ISSN 2683-345X

journal homepage: http://ijiemjournal.uns.ac.rs/

International Journal of Industrial

Engineering and Management

Volume 12 / No 2 / June 2021 / 141 - 150

Original research article

The Impact of Climate Change on

Sustainable Development:
The Case of Vojvodina
A. Pavlović a*, A. Frankb, A. Ivanišević a, I. Katić a
a University of Novi Sad, Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Novi Sad, Serbia;
b University of Waterloo, School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, Waterloo, Canada

ABSTRACT ARTICLE INFO

Sustainability Development Goals require each country and region to adjust their environ- Article history:
mental and social policies to ensure a timely global response, stabilization of climate, and
Received February 26, 2021
social equality. Vojvodina's area has unique challenges due to its political status and signif-
icant dependence on environmental resources to ensure its economy, energy supply and Revised May 24, 2021
food security. The researchers reviewed potential challenges to Vojvodina's sustainable de- Accepted May 25, 2021
velopment based on analysis of long-term trend changes of temperature and water flow. To Published online June 11, 2021
support sustainable development, Vojvodina region needs to strive for the integral concept
of flood protection, which includes harmonization of “human” demands component and Keywords:
“environmental” demands components. Climate change;
Temperature;
Trends;
Resources;
Exploitation;
Sustainable

*Corresponding author:
Aleksandra Pavlović
di8.2018@uns.ac.rs

1. Introduction ance in the natural, demographic, technological and

social systems. Several aspects of human actions are
To design an adequate response to the socio-en- direct culprits in intensified environmental degra-
vironmental global crisis, Vojvodina's leaders need dation and climate change emission of greenhouse
to enhance its environmental awareness and ac- gases (GHG), ozone-depleting substances (ODS),
tions. Based on analyses of climate parameters trend industrial pollutants such as heavy metals and oth-
change, we review potential challenges to policy er chemicals, overexploitation of forest and mineral
makers regarding establishing reachable sustainabil- resources, water and soil pollution and degradation.
ity goals under given socio-environmental circum- A prominent GHG is carbon dioxide (CO2). The
stances. The ecological crisis results from signifi- research of Marceda Bach et al. [1] has shown that
cant civilizational changes recorded in production, there are long-term and causal relationships between
consumption and growth models and fundamental economic growth and CO2 emissions. Activities,
human values. Effective outcomes are the misbal- such as transport and industrial agriculture, contrib-
Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia. DOI: http://doi.org/10.24867/IJIEM-2021-2-283
This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 terms and conditions
142 Pavlović et al.

