2 +3 . 76 N 2 ] → yCO 2 +0 . 2 yCO + zH 2 O +3 .76 N 2

2. 4+64 . 1+2 ( 31. 7 )= y + 0. 2 y

y=108 . 25∴ CO 2 moles
Carbon balance: 0 .2 y=21 . 65 ∴COmoles

4 ( 64 .1 ) +2 ( 31. 7 )=2 z
Hydrogen balance: z=159 . 9

2 (2.4 ) +2x=2 ( 108.25 ) + ( 0.2×108.25 ) +159.9

Oxygen balance: x=196.625

Weight of fuel =2 . 4 ( 12+32 ) +1 .8 ( 28 ) +64 .1 ( 12+ 4 ) +31. 7 ( 24+2 )=2005 .8

Weight of air =196 . 625 [ 32+ (3 . 76×28 ) ]=26 , 992 . 68

Therefore…
 lb
26 , 992 .68
Air lbmol lbair kgair
= =13. 4573 or
Fuel lb lbfuel kgfuel
2005 .8
lbmol

…if gravimetric analysis of the products of combustion is required

2005.8 lbs fuel requires 26,992.68 lbs air to produce (108.25 x MW CO2) + (21.65 x MWCO) +
(159.9 x MWH2O) + { 196.625 [3.76(MWN2)+1.8(MWN2)] }

lbCO 2
Thus, 1 lb fuel requires 13.4573 lbs air to produce 2.3856 lbfuel

lbCO2
∴mCO =2.3856
2 lbfuel

m products of combustion,
mPC =
mCO + mCO + mO +m H
2 2 2
O

mCO
2
%GCO 2= ¿ 100 %
m PC

CHEMICAL FORMULA OF SOME LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUEL

Gaseous Fuel
2) Methane, CH4
3) Ethane, C2H6
4) Propane, C3H8
5) Butane, C4H10

Liquid Fuel
6) Gasoline, C8H18
7) Dodecane, C12H26
8) Diesoline, C14H30
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Source of Energy:
Ec = mf x HV

ma/f mexhaust

IP

FP

BP

where: EC = energy chargeable

mf = mass flow rate of fuel
IP = indicated power
BP = brake power
EP = electrical power

A. Indicated Power  power done in the cylinder; measured by an indicator.

PmI =
( A C , m 2) ( s . s . , kPa m)
so that, ℓ,m
where: AC = area of the indicator card
s.s. = scale of indicator spring
ℓ = length of indicator card

IP=P m ×A×L×N S
therefore, I in KW
2
πD
where: A = area of the bore cylinder, m2 = 4
L = length of stroke
 n
( c )( a ) ( )
60
(2)

Ns = power cycles per second = s

c – no. of cylinders
a – no. acting
n – rpm
s – stroke
Pm
I = indicated mean effective pressure

B. Brake Power / Shaft Power / Developed Power  power delivered to the shaft
*measured by (a) for low speed – prony brake, and (b) for high speed -
dynamometer

Standard Prony Brake Arrangement

where: Brake Tare (Tare wt.) is the effective weight of the brake arm when brake band in
loose

so that, Torque(T) = net scale x arm, KN-m

=Pn ×L= ( GW −TW )×L

Therefore,

2 π Tn π Tn
BP= =
60 30
=Pm × A×L×N S
B , in kW
 Pm
where: B = brake mean effective pressure

C. Mechanical Efficiency

BP
ηm = ×100 %
IP
PmB× A×L×N S
¿ ¿ 100 %
PmI ¿ A×L×N S
Pm
¿ B ¿ 100 %
PmI

so, IP = FP + BP
BP = IP – FP

now,
IP−FP
ηm = ×100 %
IP
FP
(
¿ 1−
IP )
×100 %

D. Generator Efficiency

EP
η g= ×100 %
BP

E. Combined Mechanical and Electrical Efficiency

η ME =ηm×ηm
Example 1: An engine has 14 cylinders, with a 13.6cm bore, and a 15.2cm stroke, and
develops 2850KW at 250 rpm. The clearance volume of each cylinder is 350cm 3. Determine
(a) compression ratio, and (b) brake mean effective pressure.

