PyGame: A Primer on Game Programming in Python about:reader?url=https://realpython.

com/pygame-a-primer/

realpython.com

PyGame: A Primer on Game

Programming in Python
Real Python

46-58 minutes

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the
Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to
deepen your understanding: Make a 2D Side-Scroller Game With
PyGame

When I started learning computer programming late in the last

millennium, it was driven by my desire to write computer games. I
tried to figure out how to write games in every language and on
every platform I learned, including Python. That’s how I discovered
pygame and learned how to use it to write games and other
graphical programs. At the time, I really wanted a primer on
pygame.

By the end of this article, you’ll be able to:

Draw items on your screen

Play sound effects and music

Handle user input

Implement event loops

Describe how game programming differs from standard procedural

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Python programming

This primer assumes you have a basic understanding of writing

Python programs, including user-defined functions, imports, loops,
and conditionals. You should also be familiar with how to open files
on your platform. A basic understanding of object-oriented Python
is helpful as well. pygame works with most versions of Python, but
Python 3.6 is recommended and used throughout this article.

You can get all of the code in this article to follow along:

Background and Setup

pygame is a Python wrapper for the SDL library, which stands for
Simple DirectMedia Layer. SDL provides cross-platform access
to your system’s underlying multimedia hardware components,
such as sound, video, mouse, keyboard, and joystick. pygame
started life as a replacement for the stalled PySDL project. The
cross-platform nature of both SDL and pygame means you can
write games and rich multimedia Python programs for every
platform that supports them!

To install pygame on your platform, use the appropriate pip

command:

You can verify the install by loading one of the examples that
comes with the library:

$ python3 -m pygame.examples.aliens

If a game window appears, then pygame is installed properly! If

you run into problems, then the Getting Started guide outlines
some known issues and caveats for all platforms.

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Basic PyGame Program

Before getting down to specifics, let’s take a look at a basic

pygame program. This program creates a window, fills the
background with white, and draws a blue circle in the middle of it:

1# Simple pygame program

2
3# Import and initialize the pygame library
4import pygame
5pygame.init()
6
7# Set up the drawing window
8screen = pygame.display.set_mode([500, 500])
9
10# Run until the user asks to quit
11running = True
12while running:
13
14 # Did the user click the window close
button?
15 for event in pygame.event.get():
16 if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
17 running = False
18
19 # Fill the background with white
20 screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
21
22 # Draw a solid blue circle in the center
23 pygame.draw.circle(screen, (0, 0, 255),

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(250, 250), 75)

24
25 # Flip the display
26 pygame.display.flip()
27
28# Done! Time to quit.
29pygame.quit()

When you run this program, you’ll see a window that looks like
this:

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Let’s break this code down, section by section:

Lines 4 and 5 import and initialize the pygame library. Without

these lines, there is no pygame.

Line 8 sets up your program’s display window. You provide either

a list or a tuple that specifies the width and height of the window to
create. This program uses a list to create a square window with
500 pixels on each side.

Lines 11 and 12 set up a game loop to control when the program

ends. You’ll cover game loops later on in this tutorial.

Lines 15 to 17 scan and handle events within the game loop.

You’ll get to events a bit later as well. In this case, the only event
handled is pygame.QUIT, which occurs when the user clicks the
window close button.

Line 20 fills the window with a solid color. screen.fill()

accepts either a list or tuple specifying the RGB values for the
color. Since (255, 255, 255) was provided, the window is filled
with white.

Line 23 draws a circle in the window, using the following

parameters:

screen: the window on which to draw

(0, 0, 255): a tuple containing RGB color values

(250, 250): a tuple specifying the center coordinates of the

circle

75: the radius of the circle to draw in pixels

Line 26 updates the contents of the display to the screen. Without

this call, nothing appears in the window!

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Line 29 exits pygame. This only happens once the loop finishes.

That’s the pygame version of “Hello, World.” Now let’s dig a little
deeper into the concepts behind this code.

PyGame Concepts

As pygame and the SDL library are portable across different

platforms and devices, they both need to define and work with
abstractions for various hardware realities. Understanding those
concepts and abstractions will help you design and develop your
own games.

Initialization and Modules

The pygame library is composed of a number of Python

constructs, which include several different modules. These
modules provide abstract access to specific hardware on your
system, as well as uniform methods to work with that hardware.
For example, display allows uniform access to your video
display, while joystick allows abstract control of your joystick.

After importing the pygame library in the example above, the first
thing you did was initialize PyGame using pygame.init(). This
function calls the separate init() functions of all the included
pygame modules. Since these modules are abstractions for
specific hardware, this initialization step is required so that you can
work with the same code on Linux, Windows, and Mac.

Displays and Surfaces

In addition to the modules, pygame also includes several Python

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classes, which encapsulate non-hardware dependent concepts.

One of these is the Surface which, at its most basic, defines a
rectangular area on which you can draw. Surface objects are
used in many contexts in pygame. Later you’ll see how to load an
image into a Surface and display it on the screen.

In pygame, everything is viewed on a single user-created

display, which can be a window or a full screen. The display is
created using .set_mode(), which returns a Surface
representing the visible part of the window. It is this Surface that
you pass into drawing functions like pygame.draw.circle(),
and the contents of that Surface are pushed to the display when
you call pygame.display.flip().

Images and Rects

Your basic pygame program drew a shape directly onto the

display’s Surface, but you can also work with images on the disk.
The image module allows you to load and save images in a
variety of popular formats. Images are loaded into Surface
objects, which can then be manipulated and displayed in
numerous ways.

As mentioned above, Surface objects are represented by

rectangles, as are many other objects in pygame, such as images
and windows. Rectangles are so heavily used that there is a
special Rect class just to handle them. You’ll be using Rect
objects and images in your game to draw players and enemies,
and to manage collisions between them.

Okay, that’s enough theory. Let’s design and write a game!

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Basic Game Design

Before you start writing any code, it’s always a good idea to have
some design in place. Since this is a tutorial game, let’s design
some basic gameplay for it as well:

The goal of the game is to avoid incoming obstacles:

The player starts on the left side of the screen.

The obstacles enter randomly from the right and move left in a
straight line.

The player can move left, right, up, or down to avoid the obstacles.

The player cannot move off the screen.

The game ends either when the player is hit by an obstacle or

when the user closes the window.

When he was describing software projects, a former colleague of

mine used to say, “You don’t know what you do until you know
what you don’t do.” With that in mind, here are some things that
won’t be covered in this tutorial:

No multiple lives

No scorekeeping

No player attack capabilities

No advancing levels

No boss characters

You’re free to try your hand at adding these and other features to
your own program.

Let’s get started!

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Importing and Initializing PyGame

After you import pygame, you’ll also need to initialize it. This
allows pygame to connect its abstractions to your specific
hardware:

1# Import the pygame module

2import pygame
3
4# Import pygame.locals for easier access to key
coordinates
5# Updated to conform to flake8 and black
standards
6from pygame.locals import (
7 K_UP,
8 K_DOWN,
9 K_LEFT,
10 K_RIGHT,
11 K_ESCAPE,
12 KEYDOWN,
13 QUIT,
14)
15
16# Initialize pygame
17pygame.init()

The pygame library defines many things besides modules and

classes. It also defines some local constants for things like
keystrokes, mouse movements, and display attributes. You
reference these constants using the syntax pygame.
<CONSTANT>. By importing specific constants from

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pygame.locals, you can use the syntax <CONSTANT> instead.

This will save you some keystrokes and improve overall
readability.

Setting Up the Display

Now you need something to draw on! Create a screen to be the

overall canvas:

1# Import the pygame module

2import pygame
3
4# Import pygame.locals for easier access to key
coordinates
5# Updated to conform to flake8 and black
standards
6from pygame.locals import (
7 K_UP,
8 K_DOWN,
9 K_LEFT,
10 K_RIGHT,
11 K_ESCAPE,
12 KEYDOWN,
13 QUIT,
14)
15
16# Initialize pygame
17pygame.init()
18
19# Define constants for the screen width and
height

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20SCREEN_WIDTH = 800
21SCREEN_HEIGHT = 600
22
23# Create the screen object
24# The size is determined by the constant
SCREEN_WIDTH and SCREEN_HEIGHT
25screen = pygame.display.set_mode((SCREEN_WIDTH,
SCREEN_HEIGHT))

You create the screen to use by calling

pygame.display.set_mode() and passing a tuple or list with
the desired width and height. In this case, the window is 800x600,
as defined by the constants SCREEN_WIDTH and
SCREEN_HEIGHT on lines 20 and 21. This returns a Surface
which represents the inside dimensions of the window. This is the
portion of the window you can control, while the OS controls the
window borders and title bar.

If you run this program now, then you’ll see a window pop up
briefly and then immediately disappear as the program exits. Don’t
blink or you might miss it! In the next section, you’ll focus on the
main game loop to ensure that your program exits only when given
the correct input.

Setting Up the Game Loop

Every game from Pong to Fortnite uses a game loop to control

gameplay. The game loop does four very important things:

1. Processes user input

2. Updates the state of all game objects

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3. Updates the display and audio output

4. Maintains the speed of the game

Every cycle of the game loop is called a frame, and the quicker
you can do things each cycle, the faster your game will run.
Frames continue to occur until some condition to exit the game is
met. In your design, there are two conditions that can end the
game loop:

1. The player collides with an obstacle. (You’ll cover collision

detection later.)

2. The player closes the window.

The first thing the game loop does is process user input to allow
the player to move around the screen. Therefore, you need some
way to capture and process a variety of input. You do this using
the pygame event system.

Processing Events

Key presses, mouse movements, and even joystick movements

are some of the ways in which a user can provide input. All user
input results in an event being generated. Events can happen at
any time and often (but not always) originate outside the program.
All events in pygame are placed in the event queue, which can
then be accessed and manipulated. Dealing with events is referred
to as handling them, and the code to do so is called an event
handler.

Every event in pygame has an event type associated with it. For
your game, the event types you’ll focus on are keypresses and
window closure. Keypress events have the event type KEYDOWN,

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and the window closure event has the type QUIT. Different event
types may also have other data associated with them. For
example, the KEYDOWN event type also has a variable called key
to indicate which key was pressed.

You access the list of all active events in the queue by calling
pygame.event.get(). You then loop through this list, inspect
each event type, and respond accordingly:

27# Variable to keep the main loop running

28running = True
29
30# Main loop
31while running:
32 # Look at every event in the queue
33 for event in pygame.event.get():
34 # Did the user hit a key?
35 if event.type == KEYDOWN:
36 # Was it the Escape key? If so,
stop the loop.
37 if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
38 running = False
39
40 # Did the user click the window close
button? If so, stop the loop.
41 elif event.type == QUIT:
42 running = False

Let’s take a closer look at this game loop:

Line 28 sets up a control variable for the game loop. To exit the
loop and the game, you set running = False. The game loop

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starts on line 29.