ute the most to total greenhouse gas emissions. as meeting the needs of the present generation with-
Humans are intrinsically connected to the envi- out compromising the needs of future generations.
ronment, and as such, their activities inevitably affect Responsible behavior towards future generations is
natural processes and environmental sustainability fundamental because they do not have the "right to
[2]. Local climate change trends could compromise vote" and therefore cannot influence policymaking
improvements and accomplishments of current man- at present. Thus, the principle of intergeneration-
ufacturing technologies as variability in environmen- al equality must be respected. Economic growth is
tal impacts increases [3]. As stated by Halsnæs et al. desirable and acceptable only if it does not lead to
[4], there is a dual relationship between sustainable the degradation of natural resources that are limited
development and climate change. Recognition of and scarce, i.e., they are not in abundance. Required
that relationship requires adaptation of laws, industri- fields for defining sustainability and sustainable de-
al practices, and social traditions. Many international velopment are economics, politics, sociology, ecolo-
studies and papers [5]-[13] address the importance gy, and sciences explaining environmental processes.
of adopting and respecting the relationship between Due to the diversity of social-economic-environmen-
climate change and sustainable development. The tal systems and national interests, there is a discrep-
major challenge for lawmakers is to balance the eco- ancy in methods and implementation of appropriate
nomic and environmental aspects of actions required strategies between global and local perspectives. All
to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). human activities are associated with consumption
Keeping the balance is especially hard in countries and production, resulting in resource depletion and
and regions that do not accumulate enough financial pollution of the environment.
capital for domestic investments. The only opportu- Applying climate change policies influences
nity for economic growth is attracting foreign capi- the environment and changes the course of natural
tal. Attracting foreign capital comes with the price of changes. Deliberative public-private partnerships
lowering environmental and social standards in the work most effectively when investors, local govern-
shape of a cheap workforce or lack of pollution re- ments and citizen groups are willing to work together
strictions, monitoring or enforcement. Such actions to implement new technologies and produce arenas
are endangering the long-term sustainability of the to discuss these technologies that are locally inclusive
environment and economy. Design of regulatory re- [16]. There is growing awareness that climate change,
sponse to ever-growing economic and social needs extreme climate events, non-linear impacts and tip-
for natural resources must be based on scientific es- ping points should play a significant role in sustain-
timates of their future availability and sustainability. able development strategies [17]. Many of the meth-
This paper is structured into four sections. Section ods and activities designed to adapt to climate change
2 gives a general overview of sustainability, sustain- are integrated into measures taken to achieve nation-
able development imperatives, and climate change of al development goals, poverty alleviation, disaster
the Autonomous Province of Serbia, Vojvodina. Sec- risk reduction, and other sustainable development
tion 3 explains used materials and methods. Its first and resilience (e.g., the green economy, green jobs
subsection provides data and sources. The second and green growth). Simultaneously, efforts to mitigate
subsection describes research methods. The third climate change are gathering momentum and gener-
subsection summarizes the results of trends analyses ating changes within human society [18].
of selected climate variables in Vojvodina. Sections 4 Sustainable development considers all population
and 5 provide discussion and conclusions. issues, politics, economic, industrial development,
and climate change issues [2]. Vojvodina, as an au-
tonomous province of Serbia, located in the northern
2. Climate Change and Sustainable part of the country, is a territory with more stable cli-
Development mate parameters than other regions [19]. Vojvodina
area has a history of the negative rate of population
The term sustainable development came into change, which influences social planning and popu-
force when the World Commission on Environment lation vulnerability rate. To ensure sustainable devel-
and Development (WCED) was formed for the first opment Vojvodina region needs to overcome chal-
time by the United Nations in 1987. The term is lenges and develop hazard resistant society [20]. The
most often used to denote practices that are more sustainable development strategy of the Republic of
environmentally friendly than others [14]. Commis- Serbia, in which Vojvodina is the northern Province,
sion members [15] defined sustainable development identifies the Vojvodina region as crucial in ensuring

International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Vol 12 No 2 (2021)

Pavlović et al. 143

the sustainable economy of the country. At the same Senta – Novi Bečej (Tisza), Sremska Mitrovica
time, it is noticeable degradation of life quality in the (Sava). For all six profiles, equations of rating curves
Vojvodina region. The Autonomous Province of Vo- were provided based on observed rating curves. Hy-
jvodina (APV) economy constitutes almost a third of drometeorological data came from the Republic Hy-
the gross domestic product of the Republic of Serbia. drometeorological Service of Serbia.
In contrast, the gross domestic product per capita
exceeds the national average. The most developed 3.2 Research Methods
sectors of the industry include manufacturing, whole-
sale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and The research summarizes the 50-year annual and
motorcycles, agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, monthly air temperature and rainfall variations in Vo-
and professional, scientific, innovative, and technical jvodina's Province with the help of a linear tendency
activities. estimation and a climate trends statistical method. In
Vojvodina is the most important agricultural re- modern systems, temperature monitoring via various
gion of Serbia due to its high-quality soil types with temperature data loggers is of great importance for
high production values, the wealth of water and regu- the normal functioning of these systems [21]. Analy-
lated water regime [19]. It covers around 1.75 million ses of the trend of change of the relative air tempera-
hectares of farmland, accounting for about 34% of ture, extreme air temperatures, precipitation regime
the agricultural area in Serbia, while cultivated fields and rain factor were conducted. Based on this, the
and gardens encompass nearly half of arable land in intensity of climate change in Vojvodina's Province
Serbia [19]. Vojvodina provides over 90% of the total was evaluated. A meteorological drought index SPI6
production of sugar beet, sunflower and soybean in was used to estimate the long-term effect on water
Serbia and is famous for its production of grain and resources. Trends of four selected hydrological pa-
industrial crops [19]. As an agricultural area, Vojvo- rameters were assessed with the help of calculated
dina's economy is more than dependent on climate rating curves. The specific calculation methods used
variables and climate change. Regulatory actions are as follows:
require scientific input of climate change and envi- Linear trend, based on a sequence of pairs of
ronmental degradation trends. Studies have pointed values
out that global trends can be but are not necessarily
accompanied by the same local trends [13]. Thus, to
mitigate the effects of climate change in Vojvodina, it
was essential to review the trends of selected climate
parameters.
where X represents the time variable and Y pres-
3. Materials and Methods ents the changes to some phenomena in time, then
such a series of pairs of {Xi, Yi}, represents a time
series.
3.1 Source
Time series analysis observes tendency or trend
The original study of climate change trends [13] [22].
used monthly temperature and rainfall data over 50
years from 1950 to 2006 from seven Vojvodina sta-
tions. For a better overview of the hydrological re-
gime, six hydrological stations in the system of the
Republic Hydro-meteorological Service of Serbia Relevant to the research presented in this paper
were considered. The hydrological network of Vo- was the linear trend.
jvodina consists of three large rivers Danube, Sava The linear trend model shows the observed time
and Tisza and an extended network of streams and series's linear movement (positive or negative) values.
channels. Sava and Tisza, together with other streams The line of a linear trend model is made using the
in Vojvodina, are part of the Danube River Basin. method of least squares regression. The essence of
The Tisza, with its tributaries, provides a significant the least-squares process is that it minimizes the sum
contribution to the hydrological regime of Vojvodina. of squared deviations of all points of a given line to
Stations covered in analyses are Bezdan, Bogojevo, get the best line adapted to the series. Of all the lines
Novi Sad – Slankamen (Danube), Novi Kneževac, y = ax + b, the most likely direction of regression is

