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1. Bending/Flexural/Normal
F
Stress
 c
N.A.

where: subs,
 = deflection 
S
from, L
 = strain
 = /L
F 

and, A L
S = stress FL
S=E 
AE

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let,
Sf = bending or flexural stress
Mc
Sf 
I where,

but M = maximum bending moment

- refer to Table AT 2, p.564,
I Machine Design by Faires
S
c c = distance from the neutral axis to the outermost
then , fiber
I = rectangular moment of inertia
M
Sf  S = section modulus
S - refer to Table AT 1, p.563, Machine Design
by Faires

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for solid circular, for hollow circular,

Do
c
D c Do c 2
Di 
I ( D o4  D i4 )
64

D substituting, subs,
c Do
2 M( )
Mc
I
 4 Sf  Sf  2
D I  let,
64 ( D o4  D i4 )
64 Di
D
M( ) B
32MD o Do
 2 Sf 
 4 ( D o4  D i4 ) 32 M
D Sf 
64 or D 3o (1  B 4 )
32 M 32MD o
Sf  Sf 
D 3 D
D o4 (1  ( i ) 4 )
Do

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Example 1:
A 5 KN force acting at the end of a 3 m cantilever beam. If
section modulus of the beam is 200 cm3, what is the stress
induced?
F = 5 KN from, subs,
Mc
Sb  15 KN.m 100 cm 3
I Sb  3
x( )
L=3m 200 cm m
M
Sb  Sb  75,000 KPa
s
let,
but,
s = section modulus M=FxL
s = 200 cm3 = 5 KN x 3 m
M = 15 KN.m

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Example 2:
A simply supported beam is 50 mm by 200 mm in cross-section and 4 m long.
If the fiber stress is not to exceed 25 MPa and the beam weight is neglected,
find the maximum mid-span concentrated load that the beam can support if
the 200 mm dimension is vertically oriented.
F
3FL
h = 200 mm Sb 
2bh2
b = 50 mm Sb 2bh2
F
from, Mc 3L
Sb  and,
I FL subs,
M
but , 4 N
subs,
25 x 10 62
( 2 )(0 . 05m )(0 . 2m ) 2

h F m
c FL h 3( 4m)
2 ( )
Sb  4 2
bh3 bh 3 F  8,333.33 N
I
12 12

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Example 3:
A simple beam 54 in long with a load of 14 kips at the center is made of cast steel, SAE 080.
The cross-section is rectangular(h=3b). a) Determine the dimension for N=3. b)
Compute the maximum deflection for these dimensions. c) What size maybe used if
the maximum deflection is not to exceed 0.13 in?

F=14 kips
use,
h Suf = 1.9Su (recommended)
b Suf = 1.9 (80)
from,
Table AT 6, p.570 MD by Faires Suf = 152 ksi
for SAE 080
Su = 80 ksi from, Sd  Suf
N
from headnote of this table
152,000 psi
Su = 1.9Su to 2Su Sd 
3
Sd  50,666.67 psi

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let, subs, subs,

Sd = Sf FL h (14,000 lb)(54 in)
(
)( ) b
where, Sf  4 3 2 lb
6(50,666.67 2 )
Mc bh in
Sf  12 b  1.355 in
I
from, 3FL thus ,
Table AT 2, p.564 MD by Faires Sf 
2bh 2 h  3(1.355 in)
for simply supported beam h  4.064 in
but,
FL h = 3b
M use,
4 thus,
b = 1 3/8 in
also, 3FL
h Sf  h = 4 in
c 2b(3b) 2
2 FL
and for rectangular cross-section Sf 
6b 3
bh 3
I b3
FL
12 6Sf

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b) from Table AT 2, p.564 MD by Faires c) if y = 0.13 in then,
for simply supported beam then,
3 (14,000 lb)(54 in) 3
FL b
3
FL
  lb
48EI 48EI 108(30 x 106 2 )(0.13in)
where : FL3 in
 b  5.234 in
bh 3 bh3
48E( )
I 12 and ,
12
FL3 h  3b
3 
(1 in)(4in) 3 4Ebh 3 h  3(5.234 in)
 8
12 but, h = 3b h  15.7 in
I  7.333 in 4
subs, 3 use,
FL
subs,  1
(14,000 lb)(54 in) 3
4Eb(3b)3 b  5 in
 FL3
4
lb
48(30 x 106 2 )(7.333 in 4 )  h  16 in
in 108 Eb 4
  0.2088 in FL3
b4
108E
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2. Torsion


where: T
  angular deformation
TL let,
 , rad
JG Sst = torsional shearing stress
where:
Tc
T = maximum torque Sst 
L = length of the shaft J
J = polar moment of inertia
- refer to Table AT 1, p.563 MD by Faires
G = modulus of rigidity
or modulus of elasticity in shear
or transverse modulus
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for solid circular, for hollow circular,

Do
c
D c Do c 2
Di 
J (D o4  D i4 )
32

D substituting, subs,
c Do
2 T( )
Tc
J
 4 Sst  Sst  2
D J  let,
32 (D o4  D i4 )
32 Di
D
T( ) B
16TD o Do
 2 Sst 
 4 ( D o4  D i4 ) 16T
D Sst 
32 or D 3o (1  B 4 )
16 T 16TD o
Sst  Sst 
D 3 D
D o4 (1  ( i ) 4 )
Do