Given:
c = 14 BP = 2850KW
D = 13.6cm n = 250rpm
L = 15.2cm V2 = 380cm3

Required:
(a) compression ratio, rk
Pm
(b) brake mean effective pressure, B

Solution:
Wknet=Pm ×V D
B

BP=PmB× A×L×N S

(a) compression ratio, rk

V1
rk =
V2 and V 1 =V 2 +V D
then
V D= A×L×N S
2 V 1 =380+2208 .062=2588. 062 cm3
π (13 . 6 )
¿
4[ ]
( 15. 2 )
2588 . 062cm 3
¿ 2208 .062 cm3 rk = =6 . 81
380 cm3

Pm
(b) brake mean effective pressure, B

BP = Pm × A× L× N S
B
 BP
Pm =
thus,
B A×L×N S

KN−m
2850
s
Pm =
B
250

)( )
2 14×1× ×2
π ( 0 .136m ) 60
( 0 .152 m ) ( 4 4

=44 ,253.41kPa
Example 2: Calculate the bore and stroke of a six cylinder engine that delivers 22.4KW at
1800rpm with a ratio of bore to stroke of 0.71. Assume the mean effective pressure in the
cylinder is 620kPa, and the mechanical efficiency is 85%

Given:
c=6 n = 1800 rpm
D/L = 0.71 Pmi = 620 kPa
BP = 22.4 KW Mech. Eff. = 85 %

Solution:

BP=Pm × A×L×N S
B

Pm
nm= B
¿ 100 %
Pm I
where:
Pm = ( 0 .85 )( 620 kPa ) =527 kPa
B

BP
L× A=
P m ×N S
Also, B

22 . 4 KW
=
1800
( 527 kPa ) [ 6×1×
4
60
×2
]
πD 2
( L) ( )
4
=0. 0004722 m 3
 D
L=
But, 0 .71
Therefore…

D πD 2
( )( )
0 . 71 4
=0 . 0004722m3

D 3 ( 1. 0619 )=0. 0004722 m3

D=0 . 0753 m≈7 .53 cm
L=0 .10606 m≈10. 61 cm

F. Specific Fuel Consumption  amount of fuel needed to perform a unit of power

SFC = amount of fuel

Power

kg
mf ,
hr kg
= =
P , KW KW −hr

(1) Indicated Specific fuel Consumption, ISFC

mf
ISFC=
IP

(2) Brake Specific fuel Consumption, BSFC

mf mf
BSFC = =
BP IP×ηm

(3) Combined Specific fuel Consumption, CSFC

mf mf mf mf
CSFC= = = =
EP BP×η g IP×ηm×ηg IP×η ME

G. Heat Rate  is the amount of heat needed to perform a unit of power.

HR = Energy Changeable
Power
 KJ
EC ,
hr KJ
= =
P , KW KW −hr

(1) Indicated Heat Rate, IHR

EC mf ×HV
IHR= = =ISFC×HV
IP IP

(2) Brake Heat Rate, BHR

EC m f × HV ISFC×HV IHR
BHR= = =BSFC×HV = =
BP BP ηm ηm

(3) Combined Heat Rate, CHR

m f ×HV
IP×ηm ×ηg

E C m f × HV m × HV
CHR= = = f =¿ ¿
EP EP BP×η g ¿
BSFC ×HV ISFC × HV
¿= = =CSFC× HV ¿ ¿
ηg ηm

H. Thermal Efficiency  ratio of heat converted to useful power and heat supplied.

ηth = Power x 100%

Energy Changeable

KJ
P , KW ×3600
KW −hr
= ×100 %
KJ
EC ,
hr
ηth
(1) Indicated Thermal Efficiency, I
 IP×3600
ηth = ×100 %
I EC

IP×3600
¿ ×100 %
mf ×HV
3600
¿ ×100 %
ISFC×HV
3600
¿ ×100 %
IHR

ηth
(2) Brake Thermal Efficiency, B

BP×3600
ηth = ×100 %
B EC

BP ×3600
¿ ×100 %
mf ×HV
3600 3600
¿ ×100 %= ×100 %
BSFC ×HV BHR

ηth
(3) Combined Thermal Efficiency, C

EP×3600
ηth = ×100 %
C EC

EP×3600
¿ ×100 %
m f ×HV
3600 3600
¿ ×100 %= ×100 %
CSFC×HV CHR

I. Engine Efficiency  ratio of the actual performance of the engine to the ideal.

e = Actual Power x 100%

Ideal Power

(1) Indicated Engine Efficiency, e I

 IP
eI = ×100 %
Pi

(2) Brake Engine Efficiency, e B

BP
e B= ×100 %
Pi

(3) Combined Engine Efficiency,

eC

EP
e C= ×100 %
Pi

Example:

Given c = 6 PmB = 550 kPa

s=4
rk = 9.5 P1 = 101 kPa
IP = 67.1KW T1 = 308 K
T = 194 N-m k = 1.32
ηm ISFC = 0.353 kg /KW −hr
= 78% D = 1.1L
HV=43,970 kJ/kg

Required: a. bore and stroke

ηth
b. thermal efficiency, I

c. engine efficiency, Be

Solution:

(a) L and D = ?

BP=Pm × A×L×N S →eq . 1

B

2 π Tn
BP= →eq . 2
60

…equate equation 1 to equation 2

 2 π Tn
P m × A×L×N S =
B 60
2 πT
L×A=
c×a×2
Pm
B [ 4 ]
1 KN
D πD2
2 π ( 194 N−m) ( 1000 N )
( )( )
1 .1 4
=
6×1×2
550 kPa [ 4 ]
D=0 .1011m≈10. 11cm
L=0 .0919 m≈9 .19 cm

D
where: L=
1. 1

ηth
(b) I =?

IP×3600
ηth = ×100 %
I EC

IP×3600
¿ ×100 %
m f ×HV
3600
¿ ×100 %
ISFC×HV
3600
¿ ×100 %
( 0 .353 )( 43 ,970 )
¿ 23 .19 %

(c)
em =?

BP
e m= ×100 %
Pi

BP
ηm = ×100 %
where: IP

BP=( 0 .78 )( 67 . 1 KW ) =52. 338 KW

 Pi
ηth = ¿ 100 %
Also,
ideal EC ; EC = mf x HV

mf
ISFC=
From, IP ; mf = IP x ISFC

Also,
1
ηth = 1−
ideal [ rk k−1 ]¿ 100 %

1
[
= 1−
9 .5 1. 32−1 ]
×100 %

¿ 51. 345 %

Therefore,

Pi= ( 0. 51345 ) ( IP ) ( ISFC ) ( HV )

kg KJ 1hr
(
¿ ( 0 .51345 )( 67 . 1 KW ) 0. 353
KW −hr )( 43 , 970
kg )( 3600 s )
¿ 148. 54 KW

Finally,

52. 338 KW
e m= ×100 %
148 .54 KW
¿ 35 .23 %

J. Volumetric Efficiency

ηV = Actual amount of air taken in, m3/s ¿100 %

Volumetric or piston displacement, m3/s

Va
= ×100 %
VD

Where:
  if wet bulb temperature,tw is not given, then use the general gas law equation:

Pa V a =ma R a T a
ma R a T a m3
V a= ;
Pa s

 if dry bulb temperature,ta and wet bulb temperature, tw, or relative humidity, RH
are given, then use the psychrometric chart

V a =ma ( spec . vol , v a )

V D= A×L×N S

K. Effect on Engines when operated on Higher Altitudes

(1) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) correction formula:

 For spark-ignition engines

0 .5
PS TO
BP S =BPO
[ ( )]
PO
×
TS

 For compression-ignition engines

0 .7
PS TO
BP S =BPO
[ ( )]
PO
×
TS

where:
BP S , PS ,T S → std. rating of engine
BPO , PO ,T O → rating at observed conditions

Approximations to be used as temperature and pressure changes at a given altitude:

 Pressure: barometric pressure decreases by 1”Hg absolute (83.3mmHg abs) for
every 1000 ft (1000 m) increase in altitude based on 29.92”Hg absolute
(760mmHg abs) sea level.

Temperature: temperature decreases by 3.57˚F (6.5˚C) for every 1000 ft (1000

m) increase in altitude based on a standard temperature of 60˚F (15.6˚C).

(2) Diesel Engine Manufacture’s Association (DEMA) standard rating

2.1) Rated power may not be corrected for altitude up to 1500ft (457.5m).

2.2) For altitudes greater than 1500ft (457.5m), use the following:

 Subtract from std. rating 2% for every 1000ft (305m) above 1500ft
(457.5m) for supercharged engines.
 Subtract from std. rating 4% for every 1000ft (305m) above 1500ft
(457.5m) for naturally aspirated engines.