International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Vol 12 No 2 (2021)

144 Pavlović et al.

the one for which the sum of squares of deviations annual fluctuation of air temperature.
In this statement, the coldest month will have a
relative temperature of 0% and the hottest 100%. For
other months of the year, the relative air temperature
is derived from the relationship of the two differenc-
es: differences of the temperature of the observed
The sum of squares of deviation is minimal when and the coldest month and the temperature differ-
ence of the hottest and coldest months [23].
at the same time ( )
∂f a ,b ∂f ( a ,b )
= 0=i 0
∂a ∂b Precipitation regime (distribution within the year)
usually is represented with relative annual variations
∂f ( a ,b ) ∂f ( a ,b )
and
= 0= i 0 are valid. of precipitation [23]:
∂a ∂b

The final expression of the linear trend model is:

where: r is precipitation regime; Rx is the amount

of precipitation in the month with the most record-
ed precipitation; Rn is the amount of precipitation
where b is the constant, or the expected value of a in the driest month; Rg is the annual sum of precip-
time series for the observed period when the inde- itation. Less fluctuation we have the distribution of
pendent variable x equals 0, b = y. Coefficient a shows the precipitation is more balanced over the year, and
the average change of dependent variable y when in- otherwise.
dependent variable x goes up for a time unit. Lang's Rain factor presents the proportion be-
Relative temperature is of great importance in the tween the annual precipitation (mm) and the mean
analyses of the annual behavior of air temperature. air temperature (°C). Based on this ratio, Lang clas-
It is crucial for defining how close to continental cli- sified three humidity climate zones. He pointed out
mate is the climate of the region. The relative tem- types of natural vegetation, as shown in Table 1.
perature is calculated from the expression [13]: McKee et al. developed the Standardized Pre-
cipitation Index (SPI) [24]. Computation of the SPI
involves fitting a gamma probability density function
to a given frequency distribution of precipitation to-
tals for a station. The alpha and beta parameters of
the gamma probability density function are estimated
where: tr is relative air temperature for a particu- for each station for six months’ time scale. The SPI
lar month of the year and is expressed in percentage; represents the number of standard deviations above
ti mean temperature of the month; tI mean tempera- or below that an event is from the mean. Table 2
ture in the coldest month of the year; A is the mean describes the adopted scale of SPI.

Table 1. Raw data set from the real-time location sensors

Climate Rain Factor

Deserts 0-20
Arid
Semi deserts 20-40

Steppe 40-60

Humid Savanna 60-100

Bush and deciduous forest 100-160

Wet Rain forest > 160

International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Vol 12 No 2 (2021)

Pavlović et al. 145

Rating curve or the functional dependence of Q=f measure of the adequacy of the obtained functions.
(H) provides an unambiguous relation between the Tables 3 through 7 depict the rating curves for
discharge and water level. A functional dependency selected hydrological profiles.
is often in the polynomial form [25]:

4. Results and discussion

Tables 8 and 9 summarize the results of trends
analyses of selected climate variables in APV. As
seen from the presented, there can be expected a sig-
nificant local variability in climate change trends.
The changes that are listed have already taken
The parameters a, b, c, to k are determined by
place. An increase of average annual temperature
the least-squares method. Rating curves presented in
from over 0.5ºC to 1ºC during the last fifty years on
the paper were obtained from analysis of the experi-
Vojvodina's territory indicates that it follows glob-
mentally established curves of dependence between
al trends and locally has a more significant impact.
discharge and the stage, whereby the dependence
Vojvodina's natural features are already significantly
equations were determined using the ORIGIN 5.0
altered, but we need to be one step ahead of them
program through functional analysis of polynomial
to continue to keep pace with the changes. Research
fit. The coefficient of determination determines the
results in this paper are based on the period 1950–

Table 2. Adopted SPI values

Category SPI

Extremely wet > +2

Very wet from 1.50 to 1.99

Moderately wet from 1.00 to 1.49

Near normal from 0.99 to -0.99

Moderately dry from -1.00 to -1.40

Severely dry from -1.50 to -1.99

Extremely dry < -2

Table 3. Functional dependency of discharge from the stage (water level) (equations)

Station Functional dependency Q=f(H) (rating curves)

Bezdan y = 1062,28711 + 2,1838 x + 0,00827 x2

Bogojevo y = 203275,930.43 - 5708,57387 x + 40,00368 x2

Sremska
y = 1,44821 ∙ 108 - 7,69973 ∙ 106 x + 153468,561.04 x2 – 1359,18186 x3 + 4,51331 x4
Mitrovica

Table 4. Value of coefficient of determination for modelled functional dependencies

The value of the coefficient of determination R 2 for the resulting functional dependence
Station
Q=f(H)
Bezdan 1

Bogojevo 0.99981
Sremska
0.99703
Mitrovica

International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Vol 12 No 2 (2021)

146 Pavlović et al.

Table 5. The functional dependence of discharge at Novi Sad profile from the stage at Slankamen profile based on parameter curve

Functional dependence of Q = a + b1H + b2H2 for Novi Sad Coefficient of

The stage at Slankamen
(approximate values of coefficients) determination

Absolute value a b1 b2 R2

69 391356.82 -11497.3485 -11497.3485 1

70 352945.15 -10494.1342 77.9221 0.9984

71 269770.54 -8340.7738 63.9881 0.99843

72 100414.28 -3964.2857 35.7143 0.99843

73 -201010.00 3798.5714 -14.2857 0.99674

74 -476443.78 10613.9786 -56.3864 0.99534

75 -1187730.00 28550.6701 -169.4949 0.99668

76 -2919360.00 -2919360.00 -446.7219 0.99653

77 -5139760 124588.2961 -790.0920 0.99613

78 -9929120 246438.4991 -1527.4499 0.99485

Table 6. Equations were obtained based on parameter curves for discharge for the River Tisza at the hydrological s
tations Novi Kneževac

Stage at profile Novi Functional dependencies Q=f(H) for the Tisza at Novi Kneževac Coefficient of
Bečej 1 absolute (approximate values of coefficients) determination R2

71 y = 184617.433 – 5237.429 x + 37.143 x2 0.99933

72 y = 109449.999 – 3200.031 x + 23.334 x2 0.99972

73 y = 43640.2023 – 1477.617 x + 12.058 x2 0.99941

74 y = -1.337 ∙ 106 + 51387.826 x – 662.456 x2 + 2.869 x3 0.99982

75 y = -4.177 ∙ 107 + 2.085 ∙ 106 x – 39004.015 x2 + 324.154 x3 – 1.01 x4 0.99951

76 y = -1.268 ∙ 108 + 6.336 ∙ 106 x – 118707.06 x2 + 988.155 x3 – 3.084 x4 0.99873

77 y = -2.625 ∙ 108 + 1.302 ∙ 107 x – 242108.574 x2 + 2000.674 x3 – 6.198 x4 0.99922

78 y = -2.360 ∙ 107 + 877191.057 x – 10871.91 x2 + 44.945 x3 0.99794

79 y = -3.814 ∙ 107 + 1.405 ∙ 106 x – 17261.42 x2 + 70.723 x3 0.9977

80 y = -9.518 ∙ 107 + 3.487 ∙ 106 x – 42580.496 x2 + 173.378 x3 0.99834

1 Referent station is Novi Bečej G.V., due to inhomogenity and missing data for period 1950 –1981 hydrological profile Novi Bečej
was adopted as referent one.

International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Vol 12 No 2 (2021)

Pavlović et al. 147

Table 7. Equations were obtained based on parameter curves for discharge for the River Tisza at the hydrological stations Senta

Stage at profile Novi Functional dependencies Q=f(H) for the Tisza at Senta Coefficient of
Bečej 2 absolute (approximate values of coefficients) determination R2

71 y = 224278862 – 6404.572 x + 45.714 x2 0.99862

72 y = 78407.999 – 2441.636 x + 18.788 x2 0.99976

73 y = 16783.626 – 850.764 x + 8.516 x2 0.99926

74 y = -7.717 ∙ 107 + 3.959 ∙ 106 x – 76175.443 x2 + 651.145 x3 – 2.086 x4 0.99952

75 y = -1.71028 ∙ 108 + 8.705 ∙ 106 x – 166150.08 x2 + 1409.11 x3 – 4.48 x4 0.99892

76 y = -1.214 ∙ 107 + 460000.91 x – 5817.265 x2 + 24.552 x3 0.99796

77 y = -2.242 ∙ 107 + 842744.462 x – 10566.617 x2 + 44.195 x3 0.99723

78 y = -5.537 ∙ 107 + 2071510 x – 25838.156 x2 + 107.463 x3 0.99793

79 y = -9.394 ∙ 107 + 3485900 x – 43126.731 x2 + 177.896 x3 0.996

80 y = -2.45985 ∙ 108 + 9065820 x – 111387.136 x2 + 456.2433 x3 0.99942

2 Referent station is Novi Bečej G.V., due to inhomogenity and missing data for period 1950 –1981 hydrological profile Novi Bečej
was adopted as referent one.

Table 8. Trend and intensity of direction of change of the precipitation, annual precipitation regime, rain factor and SPI6 in 50 years,
on seven major meteorological stations in Vojvodina

Annual precipitation
Precipitation [mm] Rain factor [mm/°C] SPI6
regime [%]

Novi Sad 56.65 ↗ -0.49 ↘ -0.54 ↘ 0.00073 ↗

Palić 31.75 ↗ -0.65 ↘ 0.15 ↗ -0.00216 ↘
Sombor 25.28 ↗ -0.80 ↘ 2.37 ↗ -0.00814 ↘
Bačka 37.89 ↗ -0.64 ↘ 0.66 ↗ -0.00319 ↘
Zrenjanin -6.75 ↘ 2.16 ↗ 2.83 ↗ 0.00615 ↗
Kikinda -19.82 ↘ 0.35 ↗ 4.12 ↗ 0.00035 ↗
Vršac -2.93 ↘ 1.49 ↗ 0.87 ↗ 0.00235 ↗
Banat -9.83 ↘ 1.33 ↗ 2.61 ↗ 0.00295 ↗
Sremska
-40.32 ↘ -0.62 ↘ 6.03 ↗ -0.00500 ↘
Mitrovica
Vojvodina 7.99 ↗ 0.24 ↗ 2.12 ↗ -0.00066 ↘

Table 9. The mean annual discharge trend, maximum and minimum yearly stage and minimum monthly stages in 50 years, on six
major hydrological profiles in Vojvodina
River hydrological profile Mean annual discharge [m3/s] Maximum annual stage Minimum annual stage
Danube warm season cold season absolute units annual monthly
Bezdan ↘ ↘ ⇢ ↘ ↘
Bogojevo ↘ ↘ ↗ ↘ ↘
Novi Sad ↘ ↘ ↗ ↘ ↘
Tisza
Novi Knezevac ↗ ↘ ↗ ↗ ↗
Senta ↗ ↘ ↗ ↗ ↗
Sava
Sremska Mitrovica ↘ ↘ ↘ ↘ ↘

International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Vol 12 No 2 (2021)

148 Pavlović et al.

2006. A recent analysis [26]-[28] indicates that the re- which includes harmonization of "human" demands
gion's growing urbanization will only further intensify component (protection of property and human life)
environmental degradation and climate change. and "environmental" demands components (the pres-
The regional government of APV relies on Vo- ervation or restoration of the natural features and re-
jvodina resources for future development, especially sources within the floodplain) [30].
in the energy sector. The goals of the energy poli- Besides agriculture, impacts of observed climate
cy of the Republic of Serbia, as well as APV, are to change that are mandatory to consider are on the
construct new facilities satisfying the requirements groundwater and the consequences for the popula-
in terms of energy efficiency and use of Renewable tion, mainly through availability and quality of drink-
Energy Sources (RES), to replace fossil fuel with bio- ing water. It would be essential to conduct a feasibility
mass and other RES such as hydro and wind [24]. study on the available amount of water in river basins
All renewable energy resources are highly vulnerable and its impact on coastal cities and their industry. Vo-
to climate change effects and impacts [29]. The rise jvodina's regulators could
of temperature does not only mean a shorter heating Rural Tourism is one of the industry branches
season, but the disturbance of the entire course of the that can be significantly affected by changing climate.
current energy and heat supply methods that were Rural tourism is recognized as essential for future
based on stable temperature trends and well-estab- stabilization and sustainable growth of Vojvodina. It
lished seasons. Different RES competes for the same supports local production and enhances the coping
resources – water and soil, with other industries such capacities of small and medium villages to resist ur-
as agriculture and fishery. A detailed study on how banization or loss of residents due to migration to
the diverse function of RES is affected by different urban centers [31]. The current greatest challenge
users and the availability of RES for all stakeholders for the rural Vojvodina is ensuring sustainable water
is required [30]. supply for the communities and protection of water
As trend analysis indicates, the region would not resources from overuse of pesticides and industrial
be equally affected by upcoming changes; thus, re- chemicals [32]–[34].
gional plans would have to consider local deviances The industrial development of Vojvodina must
and incorporate them into development strategies for rely on the utilization of circular economy principles,
sustainable energy supply. Based on the examination green chemistry, and RES [34]. Vojvodina's chemi-
of average annual flow trends, it can be concluded cal and oil industry must seek alternatives and ensure
that the territory of Vojvodina is under the influence sustainability and growing employment opportunities
of climate changes that are significantly affecting and in the sectors. Recycling industries and new building
changing socio-economic strategy in the Province. materials, currently underutilized and without regu-
Due to the significant agricultural character of Vo- latory incentives, are opportunities that Vojvodina's
jvodina, it is required to consider the changes made regulator must inbuild in sustainability strategy [35]–
in the meteorological and hydrological developments [36].
while budgeting and planning. Also, it is necessary to
carry out studies of prevention and early warning, as 5. Conclusions
it is to expect intensification in hazard weather and
more frequent hazard events. As biomass energy sup- This study provides challenges to Vojvodina's
ply depends on regular supply and production, it is sustainable development based on analysis of long-
intrinsically connected with future agriculture strate- term trend changes of temperature and water flow.
gies. Vojvodina's political-social-environmental position
In terms of social and economic development in within Serbia and the European Union must clarify
Vojvodina, constant increase in the need for land use before establishing any detailed sustainability strate-
in flood zones can be expected, followed by a pro- gy. There is a general lack of ongoing systematic long-
gressive increase in the value of goods and increasing term regional climate studies and their incorporation
concentration of population. In case of further use in the regulatory framework. A review of published
of old approaches, protecting coastal areas would literature noted a lack of integrated studies address-
require a permanent and substantial investment in ing the circular economy, sustainable development,
facilities. Even with high economic investments, the green chemistry, social equality for the Vojvodina
risk of flooding could not be eliminated. Therefore, region. As Vojvodina's economy heavily relies on
to support sustainable development, it is necessary natural resources, it is essential to design local strate-
to strive for the integral concept of flood protection, gies that reflect the locals' climate change tendencies

International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Vol 12 No 2 (2021)

Pavlović et al. 149

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