Line 31 starts the event handler, walking through every event

currently in the event queue. If there are no events, then the list is
empty, and the handler won’t do anything.

Lines 35 to 38 check if the current event.type is a KEYDOWN

event. If it is, then the program checks which key was pressed by
looking at the event.key attribute. If the key is the Esc key,
indicated by K_ESCAPE, then it exits the game loop by setting
running = False.

Lines 41 and 42 do a similar check for the event type called QUIT.
This event only occurs when the user clicks the window close
button. The user may also use any other operating system action
to close the window.

When you add these lines to the previous code and run it, you’ll
see a window with a blank or black screen:

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The window won’t disappear until you press the Esc key, or
otherwise trigger a QUIT event by closing the window.

Drawing on the Screen

In the sample program, you drew on the screen using two

commands:

1. screen.fill() to fill the background

2. pygame.draw.circle() to draw a circle

Now you’ll learn about a third way to draw to the screen: using a
Surface.

Recall that a Surface is a rectangular object on which you can

draw, like a blank sheet of paper. The screen object is a
Surface, and you can create your own Surface objects
separate from the display screen. Let’s see how that works:

44# Fill the screen with white

45screen.fill((255, 255, 255))
46
47# Create a surface and pass in a tuple
containing its length and width
48surf = pygame.Surface((50, 50))
49
50# Give the surface a color to separate it from
the background
51surf.fill((0, 0, 0))
52rect = surf.get_rect()

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After the screen is filled with white on line 45, a new Surface is
created on line 48. This Surface is 50 pixels wide, 50 pixels tall,
and assigned to surf. At this point, you treat it just like the
screen. So on line, 51 you fill it with black. You can also access
its underlying Rect using .get_rect(). This is stored as rect
for later use.

Using .blit() and .flip()

Just creating a new Surface isn’t enough to see it on the screen.

To do that, you need to blit the Surface onto another Surface.
The term blit stands for Block Transfer, and .blit() is how
you copy the contents of one Surface to another. You can only
.blit() from one Surface to another, but since the screen is
just another Surface, that’s not a problem. Here’s how you draw
surf on the screen:

54# This line says "Draw surf onto the screen at

the center"
55screen.blit(surf, (SCREEN_WIDTH/2,
SCREEN_HEIGHT/2))
56pygame.display.flip()

The .blit() call on line 55 takes two arguments:

1. The Surface to draw

2. The location at which to draw it on the source Surface

The coordinates (SCREEN_WIDTH/2, SCREEN_HEIGHT/2) tell

your program to place surf in the exact center of the screen, but
it doesn’t quite look that way:

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The reason why the image looks off-center is that .blit() puts
the top-left corner of surf at the location given. If you want surf
to be centered, then you’ll have to do some math to shift it up and
to the left. You can do this by subtracting the width and height of
surf from the width and height of the screen, dividing each by 2
to locate the center, and then passing those numbers as
arguments to screen.blit():

54# Put the center of surf at the center of the

display
55surf_center = (
56 (SCREEN_WIDTH-surf.get_width())/2,
57 (SCREEN_HEIGHT-surf.get_height())/2
58)
59

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60# Draw surf at the new coordinates

61screen.blit(surf, surf_center)
62pygame.display.flip()

Notice the call to pygame.display.flip() after the call to

blit(). This updates the entire screen with everything that’s
been drawn since the last flip. Without the call to .flip(),
nothing is shown.

Sprites

In your game design, the player starts on the left, and obstacles
come in from the right. You can represent all the obstacles with
Surface objects to make drawing everything easier, but how do
you know where to draw them? How do you know if an obstacle
has collided with the player? What happens when the obstacle
flies off the screen? What if you want to draw background images
that also move? What if you want your images to be animated?
You can handle all these situations and more with sprites.

In programming terms, a sprite is a 2D representation of

something on the screen. Essentially, it’s a picture. pygame
provides a Sprite class, which is designed to hold one or several
graphical representations of any game object that you want to
display on the screen. To use it, you create a new class that
extends Sprite. This allows you to use its built-in methods.

Players

Here’s how you use Sprite objects with the current game to
define the player. Insert this code after line 18:

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20# Define a Player object by extending

pygame.sprite.Sprite
21# The surface drawn on the screen is now an
attribute of 'player'
22class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
23 def __init__(self):
24 super(Player, self).__init__()
25 self.surf = pygame.Surface((75, 25))
26 self.surf.fill((255, 255, 255))
27 self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()

You first define Player by extending pygame.sprite.Sprite

on line 22. Then .__init__() uses .super() to call the
.__init__() method of Sprite. For more info on why this is
necessary, you can read Supercharge Your Classes With Python
super().

Next, you define and initialize .surf to hold the image to display,
which is currently a white box. You also define and initialize
.rect, which you’ll use to draw the player later. To use this new
class, you need to create a new object and change the drawing
code as well. Expand the code block below to see it all together:

1# Import the pygame module

2import pygame
3
4# Import pygame.locals for easier access to key
coordinates
5# Updated to conform to flake8 and black
standards
6from pygame.locals import (

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7 K_UP,
8 K_DOWN,
9 K_LEFT,
10 K_RIGHT,
11 K_ESCAPE,
12 KEYDOWN,
13 QUIT,
14)
15
16# Define constants for the screen width and
height
17SCREEN_WIDTH = 800
18SCREEN_HEIGHT = 600
19
20# Define a player object by extending
pygame.sprite.Sprite
21# The surface drawn on the screen is now an
attribute of 'player'
22class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
23 def __init__(self):
24 super(Player, self).__init__()
25 self.surf = pygame.Surface((75, 25))
26 self.surf.fill((255, 255, 255))
27 self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
28
29# Initialize pygame
30pygame.init()
31
32# Create the screen object
33# The size is determined by the constant

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SCREEN_WIDTH and SCREEN_HEIGHT

34screen = pygame.display.set_mode((SCREEN_WIDTH,
SCREEN_HEIGHT))
35
36# Instantiate player. Right now, this is just a
rectangle.
37player = Player()
38
39# Variable to keep the main loop running
40running = True
41
42# Main loop
43while running:
44 # for loop through the event queue
45 for event in pygame.event.get():
46 # Check for KEYDOWN event
47 if event.type == KEYDOWN:
48 # If the Esc key is pressed, then
exit the main loop
49 if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
50 running = False
51 # Check for QUIT event. If QUIT, then
set running to false.
52 elif event.type == QUIT:
53 running = False
54
55 # Fill the screen with black
56 screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
57
58 # Draw the player on the screen

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59 screen.blit(player.surf, (SCREEN_WIDTH/2,
SCREEN_HEIGHT/2))
60
61 # Update the display
62 pygame.display.flip()

Run this code. You’ll see a white rectangle at roughly the middle of
the screen:

What do you think would happen if you changed line 59 to

screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)? Try it and see:

55# Fill the screen with black

56screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
57
58# Draw the player on the screen

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59screen.blit(player.surf, player.rect)
60
61# Update the display
62pygame.display.flip()

When you pass a Rect to .blit(), it uses the coordinates of the

top left corner to draw the surface. You’ll use this later to make
your player move!

User Input

So far, you’ve learned how to set up pygame and draw objects on

the screen. Now, the real fun starts! You’ll make the player
controllable using the keyboard.

Earlier, you saw that pygame.event.get() returns a list of the

events in the event queue, which you scan for KEYDOWN event
types. Well, that’s not the only way to read keypresses. pygame
also provides pygame.event.get_pressed(), which returns a
dictionary containing all the current KEYDOWN events in the queue.

Put this in your game loop right after the event handling loop. This
returns a dictionary containing the keys pressed at the beginning
of every frame:

54# Get the set of keys pressed and check for

user input
55pressed_keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()

Next, you write a method in Player to accepts that dictionary.

This will define the behavior of the sprite based off the keys that
are pressed. Here’s what that might look like:

29# Move the sprite based on user keypresses

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30def update(self, pressed_keys):

31 if pressed_keys[K_UP]:
32 self.rect.move_ip(0, -5)
33 if pressed_keys[K_DOWN]:
34 self.rect.move_ip(0, 5)
35 if pressed_keys[K_LEFT]:
36 self.rect.move_ip(-5, 0)
37 if pressed_keys[K_RIGHT]:
38 self.rect.move_ip(5, 0)

K_UP, K_DOWN, K_LEFT, and K_RIGHT correspond to the arrow

keys on the keyboard. If the dictionary entry for that key is True,
then that key is down, and you move the player .rect in the
proper direction. Here you use .move_ip(), which stands for
move in place, to move the current Rect.

Then you can call .update() every frame to move the player
sprite in response to keypresses. Add this call right after the call to
.get_pressed():

52# Main loop

53while running:
54 # for loop through the event queue
55 for event in pygame.event.get():
56 # Check for KEYDOWN event
57 if event.type == KEYDOWN:
58 # If the Esc key is pressed, then
exit the main loop
59 if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
60 running = False
61 # Check for QUIT event. If QUIT, then

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set running to false.

62 elif event.type == QUIT:
63 running = False
64
65 # Get all the keys currently pressed
66 pressed_keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
67
68 # Update the player sprite based on user
keypresses
69 player.update(pressed_keys)
70
71 # Fill the screen with black
72 screen.fill((0, 0, 0))

Now you can move your player rectangle around the screen with
the arrow keys:

You may notice two small problems:

1. The player rectangle can move very fast if a key is held down.

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You’ll work on that later.

2. The player rectangle can move off the screen. Let’s solve that one
now.

To keep the player on the screen, you need to add some logic to
detect if the rect is going to move off screen. To do that, you
check whether the rect coordinates have moved beyond the
screen’s boundary. If so, then you instruct the program to move it
back to the edge:

25# Move the sprite based on user keypresses

26def update(self, pressed_keys):
27 if pressed_keys[K_UP]:
28 self.rect.move_ip(0, -5)
29 if pressed_keys[K_DOWN]:
30 self.rect.move_ip(0, 5)
31 if pressed_keys[K_LEFT]:
32 self.rect.move_ip(-5, 0)
33 if pressed_keys[K_RIGHT]:
34 self.rect.move_ip(5, 0)
35
36 # Keep player on the screen
37 if self.rect.left < 0:
38 self.rect.left = 0
39 if self.rect.right > SCREEN_WIDTH:
40 self.rect.right = SCREEN_WIDTH
41 if self.rect.top <= 0:
42 self.rect.top = 0
43 if self.rect.bottom >= SCREEN_HEIGHT:
44 self.rect.bottom = SCREEN_HEIGHT

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Here, instead of using .move(), you just change the

corresponding coordinates of .top, .bottom, .left, or .right
directly. Test this, and you’ll find the player rectangle can no longer
move off the screen.

Now let’s add some enemies!