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Example 4:
Compute for the polar section modulus of a SAE 1010 shafting having
a diameter of 3 in. Use a factor of safety of 2 and design stress of
1000 psi.
from, then, subs,
z = polar section modulus  4
Tc D
S st  z
J z  32
J c D
T where, 2

J D D3
c z 
c 2 16
T and, (3 in )3
S st  z 
z  4 16
J D
32 z  5.3014 in 3

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Example 5:
Determine the maximum shearing stress in MPa that exists in a 5 cm
diameter shaft subjected to 250 N.m torque.
from,

16T
Ss t 
D3
16(250 N.m)

1m 3
(5cm)3 x ( )
100cm
S s t  10.186 MPa

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Example 6:
A shaft in torsion only is to transmit 2500 hp at 570 rpm with medium shock. Its material is
AISI 1137 steel, cold-drawn. a) What should be the diameter of a solid shaft? b) If
the shaft is hollow, Do = 2Di, what size is required? c) What is the weight per foot of
length of each of these shafts? Which is lighter? By what percentage? d) Which shaft
is more rigid? Compute the torsional deflection of each for a length of 10 ft.

subs, from, Table AT 8, p.578 MD by Faires

33,000 ft lb for C1137, cold-drawn
2500 hp x Sy = 93 ksi
hp min
T but,
P = 2500 hp T 2(570 / min)
Sys = yield strength in tension
n = 570 rpm 12 in
T  23,035.58 ft lb x Sys = 0.5Sy – 0.6 Sy
from, ft use,
P  2Tn T  276,427 lb in Sys = 0.6 Sy (recommended)
P Sys = 0.6(93)
T
2n Sys = 55.8 ksi

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from, Table 1.1, p.20 MD by Faires
subs,
for with shock, steel and
based on yield strength 16( 276,427 lb in)
D
N = 5-7 lb
(11,160 2 )
use, in
Nsy = 5 for medium shock D  5.015 in then,

use, 32T
thus, D3
15S s t
S ys D  5 in
Sd  b) If hollow, D
32(276,427 lb in
Nsy 3 lb
15(11,160 2 )
55,800 psi Do = 2Di in
 D  2.562 in
5 let, thus,
S d  11,160 psi Sd = Sst Do  2(2.562)
let, S st 
16TD o Do  5.124 in
S st  S d (Do4  Di4 )
16T 16T( 2Di ) use,
 
S st
D 3 
 ( 2Di )4  Di4  Di  2 1/ 2 in
32T
D
16T S st  Do  5 1/ 4 in
15 Di3
3
S st
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from,
for hollow shaft,
m W
  
V V W  ( )(Do2  Di2 )L
4
W  V

from, Table AT 7, p.577, Machine

W
L

 
 0.284( ) (5 1/ 4)2  (2 1/ 2)2 x 12
4
Design by Faires W
 57.05 lb / ft
for steel L
 = 0.283 lb/in3
for solid shaft, thus ,
W  V ( W / L )solid  ( W / L )hollow
% lighter  X 100%
 AL ( W / L )solid
 66.92  57.05
 ( D2 )L  x 100%
4
66.92
subs,  14.75%
lb 
W  (0.284 3 ) (5in)2 L
in 4
W
 66.92 lb / ft
L

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d) from, substituti ng,
 276,427 lb in 12 in
TL  x
 L  lb ft
(5 in)4 (11.5 x10 6 2 )
JG 32 in
for steel,  180 o
 0.0047 rad / ft x
L  rad
G = 11.5 x 106 psi
for solid, or

 T  0.269 o / ft
 L
L JG
for hollow ,
where,
 T
 4 
J D L JG
32 where,
then, 
J (Do4  Di4 )
 T 32

L  then,
(D 4 )G  T
32 
L 
(Do4  Di4 )G
32

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subs,
12 in
276,427 lb in x
 ft

L 
32
  lb
(5 1/ 4)4  (2 1/ 2)4 in 4 (11.5 x10 6 2 )
in
 180 o
 0.004077 rad / ft x
L  rad

 0.2396 o / ft
L

for L = 10 ft for hollow ,


for solid,  xL
L
   (0.2336 o / ft )(10 ft )
 xL
L   2.336 o
 (0.269 o / ft )(10 ft ) therefore,
  2.69 o the solid shaft is more rigid !
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Practice problems:
1. A vertical load of 500 N acts at the end of a horizontal rectangular cantilever
beam 2 m long and 25 mm wide. If the allowable bending stress is 1330
MPa, find the depth of the beam in mm.
a. 41 mm b. 43 mm c. 47 mm d. 50 mm
2. What is the maximum torque in N.m that can be applied to a 10 cm diameter
shaft having a maximum allowable shear stress of 200 MPa.
a. 39,269.9 N.m b. 42,208.4 N.m c. 44,120.7 N.m d. 45,231.2 N.m
3. What is the maximum torsional stress in a hollow shaft, having 8 cm outside
diameter and 5 cm inside diameter that transmits a torque of 1000 N.m?
a. 8.376 MPa b. 9.506 MPa c. 10.795 MPa d. 11.738 MPa
4. A circular rod is subjected to a torsional load of 60,000 lb-in. Determine the
size of this rod if AISI C1010, cold drawn steel is the available material?
5. Determine the maximum deflection of a 50 mm shaft subjected to a
maximum bending load of 1000 N if the length of the shaft is 3m and is made
of SAE 080.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING