JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

POLISAS KUANTAN

1
BENDING STRESSES

2
 LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO)
P

UPON COMPLETION OF THIS LESSON, STUDENTS

SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

• 1. DETERMINE THE BENDING STRESSES

• 2. DEFINE THE BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND RADIUS
OF CURVATURE
• 3. SOLVE PROBLEMS REGARDING SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
AND CANTILEVER BEAM
3
DEFINITION
Bending stress is the normal stress that is induced at a point in
a body subjected to loads that cause it to bend. When a load is
applied perpendicular to the length of a beam (with two supports
on each end), bending moments are induced in the beam.
BENDING EQUATION
SEVERAL THEORY OF ASSUMPTION FOR BENDING STRESS
1. THE BEAM IS STRAIGHT WITHOUT ANY STRESS AT ITS ORIGIN.
2. THE BEAM MATERIAL IS HOMOGENEOUS AND ACCORDING TO
HOOKE'S LAW.
3. THE BENDING DOES NOT EXCEED THE ELASTIC LIMIT.
4. YOUNG MODULUS OF BEAM MATERIAL IS THE SAME VALUE IN EITHER
TENSION OR COMPRESSION STATE.
5. THE FIXED PLANE CROSS SECTION IS IN THE PLANE BEFORE AND
AFTER THE BENDING.
Bending Stress Distribution

Original position before bending

Final position after bending occurs

RADIUS OF CURVATURE
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA
a) Square cross sectional
The second moment of area is defined as
I= y 2 dA

Therefore for square cross sections, the second moment of area on N.A. obtained by
integrating the above basic formula

d/2 d/2
INA = −d/2
y 2 dA = b −d/2
y 2 dy
y3 d/2
= b 3
d/2
d3 d3
= b 24 − − 24
bd3
= 12
b) Round cross sectional
The shaded elements shown in the diagram have the area, dA
dA = rdθ dr

From the polar coordinate system

y = r sin 

The second moment of area in N.A. for a round cross sectional is given by

INA = y 2 dA

2π ro 2π 4 ro 2π
2 r ro4
= r 2 sin2 θ.rdθdr = sin θ dθ = sin2 θ dθ
0 0 0 4 0
4 0

πr 4
=
4
The neutral axial distance from the center of curvature is called curvature
radius (R)
For any PQ layer (which is the y distance from P.N) this layer will curves and
extends into P'Q'. The layers along P.N become E'F'
EF = E’F’ = R
Original Length, PQ = EF = R
Final Length, P’Q’ = (R + y) 

Elongation of PQ R+y θ−Rθ y

The strain for PQ = = =
Origianal Length, PQ Rθ R

y
Stress at PQ, σ = E.
R
σ E
=
y R
By referring the given figure,
The cross sectional area of the strip = A
The longitudinal stress at the strip = 
Therefore, the force at the strip = .A

Moment around the P.N = force x distance

= A(y)
E
= R y.A(y)
E 2
= R y A
E
The total moment for cross sectional of the beam, M = R y 2 A
Where y 2 A is the value of second moment of area for neutral axis around the cross
section.
E
M = RI
M E
I =R
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM
If the line, N.A. is drawn in parallel to the x - x line, so it can be described as follows:

y = y’ + h

Ixx = (y′+h)2 dA

= (y′)2 +2y′h + h2 dA
= (y′)2 dA + 2h y′dA + h2 dA

Whereas y′dA = 0

Ixx = INA +Ah2

STANDARD TABLE FOR CROSS SECTION
CENTROID
a) Combined shape

Ay A1 y1+A2y2
y= =
A A1 +A2
b) Cut shape
i) Type 1

y = y1 = y2
ii) Type 2

Ay A1 y1+A2y2
y= =
A A1 +A2
 PART 2

EXAMPLES
Example
A beam has a rectangular cross section with a base of 30 mm and depth of
50 mm (see Figure 1). Determine the second moment of area for the beam.

bd3 30 x 503
I= = = 3.125 x 105 mm4 = 3.125 x 10−5 m4
12 12
Example 4.1
Calculate the second moment of area for I – cross section as in Figure 1.1 on
the x - x axis passing through the center of gravity of the section.
Solution
Step 1. Divide the section into 3 sections and obtain the value
of y from the x-x surface.
Step 2. Find the centroid point of the I-section

Step 3. Get a second moment of area for the entire section.

Example 4.2

A T-bar with 6 m long carries concentrated loads. Each load is 16 kN at a distance of 1 m from
both ends of the beam. The bar is supported at both ends as in Figure 4.2 (a) below. The cross
section of the bar also shown in Figure 4.2 (b). Calculate the following: -
a) The neutral axis distance from the bottom of the beam.
b) Second moment of area around neutral axis.
c) The radius of curvature in the mid-beam range.
d) The maximum compress and tensile bending stress generated in the beam.
Given: E of beam = 200 GN/m2
Solution
Divide the section into two sections. Calculate the area and distance of centroid for each
section from bottom
a) The neutral axis distance from the bottom of the beam.
b) Second moment of area around neutral axis.
c) The radius of curvature in the mid-beam range.
d) The maximum compress and tensile bending stress generated in
the beam.
Example 4.3

A cantilever beam with 10 m long carries a uniformly distributed load

along the beam range. The cross section of the beam is as shown in Figure
4.3, where EE is the top surface of the beam. Specify the following: -

a) Neutral axis position for cross section.

b) Second moment of area around the neutral axis.
c) Maximum tensile stress and maximum compressive stress in the
beam resulting from the bending.
Solution
Divide the section into two sections. Calculate the area and distance of centroid for each
section from bottom
a) Neutral axis position for cross section.
b) Second moment of area around the neutral axis
c) Maximum tensile stress and maximum compressive stress in the beam resulting
from the bending.
Diagram of Bending Stress Distribution
Example 4.4

A simply supported solid round shaft is loaded as shown in Figure 4.4 below. Calculate the
shaft diameter if the maximum allowable bending stress is 100 MN/m2.
Solution
50 kN 20 kN 10 kN

0.1 m 0.2 m 0.2 m 0.1 m

A B C D E

RA RE

a) The reactions force at A and E

Based on the principle of equilibrium of forces

ΣF  = ΣF 
R A  RE = 50  20  10 = 20 --------------------------------- (1)

Fixed moment at A, =0
50(0.1)  20(0.3)  10(0.5)  RE (0.6) = 0
5  6  5  0.6R E = 0
0.6R E = 6
RE =  10 kN --------------------------------- (2)

Substitute equation (2) into equation (1)

R A  10 = 20
RA = 30 kN
Bending stress
MA = 0 kNm
MB = 30(0.1)  3 kNm
MC = 30(0.3)  50(0.2)   1 kNm
MD = 30(0.5)  50(0.4)  20(0.2)   1 kNm
ME = 30(0.6)  50(0.5)  20(0.3)  10(0.1)  0 kNm

From BMD, the maximum bending moment occurs at x = 0.1 m

Mmax = 30(0.1) = 3 kNm

We get that,
πd 4 d
I  and y max 
64 2

By using the bending stress equation

σ max M
 max
y max I
100  10 6 3  10 3

d πd 4
2 4
100  10 (2)
6
3  10 3 (64)

d πd 4
3  10 3 (64)
d 3
  3.056  10 - 4
π(100  10 )(2)
6

d  0.0674 mm
Example 4.5

The cross-sectional of a simply supported beam is shown in Figure 4.5. The beam carries a uniform
distributed load of 6 kN/m along the beam. If the maximum bending stress in the beam cannot
exceed 35 MN/m2, determine,
a) The length of the beam
b) Maximum tensile stress
Part Area, A Centroid, y Second Moment h
(mm2) (mm) of Area, IC (mm4) (mm)

A1 = 200 x 25 y1 = 25/2 200(25 3 ) h1 = 138.5 – 12.5

= 5000 = 12.5 I1 = = 126
12
= 260.4 x 103

A2 = 25 x 250 y2 = 25 + 250/2 25(250 3 ) h2 = 150 – 138.5

= 6520 = 150 I2 = = 11.5
12
= 32.25 x 106

A3 = 150 x 25 y3 = 270 + 25/2 150(25 3 ) h3 = 287.5 – 138.5

= 3750 = 287.5 I3 = = 149
12
= 195 x 103
Centroid point, y
ΣAy A 1y 1  A 2 y 2  A 3 y 3
y = =
ΣA A1  A 2  A 3
( 5000 )(12.5 )  ( 6250 )( 150 )  3750(287.5 )
=
5000  6250  3750
= 138.5 mm

The second moment of area, INA;

INA  Σ(IG  Ah2 )  IG1  A 1 h1  IG2  A 2 h 2
2 2

 196.17  10 6 mm 4
 196.17  10 -6 m 4
ybottom = 138.5 mm  yupper = 300 – 138.5 mm = 161.5 mm

yupper  ybottom  max produced from the upper

Mmax σ σ max INA

 max  Mmax 
INA y upper y upper

35  10 6 (196.17  10 6 )
Mmax  3
 42.51  10 3
Nm  42.51 kNm
161.5  10

6000L 6 kN/m
Reactions, R   3000L
2
Mmax happened at the middle of the beam,
L
R R
L   L  L  3000L2 6000L2
Mmax  3000L   - 6000     -  750L2
2  2  4  2 8

Therefore, the length for the beam is,

750L2  42.51  10 3
L2  56.68
L  7.53 m
b) As the beam sinks downward, the bottom surface experiences a tensile bending stress.

y bottom - 35 MN/m2
σ max(tensile)  x σ max(compressive)
y upper
161.5 mm
138.5 =0
 (35  10 6 ) N.A.
161.5
138.5 mm
 30  10 6 N/m2 (tensile)
+ bottom
 TUTORIAL
1. A BEAM HAS A RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION OF 90MM WIDE
AND 100 MM DEPTH. IT IS SUBJECTED TO A BENDING MOMENT
OF 16KNM AT A CERTAIN POINT ALONG ITS LENGTH. IT IS MADE
FROM METAL WITH A MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF 172GPA.
CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM STRESS ON THE SECTION.

2. A BEAM HAS A HOLLOW CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION OF 50MM

OUTER DIAMETER AND 30MM INNER DIAMETER. IT IS MADE OF
METAL WITH A MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF 205GPA. THE
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS IN THE BEAM MUST NOT EXCEED 350
MPA. CALCULATE THE FOLLOWING:
3. I. THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE BENDING MOMENT
II.THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE
 IMPORTANT
• YOU WILL BE GIVEN A SET OF EXERCISE
• ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
• SUBMIT THE EXERCISE, 1 WEEKS AFTER COMPLETION OF THIS TOPIC