Enemies

What’s a game without enemies? You’ll use the techniques you’ve

already learned to create a basic enemy class, then create a lot of
them for your player to avoid. First, import the random library:

4# Import random for random numbers

5import random

Then create a new sprite class called Enemy, following the same
pattern you used for Player:

55# Define the enemy object by extending

pygame.sprite.Sprite
56# The surface you draw on the screen is now an
attribute of 'enemy'
57class Enemy(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
58 def __init__(self):
59 super(Enemy, self).__init__()
60 self.surf = pygame.Surface((20, 10))
61 self.surf.fill((255, 255, 255))
62 self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
63 center=(
64 random.randint(SCREEN_WIDTH +
20, SCREEN_WIDTH + 100),
65 random.randint(0,

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SCREEN_HEIGHT),
66 )
67 )
68 self.speed = random.randint(5, 20)
69
70 # Move the sprite based on speed
71 # Remove the sprite when it passes the left
edge of the screen
72 def update(self):
73 self.rect.move_ip(-self.speed, 0)
74 if self.rect.right < 0:
75 self.kill()

There are four notable differences between Enemy and Player:

1. On lines 62 to 67, you update rect to be a random location along

the right edge of the screen. The center of the rectangle is just off
the screen. It’s located at some position between 20 and 100
pixels away from the right edge, and somewhere between the top
and bottom edges.

2. On line 68, you define .speed as a random number between 5

and 20. This specifies how fast this enemy moves towards the
player.

3. On lines 73 to 76, you define .update(). It takes no arguments

since enemies move automatically. Instead, .update() moves
the enemy toward the left side of the screen at the .speed
defined when it was created.

4. On line 74, you check whether the enemy has moved off-screen.
To make sure the Enemy is fully off the screen and won’t just
disappear while it’s still visible, you check that the right side of the

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.rect has gone past the left side of the screen. Once the enemy
is off-screen, you call .kill() to prevent it from being processed
further.

So, what does .kill() do? To figure this out, you have to know
about Sprite Groups.

Sprite Groups

Another super useful class that pygame provides is the Sprite

Group. This is an object that holds a group of Sprite objects. So
why use it? Can’t you just track your Sprite objects in a list
instead? Well, you can, but the advantage of using a Group lies in
the methods it exposes. These methods help to detect whether
any Enemy has collided with the Player, which makes updates
much easier.

Let’s see how to create sprite groups. You’ll create two different
Group objects:

1. The first Group will hold every Sprite in the game.

2. The second Group will hold just the Enemy objects.

Here’s what that looks like in code:

82# Create the 'player'

83player = Player()
84
85# Create groups to hold enemy sprites and all
sprites
86# - enemies is used for collision detection and
position updates
87# - all_sprites is used for rendering

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88enemies = pygame.sprite.Group()
89all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group()
90all_sprites.add(player)
91
92# Variable to keep the main loop running
93running = True

When you call .kill(), the Sprite is removed from every

Group to which it belongs. This removes the references to the
Sprite as well, which allows Python’s garbage collector to
reclaim the memory as necessary.

Now that you have an all_sprites group, you can change how
objects are drawn. Instead of calling .blit() on just Player,
you can iterate over everything in all_sprites:

117# Fill the screen with black

118screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
119
120# Draw all sprites
121for entity in all_sprites:
122 screen.blit(entity.surf, entity.rect)
123
124# Flip everything to the display
125pygame.display.flip()

Now, anything put into all_sprites will be drawn with every

frame, whether it’s an enemy or the player.

There’s just one problem… You don’t have any enemies! You
could create a bunch of enemies at the beginning of the game, but
the game would quickly become boring when they all left the
screen a few seconds later. Instead, let’s explore how to keep a

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steady supply of enemies coming as the game progresses.

Custom Events

The design calls for enemies to appear at regular intervals. This

means that at set intervals, you need to do two things:

1. Create a new Enemy.

2. Add it to all_sprites and enemies.

You already have code that handles random events. The event
loop is designed to look for random events occurring every frame
and deal with them appropriately. Luckily, pygame doesn’t restrict
you to using only the event types it has defined. You can define
your own events to handle as you see fit.

Let’s see how to create a custom event that’s generated every few
seconds. You can create a custom event by naming it:

78# Create the screen object

79# The size is determined by the constant
SCREEN_WIDTH and SCREEN_HEIGHT
80screen = pygame.display.set_mode((SCREEN_WIDTH,
SCREEN_HEIGHT))
81
82# Create a custom event for adding a new enemy
83ADDENEMY = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
84pygame.time.set_timer(ADDENEMY, 250)
85
86# Instantiate player. Right now, this is just a
rectangle.
87player = Player()

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pygame defines events internally as integers, so you need to

define a new event with a unique integer. The last event pygame
reserves is called USEREVENT, so defining ADDENEMY =
pygame.USEREVENT + 1 on line 83 ensures it’s unique.

Next, you need to insert this new event into the event queue at
regular intervals throughout the game. That’s where the time
module comes in. Line 84 fires the new ADDENEMY event every
250 milliseconds, or four times per second. You call
.set_timer() outside the game loop since you only need one
timer, but it will fire throughout the entire game.

Add the code to handle your new event:

100# Main loop

101while running:
102 # Look at every event in the queue
103 for event in pygame.event.get():
104 # Did the user hit a key?
105 if event.type == KEYDOWN:
106 # Was it the Escape key? If so,
stop the loop.
107 if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
108 running = False
109
110 # Did the user click the window close
button? If so, stop the loop.
111 elif event.type == QUIT:
112 running = False
113
114 # Add a new enemy?