Example: An engine has the following data when operated at an altitude of 1524ft, with a
temperature of 15˚C:

BPo = 500KW ηv
kg = 75%
0

KW −hr A:Fo = 23
BSFCo = 0.28

…when the engine is brought to sea level having a pressure of 101.325kPa, and temperature
of 20˚C. Calculate (a) BPs, (b) BSFCs, and (c)) Pm considering 84.86% mechanical
I
efficiency s

Given
BPo = 500KW To = 15˚C + 273 = 288 K
kg TS = 20˚C + 273 = 293 K
BSFCo = 0.28 KW −hr PS = 101.325kPa
A:Fo = 23
ηm = 84.86%

Required:
(a) BPs
(b) BSFCs
Pm
(c) Is

Solution:

(a) BPS = ?
 1524 ft
P O=29 . 92 ital Hg - left (1 Hg×
1000 ft
¿ ¿=28. 396 ital Hg`x` { { 101 . 325 ` ital kPa} over { 29 . 92 Hg ¿ ¿=96 . 164 kPa ¿

0. 7
101 .325 kPa 288
BP S =500 KW ×
96 .164 kPa 293 [ ( ) ]
Then, ¿520. 56 KW

(b) BSFCS = ?
mf
BSFC S = mf =m f =m f
BP ; s o

Therefore,
BPO ×BSFC O =BP s×BSFC s
500 KW
BSFC S =0 . 28
[ 520. 56 KW ]
kg
¿ 0 .269
KW −hr

Pm
(c) Is =?
IPS
Pm = Pm ×V D =IP
Is VD ; Is

BPS 520 .56 KW

IP S = = =613. 434 KW
where:
ηm 0 .8486

Also,
V D= A×L×N S =?

Va
ηv =
But, VD

Va Va
V D= =
Then, ηv 0 .75 ; PaVa = mRTa
ma
A
= o =23
F o mf
o

mf 1 hr
BSFC s =
BPS
S
∴ mf =m f s =( 520 .56 )( 0. 269 )
o (3600 )s =0. 0389 kgs
 kg
ma =( 0 . 0389 ) ( 23 )=0 . 8947
So, o s

Thus,
KJ
Va =
(
( 0 . 8947 kg /s ) 0 . 287
kg−K ) ( 288 K )
o 96. 164 kPa
m3
V a o=0 . 769
s
0 . 769m3 /s 3
V D= =1 . 0254 m / s
0 . 75
Finally…

613 . 434 KW
Pm = 3
I
1 .0254 m /s
s

=598 . 24 kPa

TYPICAL HEAT BALANCE IN ENGINES

Energy Balance

A. Input

Energy Changeable, EC

EC = mf x HV 100%

B. Outputs
 ηth
1. Useful power, BP 30-32% ( B )
2. Heat carried by exhaust gas, QH 24-26% (%QE)
3. Heat carried by jacket or cooling water, QC 30-32% (%QE)
4. Friction, Radiation and unaccounted losses 10-16%

Summary

QH (30-32%)

EC (100%) BP (30-32%)

QC (24-26%) others (10-16%)

Percent Cooling Loss

%Qj = Heat carried by the jacket or cooling water x 100%

Energy Changeable

m j ×C p ( t b−t a )
= w
¿ 100 %
mf ¿ HV

…if EC is not given

BP×3600
ηth = ×100 %
B EC

BP×3600 BP×3600
¿ ×100 % ∴m f ×HV =
ηth
mf ×HV B

Now...
 m j ×C p ( t b−t a )
%Q j = w
¿ 100 %
BP ×3600
ηthB

η th m j×C p ( t b −t a )
[ ]
B w
= ¿ 100 %
BP×3600

ηth
Solving for the mass of jacket or cooling water, let: %Qj = 32% and B =30%

%Q j ×BP×3600
m j=
ηth ×C p ( t b −t a )
B w

0 . 32×BP×3600 BP kg BP kg
= =917 . 124 ; =0. 2548 ;
0 . 3×4 . 187 ( t b −t a ) ( t b −t a ) hr ( t b −t a ) s

Solving the volume of jacket or cooling water, let ρ = 1000kg/m3

mj mj
ρ= V j=
Vj ; ρ