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115 elif event.type == ADDENEMY:

116 # Create the new enemy and add it
to sprite groups
117 new_enemy = Enemy()
118 enemies.add(new_enemy)
119 all_sprites.add(new_enemy)
120
121 # Get the set of keys pressed and check
for user input
122 pressed_keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
123 player.update(pressed_keys)
124
125 # Update enemy position
126 enemies.update()

Whenever the event handler sees the new ADDENEMY event on

line 115, it creates an Enemy and adds it to enemies and
all_sprites. Since Enemy is in all_sprites, it will get drawn
every frame. You also need to call enemies.update() on line
126, which updates everything in enemies, to ensure they move
properly:

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However, that’s not the only reason there’s a group for just
enemies.

Collision Detection

Your game design calls for the game to end whenever an enemy
collides with the player. Checking for collisions is a basic technique
of game programming, and usually requires some non-trivial math
to determine whether two sprites will overlap each other.

This is where a framework like pygame comes in handy! Writing

collision detection code is tedious, but pygame has a LOT of
collision detection methods available for you to use.

For this tutorial, you’ll use a method called

.spritecollideany(), which is read as “sprite collide any.”
This method accepts a Sprite and a Group as parameters. It
looks at every object in the Group and checks if its .rect
intersects with the .rect of the Sprite. If so, then it returns
True. Otherwise, it returns False. This is perfect for this game
since you need to check if the single player collides with one of a
Group of enemies.

Here’s what that looks like in code:

130# Draw all sprites

131for entity in all_sprites:
132 screen.blit(entity.surf, entity.rect)
133
134# Check if any enemies have collided with the

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player
135if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(player,
enemies):
136 # If so, then remove the player and stop
the loop
137 player.kill()
138 running = False

Line 135 tests whether player has collided with any of the
objects in enemies. If so, then player.kill() is called to
remove it from every group to which it belongs. Since the only
objects being rendered are in all_sprites, the player will no
longer be rendered. Once the player has been killed, you need to
exit the game as well, so you set running = False to break out
of the game loop on line 138.

At this point, you’ve got the basic elements of a game in place:

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Now, let’s dress it up a bit, make it more playable, and add some
advanced capabilities to help it stand out.

Sprite Images

Alright, you have a game, but let’s be honest… It’s kind of ugly.
The player and enemies are just white blocks on a black
background. That was state-of-the-art when Pong was new, but it
just doesn’t cut it anymore. Let’s replace all those boring white
rectangles with some cooler images that will make the game feel
like an actual game.

Earlier, you learned that images on disk can be loaded into a

Surface with some help from the image module. For this tutorial,
we made a little jet for the player and some missiles for the
enemies. You’re welcome to use this art, draw your own, or
download some free game art assets to use. You can click the link
below to download the art used in this tutorial:

Altering the Object Constructors

Before you use images to represent the player and enemy sprites,
you need to make some changes to their constructors. The code
below replaces the code used previously:

7# Import pygame.locals for easier access to key

coordinates
8# Updated to conform to flake8 and black
standards
9# from pygame.locals import *
10from pygame.locals import (

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11 RLEACCEL,
12 K_UP,
13 K_DOWN,
14 K_LEFT,
15 K_RIGHT,
16 K_ESCAPE,
17 KEYDOWN,
18 QUIT,
19)
20
21# Define constants for the screen width and
height
22SCREEN_WIDTH = 800
23SCREEN_HEIGHT = 600
24
25
26# Define the Player object by extending
pygame.sprite.Sprite
27# Instead of a surface, use an image for a
better-looking sprite
28class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
29 def __init__(self):
30 super(Player, self).__init__()
31 self.surf =
pygame.image.load("jet.png").convert()
32 self.surf.set_colorkey((255, 255, 255),
RLEACCEL)
33 self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()

Let’s unpack line 31 a bit. pygame.image.load() loads an

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image from the disk. You pass it a path to the file. It returns a
Surface, and the .convert() call optimizes the Surface,
making future .blit() calls faster.

Line 32 uses .set_colorkey() to indicate the color pygame will

render as transparent. In this case, you choose white, because
that’s the background color of the jet image. The RLEACCEL
constant is an optional parameter that helps pygame render more
quickly on non-accelerated displays. This is added to the
pygame.locals import statement on line 11.

Nothing else needs to change. The image is still a Surface,

except now it has a picture painted on it. You still use it in the
same way.

Here’s what similar changes to the Enemy look like:

59# Define the enemy object by extending

pygame.sprite.Sprite
60# Instead of a surface, use an image for a
better-looking sprite
61class Enemy(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
62 def __init__(self):
63 super(Enemy, self).__init__()
64 self.surf =
pygame.image.load("missile.png").convert()
65 self.surf.set_colorkey((255, 255, 255),
RLEACCEL)
66 # The starting position is randomly
generated, as is the speed
67 self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
68 center=(

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69 random.randint(SCREEN_WIDTH +
20, SCREEN_WIDTH + 100),
70 random.randint(0,
SCREEN_HEIGHT),
71 )
72 )
73 self.speed = random.randint(5, 20)

Running the program now should show that this is the same game
you had before, except now you’ve added some nice graphics
skins with images. But why stop at just making the player and
enemy sprites look nice? Let’s add a few clouds going past to give
the impression of a jet flying through the sky.

Adding Background Images

For background clouds, you use the same principles as you did for
Player and Enemy:

1. Create the Cloud class.

2. Add an image of a cloud to it.

3. Create a method .update() that moves the cloud toward the

left side of the screen.

4. Create a custom event and handler to create new cloud objects

at a set time interval.

5. Add the newly created cloud objects to a new Group called

clouds.

6. Update and draw the clouds in your game loop.

Here’s what Cloud looks like:

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83# Define the cloud object by extending

pygame.sprite.Sprite
84# Use an image for a better-looking sprite
85class Cloud(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
86 def __init__(self):
87 super(Cloud, self).__init__()
88 self.surf =
pygame.image.load("cloud.png").convert()
89 self.surf.set_colorkey((0, 0, 0),
RLEACCEL)
90 # The starting position is randomly
generated
91 self.rect = self.surf.get_rect(
92 center=(
93 random.randint(SCREEN_WIDTH +
20, SCREEN_WIDTH + 100),
94 random.randint(0,
SCREEN_HEIGHT),
95 )
96 )
97
98 # Move the cloud based on a constant speed
99 # Remove the cloud when it passes the left
edge of the screen
100 def update(self):
101 self.rect.move_ip(-5, 0)
102 if self.rect.right < 0:
103 self.kill()

That should all look very familiar. It’s pretty much the same as

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Enemy.

To have clouds appear at certain intervals, you’ll use event

creation code similar to what you used to create new enemies. Put
it right below the enemy creation event:

116# Create custom events for adding a new enemy

and a cloud
117ADDENEMY = pygame.USEREVENT + 1
118pygame.time.set_timer(ADDENEMY, 250)
119ADDCLOUD = pygame.USEREVENT + 2
120pygame.time.set_timer(ADDCLOUD, 1000)

This says to wait 1000 milliseconds, or one second, before

creating the next cloud.

Next, create a new Group to hold each newly created cloud:

125# Create groups to hold enemy sprites, cloud

sprites, and all sprites
126# - enemies is used for collision detection
and position updates
127# - clouds is used for position updates
128# - all_sprites is used for rendering
129enemies = pygame.sprite.Group()
130clouds = pygame.sprite.Group()
131all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group()
132all_sprites.add(player)

Next, add a handler for the new ADDCLOUD event in the event
handler:

137# Main loop

138while running:

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139 # Look at every event in the queue

140 for event in pygame.event.get():
141 # Did the user hit a key?
142 if event.type == KEYDOWN:
143 # Was it the Escape key? If so,
then stop the loop.
144 if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
145 running = False
146
147 # Did the user click the window close
button? If so, stop the loop.
148 elif event.type == QUIT:
149 running = False
150
151 # Add a new enemy?
152 elif event.type == ADDENEMY:
153 # Create the new enemy and add it
to sprite groups
154 new_enemy = Enemy()
155 enemies.add(new_enemy)
156 all_sprites.add(new_enemy)
157
158 # Add a new cloud?
159 elif event.type == ADDCLOUD:
160 # Create the new cloud and add it
to sprite groups
161 new_cloud = Cloud()
162 clouds.add(new_cloud)
163 all_sprites.add(new_cloud)

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Finally, make sure the clouds are updated every frame:

167# Update the position of enemies and clouds

168enemies.update()
169clouds.update()
170
171# Fill the screen with sky blue
172screen.fill((135, 206, 250))

Line 172 updates the original screen.fill() to fill the screen

with a pleasant sky blue color. You can change this color to
something else. Maybe you want an alien world with a purple sky,
a toxic wasteland in neon green, or the surface of Mars in red!

Note that each new Cloud and Enemy are added to

all_sprites as well as clouds and enemies. This is done
because each group is used for a separate purpose:

Rendering is done using all_sprites.

Position updates are done using clouds and enemies.

Collision detection is done using enemies.

You create multiple groups so that you can change the way sprites
move or behave without impacting the movement or behavior of
other sprites.

Game Speed

While testing the game you may have noticed that the enemies
move a little fast. If not, then that’s okay, as different machines will
see different results at this point.

The reason for this is that the game loop processes frames as fast

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as the processor and environment will allow. Since all the sprites
move once per frame, they can move hundreds of times each
second. The number of frames handled each second is called the
frame rate, and getting this right is the difference between a
playable game and a forgettable one.

Normally, you want as high a frame rate as possible, but for this
game, you need to slow it down a bit for the game to be playable.
Fortunately, the module time contains a Clock which is designed
exactly for this purpose.

Using Clock to establish a playable frame rate requires just two

lines of code. The first creates a new Clock before the game loop
begins:

106# Setup the clock for a decent framerate

107clock = pygame.time.Clock()

The second calls .tick() to inform pygame that the program has
reached the end of the frame:

188# Flip everything to the display

189pygame.display.flip()
190
191# Ensure program maintains a rate of 30 frames
per second
192clock.tick(30)

The argument passed to .tick() establishes the desired frame

rate. To do this, .tick() calculates the number of milliseconds
each frame should take, based on the desired frame rate. Then, it
compares that number to the number of milliseconds that have
passed since the last time .tick() was called. If not enough time

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has passed, then .tick() delays processing to ensure that it

never exceeds the specified frame rate.

Passing in a smaller frame rate will result in more time in each

frame for calculations, while a larger frame rate provides smoother
(and possibly faster) gameplay:

Play around with this number to see what feels best for you!

Sound Effects

So far, you’ve focused on gameplay and the visual aspects of your

game. Now let’s explore giving your game some auditory flavor as
well. pygame provides mixer to handle all sound-related
activities. You’ll use this module’s classes and methods to provide
background music and sound effects for various actions.

The name mixer refers to the fact that the module mixes various
sounds into a cohesive whole. Using the music sub-module, you
can stream individual sound files in a variety of formats, such as
MP3, Ogg, and Mod. You can also use Sound to hold a single

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sound effect to be played, in either Ogg or uncompressed WAV

formats. All playback happens in the background, so when you
play a Sound, the method returns immediately as the sound plays.

As with most things pygame, using mixer starts with an

initialization step. Luckily, this is already handled by
pygame.init(). You only need to call pygame.mixer.init()
if you want to change the defaults:

106# Setup for sounds. Defaults are good.

107pygame.mixer.init()
108
109# Initialize pygame
110pygame.init()
111
112# Set up the clock for a decent framerate
113clock = pygame.time.Clock()

pygame.mixer.init() accepts a number of arguments, but the

defaults work fine in most cases. Note that if you want to change
the defaults, you need to call pygame.mixer.init() before
calling pygame.init(). Otherwise, the defaults will be in effect
regardless of your changes.

After the system is initialized, you can get your sounds and
background music setup:

135# Load and play background music

136# Sound source: http://ccmixter.org/files
/Apoxode/59262
137# License: https://creativecommons.org
/licenses/by/3.0/
138pygame.mixer.music.load("Apoxode_-

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_Electric_1.mp3")
139pygame.mixer.music.play(loops=-1)
140
141# Load all sound files
142# Sound sources: Jon Fincher
143move_up_sound =
pygame.mixer.Sound("Rising_putter.ogg")
144move_down_sound =
pygame.mixer.Sound("Falling_putter.ogg")
145collision_sound =
pygame.mixer.Sound("Collision.ogg")

Lines 138 and 139 load a background sound clip and begin
playing it. You can tell the sound clip to loop and never end by
setting the named parameter loops=-1.

Lines 143 to 145 load three sounds you’ll use for various sound
effects. The first two are rising and falling sounds, which are
played when the player moves up or down. The last is the sound
used whenever there is a collision. You can add other sounds as
well, such as a sound for whenever an Enemy is created, or a final
sound for when the game ends.

So, how do you use the sound effects? You want to play each
sound when a certain event occurs. For example, when the ship
moves up, you want to play move_up_sound. Therefore, you add
a call to .play() whenever you handle that event. In the design,
that means adding the following calls to .update() for Player:

26# Define the Player object by extending

pygame.sprite.Sprite
27# Instead of a surface, use an image for a

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better-looking sprite
28class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
29 def __init__(self):
30 super(Player, self).__init__()
31 self.surf =
pygame.image.load("jet.png").convert()
32 self.surf.set_colorkey((255, 255, 255),
RLEACCEL)
33 self.rect = self.surf.get_rect()
34
35 # Move the sprite based on keypresses
36 def update(self, pressed_keys):
37 if pressed_keys[K_UP]:
38 self.rect.move_ip(0, -5)
39 move_up_sound.play()
40 if pressed_keys[K_DOWN]:
41 self.rect.move_ip(0, 5)
42 move_down_sound.play()

For a collision between the player and an enemy, you play the
sound for when collisions are detected:

201# Check if any enemies have collided with the

player
202if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(player,
enemies):
203 # If so, then remove the player
204 player.kill()
205
206 # Stop any moving sounds and play the
collision sound

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207 move_up_sound.stop()
208 move_down_sound.stop()
209 collision_sound.play()
210
211 # Stop the loop
212 running = False

Here, you stop any other sound effects first, because in a collision
the player is no longer moving. Then you play the collision sound
and continue execution from there.

Finally, when the game is over, all sounds should stop. This is true
whether the game ends due to a collision or the user exits
manually. To do this, add the following lines at the end of the
program after the loop:

220# All done! Stop and quit the mixer.

221pygame.mixer.music.stop()
222pygame.mixer.quit()

Technically, these last few lines are not required, as the program
ends right after this. However, if you decide later on to add an intro
screen or an exit screen to your game, then there may be more
code running after the game ends.

That’s it! Test it again, and you should see something like this:

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A Note on Sources

You may have noticed the comment on lines 136-137 when the
background music was loaded, listing the source of the music and
a link to the Creative Commons license. This was done because
the creator of that sound required it. The license requirements
stated that in order to use the sound, both proper attribution and a
link to the license must be provided.

Here are some sources for music, sound, and art that you can
search for useful content:

OpenGameArt.org: sounds, sound effects, sprites, and other

artwork

Kenney.nl: sounds, sound effects, sprites, and other artwork

Gamer Art 2D: sprites and other artwork

CC Mixter: sounds and sound effects

Freesound: sounds and sound effects

As you make your games and use downloaded content such as

art, music, or code from other sources, please be sure that you are
complying with the licensing terms of those sources.

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Conclusion

Throughout this tutorial, you’ve learned how game programming

with pygame differs from standard procedural programming.
You’ve also learned how to:

Implement event loops

Draw items on the screen

Play sound effects and music

Handle user input

To do this, you used a subset of the pygame modules, including

the display, mixer and music, time, image, event, and key
modules. You also used several pygame classes, including Rect,
Surface, Sound, and Sprite. But these only scratch the surface
of what pygame can do! Check out the official pygame
documentation for a full list of available modules and classes.

You can find all of the code, graphics, and sound files for this
article by clicking the link below:

Feel free to leave comments below as well. Happy Pythoning!

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the
Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to
deepen your understanding: Make a 2D Side-Scroller Game With
PyGame

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