E PR 810

IPS-E-PR-810
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
PROCESS DESIGN OF FURNACES
ORIGINAL EDITION
DEC. 1997
This standard specification is reviewed and

updated by the relevant technical committee on
Sep. 2005. The approved modifications are
included in the present issue of IPS.
This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner.
Neither whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party, reproduced, stored in
any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of the
Iranian Ministry of Petroleum.
Dec. 1997 IPS-E-PR-810
CONTENTS : PAGE No.
0. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 2
1. SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 3
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................. 3
4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 6
5. UNITS.............................................................................................................................................. 7
6. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF FURNACE .................................................................................... 8
6.1 Design Conditions................................................................................................................... 8
6.2 Furnace Turndown .................................................................................................................. 8
6.3 Furnace Outlet Temperature .................................................................................................. 8
6.4 Velocity Limitation .................................................................................................................. 8
6.5 Fouling Factor.......................................................................................................................... 8
6.6 Pressure Drop.......................................................................................................................... 9
6.7 Thermal Design........................................................................................................................ 9
7. FURNACE LAYOUT AND TUBE ARRANGEMENT.................................................................... 11
8. TUBES, TUBE SHEETS, SUPPORTS, HEADERS AND HEADER BOXES............................... 12
9. BURNERS AND FUEL SYSTEM.................................................................................................. 12
10. STRUCTURAL DESIGN ............................................................................................................. 15
11. PLATFORMS, STAIRS AND LADDERS.................................................................................... 15
12. DUCTS AND STACKS ............................................................................................................... 15
13. SOOT BLOWERS ....................................................................................................................... 16
14. FANS AND DRIVERS ................................................................................................................. 17
15. AIR PREHEATER ....................................................................................................................... 18
15.1 Types of Air Preheat Systems ........................................................................................... 18
16. INSTRUMENTATION, INSTRUMENT AND AUXILIARY CONNECTIONS............................... 18
16.1 Instrumentation ................................................................................................................... 18
16.2 Instrument and Auxiliary Connections ............................................................................. 18
16.3 Controls ............................................................................................................................... 18
16.4 Measurements ..................................................................................................................... 19
16.5 Protective Measurement .................................................................................................... 20
17. LIGHTING ................................................................................................................................... 22
18. GUARANTEES ........................................................................................................................... 22
19. REQUIRED INFORMATION/DOCUMENTS............................................................................... 23
19.4 Information Required with the Quotation ......................................................................... 23
19.5 Information Required Against Purchase Order ............................................................... 24
APPENDICES:
APPENDIX A TYPICAL FURNACE DATA SHEETa)...................................................................... 26

APPENDIX B FURNACE TUBE SIZE AND PASSES FOR CRUDE HEATER (1)......................... 38
APPENDIX C TYPICAL HEATER PROCESS FLOW SHEET DESIGN CASE............................. 40
1
0. INTRODUCTION
"Process Design of Combustion Type Heat Exchanging Equipment" is broad and contains various
subjects of paramount importance. Therefore, a group of process engineering standards are
prepared to cover the subject of combustion type heat exchanging equipment.
This group includes the following Standards:
STANDARD CODE STANDARD TITLE

IPS-E-PR-800 "Process Design of Steam Boilers"
IPS-E-PR-810 "Process Design of Furnaces"
This Engineering Standard Specification covers:
"PROCESS DESIGN OF FURNACES"
2
1. SCOPE
This Engineering Standard Specification is intended to cover minimum requirements for process
design of furnaces.
The application of this Engineering Standard Specification shall be exercised only in combination
with relevant mechanical standard, i.e., IPS-G-ME-200, "Fired Heaters", respectively.
The requirements outlined herein are supplementary to the specifications listed on the individual
fired heater data sheets (typical fired heater data sheet is shown in Appendix A).
In the event of a conflict among the various documents, the order of precedence shall be as follows:
Individual fired heater data sheets.
Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS), Engineering Standard for Process Design of Furnaces, IPS-E-
PR-810.
If conflict is discovered between the items listed, it shall be the responsibility of the Vendor to call
attention to the conflict.
Approval of Vendor’s drawings shall not relieve the Vendor from this responsibility in performance of
the equipment specified herein.
Note:
This standard specification is reviewed and updated by the relevant technical committee on
Sep. 2005. The approved modifications by T.C. were sent to IPS users as amendment No. 1
by circular No. 272 on Sep. 2005. These modifications are included in the present issue of
IPS.
2. REFERENCES
Throughout this Standard the following dated and undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent specified herein, form a part of this standard. For dated
references, the edition cited applies. The applicability of changes in dated references that occur
after the cited date shall be mutually agreed upon by the Company and the Vendor. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced documents (including any supplements and
amendments) applies.
API (AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE)

API Standard 560 "Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services",
API Standard 630 "Tube and Header Dimensions for Fired Heaters
for Refinery Services",
IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)

IPS-E-GN-100 "Units"
IPS-G-ME-200 "Fired Heaters"
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Air Heater or Air Preheaters

An air heater or air preheater is a heat transfer apparatus through which combustion air is passed
and heated by a medium of higher temperature, such as the products of combustion, steam or other
fluid.
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3.2 Arch
An arch is the flat or sloped portion of the heater radiant section opposite the floor.
3.3 Atomizer
An atomizer is a device used to reduce a fluid to a fine spray. Atomization means are normally
either steam, air or mechanical.
3.4 Balanced Draft Heater

Combustion air to a balanced draft heater is supplied by a fan and the flue gases are removed by a
fan.
3.5 Breeching
Breeching is the enclosure in which flue gases are collected after the last convection coil for
transmission to the stack or the outlet duct work.
3.6 Damper
A damper is a device for introducing a variable resistance for regulating the volumetric flow of gas
or air.
3.7 Defects
All items which require replacement or repair but could not have been replaced or repaired before
take over and in no way hinder or affect the requirements for substantial completion.
3.8 Direct Regenerative-Type Air Preheater

A direct regenerative-type air preheater is a counter-flow gas-to-air heat transfer device that has a
compartmented rotor and is contained in a rotor housing supported by bearings. Each of the
compartments is filled with metallic heating elements.
The rotor is slowly rotated, alternately through the gas and air streams. Hot flue gas flows through
one side of the rotor and heats the elements. Air flows through the other side where the stored heat
is released to the air stream. The air and gas flows are separated by diaphragms in the rotor as well
as seals between the rotor and the rotor housing.
3.9 Direct Recuperative-Type Air Preheater

A direct recuperative-type air preheater is a gas-to-air heat transfer device that consists of a bundle
of tubes expanded into a tube sheet, or a block of flow elements and enclosed in a casing. Flue gas
or air can flow through the tubes. Extended surfaces are commonly used.
3.10 Draft
Draft is the negative pressure (vacuum) of the flue gas measured at any point in the heater,
expressed in millimeters of water column (mm H2O) and/or kilopascals (kPa).
3.11 Efficiency, Fuel

Efficiency, fuel refers to the heat absorbed divided by the net heat of combustion of the fuel as heat
input, expressed as a percentage.
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3.12 Efficiency, Thermal

Efficiency, thermal refers to the total heat absorbed divided by total heat input, expressed as a
percentage.
3.13 Excess Air

Excess air is the amount of air above the stoichiometric requirement for complete combustion,
expressed as a percentage.
3.14 Extended Surface

The extended surface refers to the heat transfer surface in the form of fins or studs, added to heat
absorbing elements.
3.15 Extension Ratio

Extension ratio is the ratio of total outside exposed surface to the outside surface of the bare tube.
3.16 Flux Density, Average
Flux density, average is the heat absorbed divided by the exposed heating surface of the coil
section. Average flux density for an extended surface tube shall be indicated on a total surface
basis with the extension ratio noted, expressed in kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²).
3.17 Flux Density, Maximum

Flux density, maximum is the maximum local heat transfer rate in the coil section, expressed in
kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²).
3.18 Forced Draft Heater

Forced draft heater is a heater in which the combustion air is supplied by a fan and the flue gases
are removed by the stack effect.
3.19 Header
Header, sometimes called a return bend, is the common term for a 180-degree cast or wrought
fitting that connects two or more tubes.
3.20 Header Box

The header box is the internally insulated structural compartment, separated from the flue gas
stream, which is used to enclose a number of headers or manifold. Access is afforded by means of
hinged doors or removable panels.
3.21 Heat Absorption

Heat absorption is the total heat absorbed by the coil(s), excluding any combustion air preheat,
expressed in watts (W).
3.22 Heat Release

Heat release is the total heat liberated from the specified fuel, using the lower heating value of the
fuel, expressed in watts (W).
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3.23 Heating Value, Higher (HHV)

Heating value, higher is the total heat obtained from the combustion of a specified fuel at 15°C
(60°F), expressed in kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg) or per cubic meter (kJ/m³).
3.24 Heating Value, Lower (LHV)

Heating value, lower is the higher heating value minus the latent heat of vaporization of the water
formed by combustion of hydrogen in the fuel, also called the net heating value, expressed in
kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg) or per cubic meter (kJ/m³).
3.25 Indirect-Type Air Preheater

An indirect-type air preheater is a fluid-to-air heat transfer device. The heat transfer can be
accomplished by using a heat transfer fluid, a process stream or a utility stream which has been
heated by the flue gas, or other means.
3.26 Plenum
A plenum, sometimes called a windbox, is a chamber surrounding the burners and is used to
distribute air to the burners or reduce combustion noise.
3.27 Radiation Loss or Setting Loss

Radiation loss or setting loss is the heat lost to the surrounding from the casing of the heater and
the ducts and auxiliary equipment when heat recovery systems are used, expressed as percent of
heat release.
3.28 Setting
The setting is the heater casing, brickwork, refractory and insulation, including the tiebacks or
anchors.
3.29 Volumetric Heat Release

Volumetric heat release is the heat released divided by the net volume of the radiant section,
excluding the coils and refractory dividing walls, expressed in kilowatts per cubic meter (kW/m³).
4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ANSI American National Standard Institute.

API American Petroleum Institute.
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials.
APH Air Preheater.
bbl/sd Barrels Per Stream Days.
BEDD Basic Engineering Design Data.
BP British Petroleum.
BSI British Standards Institution.
CCR Central Control Room.
6
DN Diameter Nominal, in (mm).

Eq Equation.
FDF Forced Draft Fan.
FE Flow Element.
FSLL Flow Switch Low Low.
HC Hydrocarbon.
HHV Higher Heating Value.
IDF Induced Draft Fan.
L/D Tube Length/Tube Circle Diameter.
LHV Lower Heating Value.
MW Molecular Mass (Weight).
NAFM National Association of Fan Manufacturers.
NPS Nominal Pipe Size, in (inch).
PB Push Button.
PCV Pressure Control Valve.
PDIC Pressure Differential Indicator Controller.
PDSLL Pressure Differential Switch Low Low.
P & IDs Piping and Instrument Diagrams.
PG Pressure Gage.
PSHH Pressure Switch High High.
PIC Pressure Indicator Controller.
PSLL Pressure Switch Low Low.
PT Pressure Transmitter.
PTC Performance Test Code.
PV Pressure Valve.
PY I/P Converter.
SAH Steam Air Heater.
SS Stainless Steel.
SUS Saybolt Universal Seconds.
Th Traced hot.
TSHH Temperature Switch High High.
V/F Vapor/Feed.
WC Water Column.
5. UNITS
This Standard is based on International System of Units (SI) as per IPS-E-GN-100, except where
otherwise specified.
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6. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF FURNACE
6.1 Design Conditions

6.1.1 Of the several operating cases, the one in which the heater duty is the highest, shall be
regarded as the normal case.
6.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, the design duty shall be 110% of the furnace duty in the normal
case mentioned in 6.1.1 above.
6.1.3 The design conditions shall be as follows, depending on the service of the furnace:
1) Charge heaters:
- The allowance for the design duty shall be regarded as a consideration for the
fouling of the heat exchanger train and the furnace inlet temperature shall be
lowered in proportion to the design duty allowance.
- If the case regarded as the highest duty is an extremely rare operation, the design
duty may be 100% of the furnace duty in the highest duty case upon Company's
approval.
2) Reboilers and hot oil heaters:

- The furnace charge flow rate shall be increased in proportion to the
design duty allowance.
3) Thermal cracking heaters:

- The design duty allowance shall be regarded as an allowance for the
cracking in the furnace and the furnace outlet temperature shall be raised
in proportion to the allowance.
6.2 Furnace Turndown

Unless otherwise specified, the furnace turndown ratio shall be 50% of the normal condition.
6.3 Furnace Outlet Temperature

1) In cases where the fluid thermal decomposition temperature is known, the limit of the
furnace tube inside film temperature must be specified.
2) For determination of furnace maximum outlet temperature, charge oil decomposition and
discoloration conditions shall also be considered.
6.4 Velocity Limitation

The velocity limitation in the furnace outlet line should be according to the Company's requirements.
6.5 Fouling Factor

Unless otherwise specified, for usual furnaces the following fouling factors may be used:
8
SERVICE FOULING FACTOR

(m².°C/W)
Crude charge heater with desalter 5.283E-4

Crude charge heater without desalter 7.044E-4
Vacuum charge heater 8.805E-4
Hydrodesulfurization reactor charge
Naphtha 3.522E-4
Kerosene or gasoil 5.283E-4
Naphtha liquid with sulfur 3.522E-4
Naphtha liquid without sulfur 1.761E-4
Kerosene with sulfur 5.283E-4
Kerosene without sulfur 3.522E-4
Recycle gas and HC vapor 1.761E-4
6.6 Pressure Drop

In cases where fluid coking is conceivable due to high furnace outlet temperature, the pressure drop
shall be calculated for the clean and fouled cases. Unless otherwise specified, the tube coking
thickness shall be 3.2 mm (1/8") in the fouled case.
In the case of services where vaporization will occur in the furnace tubes, the flash curves and fluid
temperaturephysical property chart (for instance, API, MW, etc.) shall be attached to the data sheet.
6.7 Thermal Design

6.7.1 Calculated and actual efficiencies shall be as required by the process and shown on the data
sheets and shall be based on design duty, lower heating value of the primary fuel, relevant excess
air for gas and oil firing in natural or forced draft heaters and shall include a maximum radiation loss
of 1.5 percent of the calculated (normal) heat release.
Heaters employing air preheat systems shall include a maximum radiation loss of 2.5 percent of the
total heat input.
6.7.2 The average radiant heat flux specified on the data sheets is defined as the quotient of total
heat absorbed by the radiant tubes divided by the total outside circumferential tube area inside the
firebox, including any fitting inside the firebox. The rows of convection tubes exposed to direct
radiation shall be considered as being in the radiant section and the maximum radiation heat
absorption rate shall apply to these tubes, irrespective of whether extended surface element are
used or not.
6.7.3 The maximum radiant heat flux density is defined as the maximum heat rate to any portion of
any radiant tube. The rate shall be calculated for the front 60° of the tube surface. The density is not
to be considered as operating average flux density for any given length of tube surface. The
maximum tube metal temperature shall be calculated on the basis of the maximum flux density.
6.7.4 Process design conditions are shown on the individual fired heater data sheets. If the fired
heater is intended for several cases of operation, the design conditions and operating conditions in
each case shall be shown therein.
6.7.5 Vendor shall specify the amount of excess air and stack temperature when operating at the
guaranteed efficiency.
6.7.6 Unless otherwise specified, determination of the tube length shall be based on the following
criteria.
9
Where:
Lr is total effective length of radiant tubes;
D is pitch circle of diameter tubes (tube circle diameter);
Lc is total effective length of convection tubes.
6.7.6.1 Maximum L/D values for vertical cylindrical heaters based on design heat absorption rates
shall be:
Lr/D 2 for design heat absorption rate up to 3 MW.
Lr/D 2.5 for design heat absorption rate of 3-6 MW.
Lr/D 2.75 for design heat absorption rate over 6 MW.
6.7.6.2 For horizontal tube heaters Lr = Lc
For horizontal end firing Lr = Lc = 15 m max. (Eq. 1)
6.7.6.3 Unless otherwise specified, the maximum length of vertical radiant tubes shall be 18 m (60
ft).
6.7.7 Determination of minimum firing distances

Heater dimensions shall meet the following restrictions. The minimum distances from the
centerlines of the burners (outer burner circle for vertical cylindrical heaters) to the centerline of the
tubes shall be as follows:
1) For vertical firing:

BURNER SIZE MAXIMUM DISTANCE TO ROOF DISTANCE TO WALL
LIBERATION TUBES TUBES
(MW) (mm) (mm)
0.6 1800 750
1.2 3000 900
1.8 4200 1050
2.4 6000 1200
Over Add 1200 mm for each Add 150 mm for
added 1.2 MW each added 1.2 MW
For horizontal tubes, the vertical distance from heater floor to the bottom tube shall not be
less than 610 mm.
2) For horizontal firing of burners up to 1.2 MW maximum liberation, minimum distance to
wall or roof tubes shall be 1500 mm. Add 150 mm for each additional 1.2 MW release larger
burners.
6.7.8 A prime rule of heater design is that there should never be greater than atmospheric pressure
at any point within the heater structure, since as the pressure within the furnace becomes greater
than atmosphere, cooling air is no longer drawn in through the various cracks and apertures in the
furnace, instead, there is outward movement of hot gases to cause loss of fuel as well as serious
overheating of steel elements in the furnace structure, which can result in the failure of various parts
or there can be serious wrapage or corrosion.
6.7.9 Heaters shall be designed for uniform heat distribution, multipass heaters shall be designed
for hydraulic and thermal symmetry of all passes.
6.7.10 The maximum allowable inside film temperature for any process service shall not be
10
exceeded in the radiant, shield or convection sections.

6.7.11 Unless otherwise specified by the Company, calculated efficiencies for natural draft
operation shall be based on 10 percent excess air when fuel gas is the primary fuel and 15 percent
excess air when oil is the primary fuel. In the case of forced draft operation, calculated efficiencies
shall be based on 5 percent excess air for fuel gas and 10 percent excess air for fuel oil.
6.7.12 Unless otherwise specified, heaters shall be designed such that a negative pressure of at
least 2.55 mm (0.10 inch) of water (0.025 kilopascals) is maintained in the radiant and convection
section at maximum heat release with design excess air.
6.7.13 Provision for thermal expansion shall take into consideration all specified operating
conditions, including shortterm conditions such as steam-air decoking.
6.7.14 The maximum rate of heat flux at any point in the convection section shall not exceed the
maximum rate occurring at any point in the radiant section.
6.8 Tube Sizes and Passes

Typical values for furnace tube sizes and passes for crude heater are presented in Figs B.1 and B.2
of Appendix B.
7. FURNACE LAYOUT AND TUBE ARRANGEMENT

7.1 All furnaces of the same type shall be designed as far as practical to use the maximum of
interchangeable parts (heater tubes, tube headers, supports, etc.) so that the inventory of spare
parts will be kept to a minimum.
7.2 More than one roof exit or stack shall be provided for effective convection tube lengths
exceeding 12 meters.
7.3 Minimum clear distance between refractory setting and tube centerline in the radiant section
shall be 1.5 nominal tube diameter.
7.4 Radiant heating section tubes shall be single row and minimum center to center distance of
adjacent tubes shall be two nominal tube diameters.
7.5 When specified on data sheet, drain connections shall be provided at the lowest point of each
heating coil. Normally these drains are located outside the furnace. Pocketed cross overs shall have
flanged drain connections and blind flanges. All such connections and flanges shall be of the same
material as the parent tubing.
7.6 Steam purge connections shall be provided on all heaters.
7.7 All coils shall be located inside the heater enclosure, except at locations of removable plug
fittings and where economics allow return bends in the header boxes. Crossovers from the
convection section to the radiant section shall be situated externally and designed for symmetry and
for minimum interference with platform area.
7.8 The point within the furnace where there must be a positive means for measuring draft shall be
at or quite near the arch or roof of the furnace, this is the highest point of the furnace and the point
at which minimum draft exists as the furnace operates. A draft gage shall be used, preferably with
the capability for measuring to the nearest 0.255 of a mm WC (1/100 of an inch).
7.9 The convection section tube layout shall include space for future installation of sootblowers or
steam lancing doors. The convection section shall incorporate space for future addition of two rows
of tubes.
7.10 Shield sections shall have at least three rows of bare tubes.
7.11 Convection sections shall be designed to minimize flue gas bypassing.
7.12 The distance from the center-line of the lowest horizontal radiant tube to the floor of the
furnace shall not be less than 300 mm (12 inch).
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8. TUBES, TUBE SHEETS, SUPPORTS, HEADERS AND HEADER BOXES

8.1 Only bare tubes shall be used throughout the convection section of liquid firing heaters. If
studded or finned tubes are permitted as indicated on data sheets, it shall apply only to the rows of
tubes that do not see direct radiation. The metallurgy of the extended surfaces must be suitable for
the maximum flue-gas temperature in normal operation and should be suitable for flue-gas
temperatures which can exist if there is a tube rupture in the furnace.
8.2 Equivalent bare tubing length for all but the bottom row in the convection section shall be
calculated based on the maximum specified average convection absorption rate. The length of
extended surface tubing as compared to the equivalent bare tube length can be reduced by as
much as 3 to 1.
8.3 All tubes and pipe shall meet the dimensional standards given in API-630 "Tube and Header
Dimensions for Fired Heaters for Refinery Services".
8.4 Unless otherwise specified on the data sheets materials for furnace tubes and recycle piping
shall be suitable for the maximum metal temperature at the hottest spot and maximum velocity,
rather than the average temperature and maximum final velocity.
8.5 Successful bidder will be required to submit backup calculations to substantiate the calculated
tubewall temperature and thickness.
8.6 Flanged sections of convection and roof tube support castings shall be protected from source of
heat (flame).
8.7 Intermediate tube supports and guides in the radiant section shall be designed to permit
replacement of the support without tube removal and with a minimum refractory replacement.
8.8 Header design shall be based on design pressure shown on data sheet and a design
temperature 27°C greater than the calculated header metal temperature for headers in header box
and the same as adjacent tubes for headers in the firebox. Corrosion allowance on all headers shall
be the same as for adjacent tubes.
8.9 Header boxes shall be provided with a drainage connection.
8.10 Snuffing steam shall be made available at furnace header boxes and fireboxes.
8.11 In the breeching and immediately above the convection tubes, the area should be large
enough to deliver uniform draft effect to all areas immediately downstream of the convection tubes.
Such draft will secure reasonably uniform gas flow/heat transfer to all areas of the convection tubes.
8.12 There must be no outflow of hot gases from the furnace in areas other than through the normal
convection outlet or connection to the stack, such an outflow will occur if the furnace pressure
should rise unduly.
8.13 For forced draft heaters, the stack breeching, convection section pressure drop relationship
must be such that the stack can still hold a minimum draft of 0.76 mm (0.03") WC at the arch or roof
of the furnace.
8.14 When the shield and radiant tubes are in the same service, the shield tubes exposed to direct
flame radiation shall be of the same material and thickness as the connecting radiant tubes.
9. BURNERS AND FUEL SYSTEM

9.1 Unless otherwise specified, combination steam atomized oil and gas burners shall be provided
and must be capable of firing any combination of fuel gas or liquid fuels specified in the project
specifications.
9.2 Unless otherwise specified, a fixed gas fired pilot burner, removable for maintenance while the
furnace is in operation shall be provided at each burner assembly, it must be suitable to ensure safe
and efficient ignition of all fuels specified.
Each pilot burner shall be permanently lit when its main burner is in use. The pilot flame shall be
visible through the burner peep-hole, at least prior to the ignition of the main flame. The pilot burner
shall be proven capable of igniting the main fuels efficiently and of remaining lit under all windbox
and furnace conditions likely to be experienced.
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9.3 Burner fuel and air controls shall be accessible from grade or platforms. Means to view the
burner and pilot flame during light off and operating adjustment shall be provided.
9.4 The furnace supplier shall state the heat input of the proposed pilot burners.
9.5 Burners shall be designed to permit automatic operation from 25 to 125% of design heat
release. If practical, greater turn-down ratios are desirable.
9.6 Each pilot burner shall be provided with an electric gas ignitor, unless otherwise specified.
9.7 specification of fuels to be burnt will be indicated for each installation.
9.8 Arrangement of the burners shall be in accordance with heater supplier’s standard design so as
to give the most uniform tubewall skin temperature. Heat release per burner and arrangement of
burners shall be such that the flame will not impinge on the tubes of the heater at a heat release of
50 percent above design with maximum draft. Number of burners and arrangement of burner shall
be submitted to the Company for approval.
9.9 Provision shall be included so that atomizing steam and combustion air to each burner can be
manually adjusted from normal operating platforms or grade from 25% to 150% of design flow rates.
9.10 All special burner hoses, fitting and special valves shall be supplied by the Vendor.
9.11 All burners are to be equipped with suitable strainers in the pilot lines. Mesh shall be 18/8 SS.
9.12 A minimum of three burners shall be used for liquid fuel fired heaters.
9.13 Burner isolation valves from the main fuels and steam shall not be located under the heater
and shall be arranged to be within the arms length of the peep-holes enabling burner flames to be
seen.
9.14 Burner isolation valves, including pilot valves shall be ball valves, unless otherwise specified in
relevant Company’s valve specification (appropriate class). Clear indication of "open" and "closed"
positions is required.
9.15 In addition to burner steam purging, oil and gas fuel lines between burner valves and burners
shall have purging facilities with purging valve adjacent to burner isolation valves.
9.16 Pilot gas isolation valves shall be positioned out of line with the burners.
9.17 A solenoid operated bubble tight shut-off valve shall be installed in each main furnace fuel
(including any off gas considered as fuel) line adjacent to the control valve. Operation shall be
remote, manual or automatic on closing and manual only opening. Loss of fuel or atomizing steam
pressure shall also automatically close these valves. These shutoff valves shall be of high reliability
and of a spring close type. Shut-off valves for this service shall not be provided with any bypass
valves.
9.18 Main fuel and pilot headers to the furnace shall be equipped with manually operated isolation
valves and grouped together with firebox steam purge valves and process blowdown valves
between 15 m and 20 m from the furnace in an easily accessible location at grade.
9.19 The regulated pilot gas, shall be from an independent sweet gas supply or from a separate off-
take on the fuel gas main (upstream of main fuel gas control valve) with its own spaded block
valves. If continuous pilots are specified, additionally a solenoid operated shut-off valve shall be
installed in the pilot gas line operated by the emergency shutdown switch only. Low pressure alarm
on pilot gas line shall also be fitted.
9.20 The general physical arrangement of pipes, valves and control equipment, etc., at each burner
and in the firing floor area as a whole, shall be given specific attention so as to provide a neat,
uncluttered and logical layout, capable of being readily identified by the operator and facilitating
easy access for operation and maintenance.
9.21 Gas offtakes for individual burners shall be from the top of the header.
9.22 Fuel pipework shall have blanked-off connections to which temporary steam lines may be
attached for purging before maintenance. They shall be located close to, and downstream of, the
shut-off valves.
9.23 Atomizing steam lines shall be lagged separately from fuel lines.
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9.24 Atomizing steam should be supplied via a steam/oil differential pressure controller operable
over the specified firing range of the burner.
9.25 All fuel lines shall be independently steam traced as deemed necessary per relevant
specification.
9.26 Burner design must offer safe operation, easy maintenance, low emission of particulates
SOx/NOx and high efficiency.
9.27 Burner block shall be of prefired refractory shapes and not castable refractory.
9.28 Stable means shall be provided to prevent burner’s tip from carbonization at all loads and
conditions.
9.29 For forced draft/balanced draft heaters, following a main fuel valve trip, the FDF and tripping
equipment shall be so arranged that the furnace shall not be unacceptably pressurized.
9.30 In side-wall firing, burners shall be located in areas where maximum heat transfer is
demanded. Absolutely zero forward flame is required when the burners are located quite close to
the tubes in narrow furnaces in which the tubes may be either vertically or horizontally oriented at
the center of the furnace.
9.31 In case of natural-draft vertically fired heaters to be located in high wind atmosphere, it is
necessary to erect a wind fence to a height at least three burner diameters above the level of the
burners and spaced outwardly approximately the same distance.
9.32 To avoid heat damage, the burner air registers shall be located as remotely as possible from
the area where fuel and air come together.
9.33 Sizing of gas headers for groups of burners firing a heater should be based on maximum line
velocity at not more than 15 m/s (50 ft/sec), if the pressure as established by the firing controls at
entry to the heater is to be presented to all burners so that each burner sees the same fuel gas
pressure for uniform heat release in all areas under control.
9.34 The fuel burning equipment must be suitable for the change in calorific value of the fuel as it
may be available.
9.35 For fuel oil burning, the atomizing steam system must deliver dry steam to the burners at
constant pressure to hold suitable control of firing in the absence of the sparky fire which is
characteristics of most steam atomizing burner oil guns with wet steam.
9.36 The small solid particles in fuel oil make ordinary valves useless for control of oil flow if the
valve is to operate in nearly closed position. Valving based on the Vee-port principle must be used
to avoid slow stoppage of flow with the valves throttling to any degree.
9.37 The purge valves to be used for burner steam purging shall have complete tightness for
assurance of no leakage from the steam system to the oil system.
9.38 Fuel oil take-off connection from the header to the burners shall be made at the top of the
header so that solid matter (if any) can be carried past the burner rather than delivered to it.
9.39 In the heater design stage, competent opinion should be sought as to the number of burners to
be used and of the design and location of the burners. After the heater is constructed and in
operation, it is quite difficult to revise the firing in the interest of more satisfactory conditions of heat
transfer. This is particularly true where there are too few large burners. Generally, the greater the
number of burners the more likely the heater is to be completely satisfactory. This statement cannot
be carried to infinity, but if the choice is between X number of burners and X + 10% number of
burners, the larger number should be considered as insurance for greater satisfaction and a better
heater.
9.40 The minimum clearance from grade to burner plenum or register shall be 2.0 meters for floor
fired heaters.
9.41 Burner block installations shall be designed to expand and contract as a unit, independent of
the heater refractory.
9.42 The liquid fuel lines should be large enough with low friction factor.
9.43 When volatile fuels, such as naphtha or gasolines, are burned, a safety interlock shall be
14
provided on each burner.

The interlock design must in sequence shut the fuel off, purge the oil gun and shut the purge
medium off before the gun can be removed.
9.44 Unless otherwise specified, the fuel gas pressure at the burners shall be minimum 1.5 bar (ga)
[150 kPa (ga)] and the pilot gas burner pressure shall be 0.3 to 0.5 bar (ga) [30 to 50 kPa (ga)] at
the burner.
9.45 In cases where offgas is burnt in the furnace (as in the case of the offgas from a vacuum
distillation Unit), the offgas composition and operating conditions shall be made clear. In such
cases, special type burners will be required and the offgas pressure shall not be less than 0.1 bar
(ga) [10 kPa (ga)] at the burners, unless otherwise specified.
9.46 Unless otherwise specified, the fuel oil viscosity shall be less than 42 cSt at the burner and
usual steam atomizing burners shall be designed for a fuel oil viscosity of less than 38 cSt.
9.47 Unless otherwise specified, for usual steam atomizing burners, the fuel oil pressure shall be 4
bar (ga) [400 kPa (ga)] at the burner and the steam pressure shall be 5.5 bar (ga) [550 kPa (ga)].
9.48 Net fuel oil consumption/return flow ratio at the fuel oil burner shall be specified in the project
specification.
9.49 Valves on return lines from fuel oil headers shall be of globe type so that the flow rate can be
controlled by using them.
9.50 Check valves or shut-off valves shall be provided on fuel oil return lines to prevent reverse flow
in case of emergency shut-off.
9.51 Plenum chambers around the burners for air ducts or noise muffling devices shall be designed
to permit access to burners, pilots and ignitors.
9.52 The plenum chamber shall provide uniform flow distribution to all burners.
9.53 Combination type burners shall be capable of firing fuel gas and fuel oil either together or
individually.
9.54 Burner metallurgy shall be designed for low maintenance from erosion, plugging and corrosion
consideration.
9.55 The location and general arrangement of burners shall permit adjustment of burner air supply
without having to reach into small openings or confined spaces.
9.56 Pilot burners shall be sized to remain alight under maximum furnace draft condition.
9.57 Natural draft burners shall have observation ports in their front plates to give a clear view of the
pilot flame and also of the tip of the oil gun.
9.58 Burner air supply is to be protected against variations in wind pressure which cause "blow
back" through the burners.
10. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
For this Clause reference is made to IPS-G-ME-200, "Fired Heaters".
11. PLATFORMS, STAIRS AND LADDERS

For this Clause reference is made to IPS-G-ME-200, "Fired Heaters".
12. DUCTS AND STACKS

For this Clause reference is made to IPS-G-ME-200, "Fired Heaters," unless otherwise specified
herein.
12.1 Unless otherwise specified, design shall be based on operation at 125% of furnace design
capacity with 50% excess air.
12.2 Steel stacks shall have a minimum corrosion allowance of 3 mm (1/8"). The design shall
15
consider the possibility of oscillation at critical wind velocities.

12.3 Stack dampers shall be provided complete with external position indicator and with chain or
lever operators accessible from an operating platform or from grade. Positive drive in both opening
and closing position shall be provided.
12.4 Stacks shall be equipped with aircraft warning lights per relevant Company’s specification.
12.5 Furnace stacks shall reach at least 7 meters above the highest platform which may require
attendance during operation.
12.6 External surface of stack to be metalized and details of metalizing procedure to be submitted
for Company’s review and approval.
12.7 Each duct to a common stack shall be equipped with a multiblade louver type damper operable
from grade with position indicator and positive drive in both opening and closing direction. Damper
failure should be to the open position.
12.8 Facilities shall be provided for draining of condensate from free standing stacks for which a DN
50 (2") minimum size drain shall be provided.
12.9 Particular attention shall be paid to the design of ducting from the furnace fans to the stack to
ensure proper performance of fans at all loads.
12.10 Each furnace shall have separate stack, unless otherwise specified.
12.11 Ducting for air and flue gases shall be air tight and sufficiently stiffened.
12.12 In the design of stacks and breechings, the design basis should be conservative to provide
ample draft for a potential increase in charge rate or the normal state of fouling which is to be
expected.
12.13 The top of stack linings shall be protected to prevent water penetration between the stack
shell plate and the lining.
12.14 When operating with natural draft, control dampers shall be furnished on each heater stack or
each inlet air plenum.
12.15 Control dampers shall be designed to move to the specified position in the event of failure of
the damper control signal or motive force.
12.16 The size of ducts has to be large enough to enable the burners to work efficiently at their
maximum rating, with due allowance being made for the accumulation of dirt and other obstructions.
12.17 The internal surfaces of stack should be as smooth as possible to minimize gas friction. The
volume of any pockets (dead spaces) below the flue gas entry should be as small as possible.
12.18 Dampers that are to be manually controlled should always incorporate provisions so that they
can be positively secured at the operating position.
12.19 It should be considered that dampers and their actuators can become disconnected and so
give a false indication of damper position. Special care is therefore necessary in the design and
installation of dampers and actuators.
13. SOOT BLOWERS

13.1 Soot blower requirement shall be specified on data sheets. Adequate number of soot blowers
shall be provided to maintain the design heat transfer requirement of the convection section and the
air preheater.
13.2 Soot blowers should be of the automatic retractable type for the heater and of the rotary type
for the airpreheater.
13.3 Soot blowers shall come complete with the electric motor.
Retractable soot blowers shall be operated automatically. Control for automatic sequential operation
of soot blowers to be mounted on local panel shall be provided by the Vendor.
13.4 Each soot blower shall also be capable of independent manual operation. The system shall be
designed for automatic removal of condensate to avoid water shock to the tubes and keeping steam
temperature above saturation upstream of the lance tubes.
16
13.5 All headers, branches, fittings, valves, drain valves, control valves, pipe hangers and guides as
required for soot blowing systems to be supplied.
13.6 The heater supplier shall support his proposal of soot blowers with details of steam flows, jet
angle, extent of effective penetration, etc. Suitable stops shall be fitted to the tracks inside the
heater, to prevent lances coming off the rails due to overtravel of the drive mechanism.
13.7 The supervisory controls of soot blowers shall ensure that soot blowing does not commence
until all the soot blower steam distribution system has reached its working temperature and all
condensate has been removed.
13.8 On completion of the operation, complete shut-off of the steam supply shall be assured and
drains opened. The drains shall not be connected to other systems from which a blow-back might
occur.
13.9 The automatic sequence and system management control shall monitor and indicate all stages
of operation. Facilities to interrupt the sequence or obtain selective operation of soot blowers shall
be included.
13.10 It shall not be possible to interrupt the supply of steam to a retractable soot blower until it is in
the fully-retraced position.
13.11 Means of manually retracting a soot blower shall be provided.
13.12 Heaters using liquid fuel, should be equipped with automatic soot blowers for removing
vanadium pentoxide deposits, by operation of a manual switch.
13.13 Steam rate and supply steam pressure shall be specified.
13.14 Unless otherwise specified, individual sootblowers shall be designed to pass a minimum of
4550 kilograms (10,000 pounds) per hour of steam with a minimum steam pressure of 1050
kilopascals (ga) (150 pounds per square inch gage) at the inlet flange.
13.15 Soot blowers shall be equipped with steam inlet valve and drain valve, both to be operated in
sequence.
14. FANS AND DRIVERS
14.1 For this Clause reference is made to IPS-G-ME-200, "Fired Heaters", unless otherwise
specified herein.
14.2 Fan performance guarantee shall be in accordance with the standard test code of "National
Association of Fan Manufacturers". Fan performance shall also be guaranteed to meet all operating
conditions specified on the data sheets.
A characteristic fan performance curve shall be submitted in Vendor’s proposal for Company’s
approval.
14.3 Fans shall be supplied with inlet screen, cleanout door and a silencer. The air intake main
connection for the silencer shall be flanged and a minimum of 3.2 mm corrosion allowance shall be
considered and pressure drop across each silencer shall not exceed 12.7 mm H2O.
14.4 Draft fan capacity shall be varied by variable louvers furnished by heater supplier.
14.5 Vendor shall furnish for each draft fan inlet a suitable air intake device to reduce sand and dust
intake.
14.6 The control of combustion air shall be accomplished by controlling fan inlet damper. The
damper operator shall be furnished by the Vendor and shall be equipped with a pneumatic
positioner. The damper operator shall be provided with a continuously connected handwheel.
14.7 The heater Vendor shall provide a primary air measuring element for the purpose of measuring
total air flow.
14.8 In siting forced draft combustion air fans, care should be exercised to ensure that as far as
possible the air intakes will draw clean fresh air. Provision should be made to ensure that:
1) flash steam from steam traps or drains;
2) waste gases or vented combustible gases from plant;
3) fuel gas control systems;
4) entrained combustibles;
should not be entrained into combustion air fan intakes.
17
15. AIR PREHEATER
15.1 Types of Air Preheat Systems

Unless otherwise specified, air preheat systems shall be designed and built in accordance with API
RP 533.
16. INSTRUMENTATION, INSTRUMENT AND AUXILIARY CONNECTIONS
16.1 Instrumentation
16.1.1 Vendor shall submit the proposed instrument and control schematic drawings including
combustion controls, adequate to fulfill the requirements of his process and mechanical guarantees
for Company’s approval (Appendix C shows typical piping and instrument diagrams (P& IDs) for
crude heater, crude heater air preheating system and crude heater fuel system).
16.1.2 All instrumentation shall be suitable for continuous working in the conditions of their location.
16.1.3 Provision shall be made for local tripping of critical equipment.
16.1.4 The heater supplier shall be responsible for the satisfactory design and operating capability
of the instruments, controls and safety equipment associated with the heater and he shall submit
details to the Company for approval.
16.1.5 Control valves shall be specifically selected for the full dynamic turndown of the system, i.e.,
for start-up and over the full firing range.
16.1.6 Provision shall be made to prevent the fuel supply pressure from falling when additional
burners are lit.
16.1.7 Key-operated override switches shall be provided for all shut-down functions. These
switches shall also override those start "permissives" which are also shut-down functions. The
override switches shall normally be located on the front of the main control panel. If located on the
rear of the panel, then indication of override condition shall be given on the panel face.
16.1.8 All shut-down systems shall be capable of full function testing from primary sensor up to final
actuation device while the heater is on line. Test key-operated override switches shall be provided
for this function. These shall override the minimum number of function components. Alarms shall be
provided to show automatically when the trip circuit is being overridden for test.
16.1.9 All override test facilities shall be mechanically protected and accessible only to personnel
authorized to carry out testing.
16.1.10 Skin thermocouples shall be secured to the tubes at appropriate points. These
Thermocouples and their connecting leads shall be so positioned and protected that they will not
suffer rapid deterioration by exposure to the flue gases or radiant heat of the furnace
16.2 Instrument and Auxiliary Connections

For this Clause reference is made to API standard 560.
16.3 Controls
16.3.1 Process fluid flow rate control

In the case of multi-pass furnaces, flow controls shall be provided for each pass. Control valves
shall be of a spring open type (failure open). Minimum flow protection is required to prevent the
overheating of furnace tubes, coking in the ubes and uneven flow rates in case total flow rate is
decreased.
16.3.2 Burner controls

Heat absorption in the furnace is normally controlled by regulating the burner fuel rate according to
the process fluid outlet temperature. Unless otherwise specified, the following controls shall be
considered for the following burners:
18
BURNER TYPE FUEL CONTROL STEAM CONTROL

Fuel gas burner Temperature-pressure
cascade control Temperature- ---
Fuel oil burner pressure cascade or Fuel-steam pressure
temperature control Difference control
Fuel control valves are required to be capable of keeping the minimum firing rate. Normally control
valves shall have mechanical minimum flowrate stopper.
16.4 Measurements
The instruments listed in Table 1 shall be provided unless otherwise specified.
TABLE 1 - MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS

ITEM LOCATION
Flow
Process fluid Tube inlet, each pass
Fuel oil Fuel oil supply and return headers
Fuel Gas Fuel gas supply headers
Combustion air FDF inlet
APH wash water (condensate) APH wash water (condensate) supply header
SAH steam supply (if applicable) SAH steam supply line
Temperature
Process fluid Inlet (combined header)
Outlet, each pass
Outlet, combined header of all passes of each cell

(i.e. per cell)
Each crossover from the convection to the radiant section
Tube skin Two per each cell
Fuel oil Fuel oil supply or return header
Combustion air Upstream and downstream of APH
SAH outlet (if applicable)
Burner main air supply duct
Flue gas Stack
Convection section outlet
Top of combustion (radiation) section
Upstream and downstream of APH
APH tubes
APH tube skin
APH wash water (condensate) supply header
APH wash water (condensate)
(to be continued)
19
TABLE 1 (continued)
ITEM LOCATION
Pressure
Furnace draft Top of radiant section
Outlet of convection section (upstream of stack damper)
Downstream of stack damper
Plenum chamber of the burners (for forced draft burners)
Radiant section (above the top of floor refractory)
Combustion air Upstream and downstream of APH
FDF discharge
Fuel gas Downstream of APH
IDF discharge
Across APH (pressure differential)
SAH steam supply (if applicable) SAH steam supply line
Process fluid Inlet and outlet of tubes
Outlet piping or flash zone
Soot blowers steam supply Soot blowers steam supply header
Atomizing steam Downstream of control valve of atomizing steam header
Fuel gas Upstream of relevant control valve or at fuel gas knock out
drum
Each burner
Fuel gas header (downstream of relevant control valve)
Pilot gas header (downstream of pressure control valve)

Fuel oil
Fuel oil header (downstream of relevant control valve)
Each burner
Analysis
Oxygen Top of radiant section or outlet of convection section
16.5 Protective Measurement

Usual furnace shall be provided with the following protective instrumentation, unless otherwise
specified:
16.5.1 Trouble alarms

Table 2 shows the summary of furnace trouble alarm causes and relevant sensing location.
20
TABLE 2 - FURNACE TROUBLE ALARMS

ALARM CAUSE SENSING LOCATION
Process fluid low flow Inlet tube per pass
Process fluid high temperature Outlet tube per pass
Fuel oil low pressure Fuel oil header, downstream of relevant control valve
Atomizing steam low pressure Atomizing steam header,

downstream of relevant control valve
High tube skin temperature Maximum metal temperature point
Pilot gas low pressure Pilot gas header, downstream of relevant control valve
Fuel gas low pressure Fuel gas header, downstream of relevant control valve
Fuel gas knock-out drum high level At fuel gas knock-out drum
Combustion air low flow (or low differential pressure across FDF) FDF suction (or across FDF)
Combustion air low pressure

Combustion air supply duct
Flue gas high temperature
Downstream of APH
Flue gas low temperature
Downstream of APH
Flue gas oxygen content, low
Top of radiant section or outlet of convection section
Flue gas high temperature
Convection outlet
Furnace high pressure
Top of the radiation section
16.5.2 Shut down system

The devices which initiate furnace shut down sequence and relevant blocks and pertinent action
devices are listed typically in Table 3 below.
21
TABLE 3 - TYPICAL SHUT DOWN SYSTEM OF FURNACES
DEVICES TO INITIATE THE BLOCK SEQUENCES BLOCK AND PERTINENT

ACTION DEVICES
No. S/D CAUSES TRIP No. TRIP SERVICES
SWITCH 1 2 3 4 5 No.
1 FSLL Low low flow of total × × × × 1 Close fuel gas to
heater
Feed to the heater or
Low low flow of passes 2

Close pilot gas to
(Two passes per cell, all 3 heater
combined with "and" logic),
excluding catalytic reactor heater Close fuel oil to
4 heater
Low low flow of recycle gas (for catalytic
reactor heaters)
2 FSLL × × × × 5 Close waste gas
(off-gas) to heater
Low low pressure of the pilot gas
Open stack control
3 PSLL Emergency manual push button (in CCR) × × × × × valve
(PV) and open air
4 PB High high pressure of the combustion × × × × × preheater bypass (if
chamber (heaters equipped with APH) applicable)
5 PSHH × × × ×
Low low flow of combustion air or low low
pressure at FDF discharge (or downstream
6 FSLL/PSLL/FDF of APH) or FDF failure × × × ×
Fail Switch
Low low pressure of fuel gas
7 PSLL Low low pressure of fuel oil × × ×
8 PSLL High high flue gas ×

temperature(upstream/downstream of APH
9 TSHH combined with "or" logic), if specified by × × × ×
company
Low low atomizing steam pressure or low

low differential pressure of atomizing steam
10 PSLL/PDSLL with regard to fuel oil pressure ×
IDF failure
11 IDF fail.
switch
17. LIGHTING
17.1 Lighting shall be provided at all platforms, ladders and stairways and around the heater and its
auxiliaries. The lighting levels shall be subject to the Company’s approval.
17.2 A separate system of emergency lighting shall also be installed, with lights positioned at critical
points, including lighting to facilitate easy identification of emergency valves, etc., and to permit
safety of movement for personnel.
18. GUARANTEES
Heater manufacturer shall guarantee the following:
18.1 Heaters will process the quantities and types of material specified on the design data sheets
from the inlet temperatures to the outlet temperatures specified under the pressure conditions and
to be in accordance with all requirements as set forth in this specification and individual heater
specification sheet.
22
18.2 Heaters will provide the specified performance without exceeding supplier’s specified
maximum tubewall or refractory temperatures when temperature is measured with tube skin
thermocouples. Location of peepholes to be used for guarantee test shall be marked on Vendor’s
drawing. The use of pyrometers or thermocouples for this check shall be at the option of the
Company.
18.3 Heater tubes will be completely free of all flame impingement.
18.4 Instruments are free from fault in design, workmanship and material to fulfill satisfactorily the
operating conditions specified.
18.5 All parts which prove defective under operating use within one year from the start of operation
because of design, workmanship or materials used will be repaired or replaced with all charges of
freight, site labor and supervision to be paid for by the supplier.
18.6 Supplier shall guarantee all utility consumptions, including fuel gas consumption without any
positive tolerances.
Supplier shall indicate the guaranteed figures in his technical proposal.
18.7 At the option of Company, an efficiency test shall be made in accordance with generally
accepted procedures during a period of normal operation. In the event that it is established by such
test that the efficiency is less than that guaranteed, heater supplier shall make alterations and/or
additions to the equipment as required to attain the guaranteed efficiency. Heater supplier shall
bear the entire cost of making such changes.
19. REQUIRED INFORMATION/DOCUMENTS

19.1 All drawings and literature must be in English language and must show all dimensions,
capacities, etc., in metric SI units.
19.2 The purchase order number shall be prominently shown on all documents. Drawings shall be
properly protected and packed and mylars shall be dispatched in a strong cardboard cylinder.
Drawings shall be rolled (not folded).
19.3 Complete data sheets shall be filled out for each heater, including isoflash curve; charge
properties; curves of enthalpy vs. vaporization; flowing density (liquids) vs. temperature; specific
volume (vapor) vs.temperature.
19.4 Information Required with the Quotation

19.4.1 Guaranteed operating absorbed duty and fuel consumption.
19.4.2 All average heat absorption rates in radiant and convection sections.
19.4.3 Guaranteed maximum tube skin temperatures for all tube materials and maximum support
metal temperatures.
19.4.4 Tube spacing and general tube arrangement drawings.
19.4.5 Tube material, diameter and tube thickness broken down to minimum thickness and
corrosion allowance.
19.4.6 Description and drawing of heater and return bend arrangement.
19.4.7 Number, detail and description drawing of burners.
19.4.8 Preliminary location of all inlet and outlet connections, instrument connections, steam out
connections, drain connections and all other miscellaneous connections.
19.4.9 Construction drawings should be provided showing the principal section of the heater, the
number, size, arrangement, material specification and fabrication details of coil components,
arrangement and specifications of burners, tube supports, ductwork, stack, damping devices,
observation ports and platforms.
19.4.10 A drawing showing overall dimensions for layout purposes.
23
19.4.11 A drawing showing the general layout of the firebox, including tubing, burners, flue ducts,
ladders, stairways and platforms.
19.4.12 Approximate operating mass (weight) of furnaces (operating and under hydrotest).
19.4.13 Statement indicating conformity to the specification or list of exceptions.
19.4.14 Description of the degree of shop fabrication for base bid, this must show number of shop
welds and total field welds to assemble furnace tubes and headers.
19.4.15 Type and thickness of refractory and description of method of application.
19.4.16 A price recommended spare list for one year of operation.
19.4.17 Standard data sheet for each item completely filled out.
19.4.18 Heater process flow sheet (including APH system) at design case/normal case/turn-down
case (Appendix D shows typical heater process flow sheet).
19.5 Information Required Against Purchase Order

19.5.1 Final dimensional drawings and detailed design of all items specified in paragraphs 25.4.1
through 25.4.17 above (for Company’s approval)..
19.5.2 Details of fabrication, welding procedure and material specification for all coil components
(for Company’s approval).
19.5.3 Calculated thickness for tube supports (for Company’s approval).
19.5.4 List of recommended commissioning spares with prices.
19.5.5 Details of any special tools required.
19.5.6 Illustrated comprehensive spare parts manual with part numbers suitable for warehouse
stocking.
19.5.7 Illustrated installation and operating instructions.
19.5.8 Maintenance manuals.
19.5.9 Calculated thickness and stress analysis for hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization heater
tubes (for Company’s approval).
19.5.10 For hydrogen reformer heater all information called for by the relevant specifications and
calculated tube thickness (for Company’s approval).
19.5.11 Calculations for heat flux, maximum skin temperature and pressure gradient inside the
tubes (for Company’s approval).
19.5.12 Individual specification data sheets for fans and other ancillary equipment, indicating turbine
steam rate/- power, fan test block conditions at this power (kW) shall be indicated.
19.5.13 Statement of the maximum anticipated noise levels at full heater capacity.
19.5.14 Soot blowers type, location, manufacturer and arrangement.
19.5.15 Statement of furnace positive and negative pressures.
19.5.16 Method of fuel consumption and thermal efficiency tests, with correction formula, curves,
etc., used in the calculations.
19.5.17 Approximate dimensions, layout and location of local and remote control panels.
19.5.18 List of the major control loops, general statement of local and remote panel
instrumentations.
19.5.19 Design and construction of flue gas dampers.
19.5.20 Specifications, data sheets, sizing data and proposed suppliers of control equipment.
19.5.21 Schematic and hook-up drawings of emergency shutdown systems and automatic trip
systems, accompanied by a detailed description of operation.
24
19.5.22 Design details and mode of operation for isolating plates in common ducting or stack.
19.5.23 Design of stack duct entries.
19.5.24 Winterization proposals for plant protection.
19.5.25 Instruction for installation, operation and maintenance of soot blowers.
19.5.26 Instruction for installation, operation and maintenance of burners.
19.5.27 Instruction for installation, operation and maintenance of fans.
19.5.28 Instruction for installation, operation and maintenance of air preheater.
25
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
TYPICAL FURNACE DATA SHEETa)
NIOC No Rev
NATIONAL IRANIAN OIL COMPANY
NIOC Proj No J/V Proj No UNIT No
UNIT NAME J/V No SH of
1 Purchaser Owner Equipment No

2 Plant Location No Required Vendor
3 Unit P O No
4 Service Type
5
6 PROCESS DESIGN CONDITIONS
7 Total Duty per Heater kj/s @NOR @DES
8 Heater Section RADIANT + CONV CONVECTION
9 Service
NOTE NOTE(1)
10 Heat Absorption kj/s @NOR @DES @NOR @DES
11 Fluid Name
NOTE 1
12 Flow Rate kg/h
3 3
13 Flow Rate (m /h) (Nm /h)
14 Pressure Drop (Allowable clean/fouled) bar NOTE (2) NOTE (3) NOTE (2)
15 Pressure Drop (Calculated clean/fouled) bar
16 Corrosion or Erosion Characteristics mass%SULFUR-
2o
17 Fouling Allowance m C/kW
o
18 Thermal Conductivity of Coke / Scale W/m C - -
2
19 Average Radiant Flux Density (Allowable) W/m
2
20 Average Radiant Flux Density (Calculated) W/m -
2
21 Average Convection Flux Density (Allowable) W/m
2
22 Average Convection Flux Density (Calculated) W/m
2
23 Maximum Radiant Flux Density W/m -
2
24 Maximum Convection Flux Density W/m
25 Velocity Limitation - -
o
26 Maximum Allowable Inside Film Temperature C - -
27
28 Inlet Conditions
o
29 Temperature C
30 Pressure bar (gage) CLEAN/FOULED NOTE(6) NOTE(2) NOTE(3)
31 Liquid Flow kg/h
32 Vapor Flow kg/h
33 Percent Vaporized mas% -
3
34 Relative Density Liquid / FLOWING DENSITY (kg/m ) -
35 Vapor Molecular mas% -
36 Viscosity Liquid mPas -
37 Viscosity Vapor mPas -
o
38 Specific Heat Liquid kj/kg C -
o
39 Specific Heat Vapor kj/kg C -
o
40 Thermal Conductivity Liquid W/m C -
o
41 Thermal Conductivity Vapor W/m C -
42 Enthalpy Liquid kj/kg -
43 Enthalpy Vapor kj/kg -
44 Linear Velocity m/s
45 NOTE (1) DESIGN HEAT ABSORPTION CORRESPONDES TO THE SAME OPERATION CONDITIONS WITH DESIGN FLOW RATE
46
47 NOTE (2) BASED ON DESIGN FLOW RATE AND CLEAN CONDITIONS
48 NOTE (3) BASED ON NORMAL FLOW RATE 3mm THICK SCALE DEPOSIT ON INSIDE SURFACE OF RADIANT TUBES
49 NOTE (6) INLET PRESS*OUTLET PRESS+ALLOWABLE PRESS DROP
a) Should include isoflash curve; charge properties (dry basis); curves of enthalpy vs. vaporization;
flowing density (liquids) vs. temperature; and specific volume (vapor) vs. temperature.
(to be continued)
26
APPENDIX A (continued)
NIOC No Rev
PROCESS DESIGN CONDITIONS (Continued)
1 Heater Section Radiant + CONV Convection
2 Outlier Conditions
o
3 Temperature C
4 Pressure bar (gage) @DES @NOR
5 Liquid Flow kg/h -
6 Vapor Flow kg/h
7 Percent Vaporized mass
Relative Density Liquid/FLOWING
8 3 -
DENSITY (kg/m )
9 Vapor Molecular mass
10 Viscosity Liquid mpa 5 -
11 Viscosity Vapor mpa 5
o
12 Specific Heat Liquid kj/kg C -
o
13 Specific Heat Vapor kj/kg C
o
14 Thermal Conductivity Liquid W/m C -
o
15 Thermal Conductivity Vapor W/m C
16 Enthalpy Liquid kj/kg -
17 Enthalpy Vapor kj/kg
18 Linear Velocity m/s
19
20 Remarks and Special Requirements Inducing Short Term Operating Conditions
o
21 Process steam injection Flow Rate kg/h - Temperature C - Pressure bar (gage) -
22 Process Steam injection at -
23 Distillation data should be attached for vaporization service SEE ATTACHED
24 Other
25
26
27
28
29
30 COMBUSTION DESIGN CONDITIONS
31 Type of Fuel OIL GAS
32 Excess Air percent
33 Calculated Heat Release kj/s (LHV)
34 Calculated Fuel Efficiency Percent (LHV)
35 Calculated Thermal Efficiency Percent (LHV)
36 Actual Thermal Efficiency Percent (LHV)
37 Radiation Loss Percent of Heat Release
o
38 Flue Gas Temperature Leaving Radian Section C
o
39 Flue Gas Temperature Leaving Convection Section C
o
40 Flue Gas Temperature Leaving Air Heater (Uncorrected) C
o
41 Flue Gas Temperature Leaving Air Heater (Corrected) C
2
42 Maximum Flue Gas Mass Velocity Through Convection Section kj/m s
3
43 Volumetric Heat Release kj/m s (LHV)
o o
44 Ambient Air Temperature C (USE 25 C ONLY FOR EFFICENCY CALCULATION)
o
45 Air Temperature Stack Design C (USE FOR STACK DRAFT CALCULATION)
o
46 Air Temperature Leaving Air Heater C
47 Altitude Above Sea Level m (ATM PRESS TO BE bar(abs))
48 Minimum Furnace Draft / Location bar (gage)
49 Note A Fuel Saving of MW will offset as 10.000 increase in furnace cost (erected)
(to be continued)
27
NIOC No Rev
FUEL CHARACTERISTICS EQUIPMENT No
1 Design Alternates
2 Type of Fuel
3 Heating Valve (LHV) kj/g -
3
4 Heating Valve (LHV) kj/Nm -
Relative Censity DENSITY @
5 3
BURNER (kg/m )
6 H/C Ratio (by mass)
o
7 Viscosity @ 100 C mpas
o
8 Viscosity @ 145 C mpas
9 Total Sarts ppm mass
10 Vanadium ppm /NICKEL ppm
11 Sodium ppm mass
12 Fixed Nitrogen ppm mass
13 Sulfur percent by mass
14 Hydrogen Sulfide Percent by Volum - -
15 Ash Percent by mass
o
16 Temperature at Burner C
17 Fuel Pressure bar (gage)
18 Atomizing Steam Pressure bar (gage) VENDOR TO ADVICE
o
19 Liquids ASTM Initial Boiling Point C
o
20 ASTM end Point C - - -
21 Gases Molecular mass -
22 Composition Mol Percent H2O -
23 H2 - -
24 C1 -
25 C2 -
26 C2 -
27 Ic4 -
28 nc4 -
29 C5+ -
30
31
32
33 In addition the following OFF GAS BE INCINERATED IN THE HEATER
34 SUPPLY TEMPERATURE
35 SUPPLY PRESSURE
36 QTY AND COMPOSITION H2O Kg-mol/h
37 H2S Kg-mol/h
38 C2 Kg-mol/h
39 TOTAL Kg-mol/h
40 MASS FLOW RATE Kg/h
41 MOL MASS
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
(to be continued)
28
NIOC No Rev
MECHANICAL DESIGN CONDITIONS EQUIPMENT No
1 General Maximum Stack Height M
2 Plot Limitations Noise Limitations AS PER SP
3 Tube Limitations
4 Structural Design Date Wind Occurrence
5 Wind Velocity Siesmic Zone AS PER
o
6 Wind Exposure FOR WINTERIZING ( C MIN RECORDED)
7 Minimum Ambient Air Temperature oC FOR WINTERIZING ( oC MIN RECORDED)
8
9 Heater Section RADIANT CONV CONV
10 Coil Design (PROCESS) (PROCESS) (STEAM)
11 Design Basis for Tube Wall Thickness (Code or Specification)
12 Design Basis for Riecture Strength (Minimum or Average) - - -
13 Design lift hb - - -
14 Design Pressure bar (gage)
15 Ruptures Design Pressure bar (gage)
o
16 Temperature Allowance C - - -
17 Corrosion Allowance mm
18 Stress Relieve (Yes or No)
19 Weld Inspection Requirements X-Ray or other (No of welds)
20 And Degree of coverage
21 Hydrostatic Test Pressure bar (gage)
o
22 Maximum Tube Metal Temperature (Clean) C
o
23 Design Tube Metal Temperature C
2o
24 Inside Film Coefficient kW/m C
25 Coil Configuration
26 Tubes (Vertical or Horizantal)
27 No of Flow Passes/Tubes per Row
28 Effective Tube Length m
29 Bare Tubes Number
2
30 Bare Tubes Total Exposed Surface m
31 Extended Surface Tubes Number - - -
2
32 Extended Surface Tubes Total Exposed Surface m - - -
33 Tube Spacing Center-to-Center (Staggered (inline) mm
34 Tubes
35 Material (ASTM Specifications and Grade)
36 Outside Diameter mm
37 Wall Thickness (Minimum)
38 Overall Tube Length m
39 No of Intermediate Welds
40 Description of Extended Surface
41 Type(Studs, Segmented Fins or Solid Fins) - - -
42 Material - - -
43 Dimensions (Height × Diameter/Thickness) mm - - -
44 Spacing - - -
o
45 Maximum Tip Temperature C - - -
46 Extension Ratio - - -
47
48
49
(to be continued)
29
NIOC No Rev
MECHANICAL DESIGN CONDITIONS (Continued)
1 Heater Section RAD(PROCESS) CONV(PROCESS) CONV(STM)
2 Plug-Type Headers
3 Location (One End or Both Ends) -
4 Material (AStM Specification and Grade) -
5 Manufacturer and Type -
6 Normal Rating -
7 Welded or Rolled Joint -
8 Return Bends WELD-U
9 Location (Header/Box or Firebox)
10 Material (ASTM Specification and Grade)
11 Terminals
12 Type (Welded or Flanged)
13 Inlet
15 Size Rating and Schedule or Thickness
16 Number of Terminals
17 Outlet
19 Size/Rating Schedule and Rating
20 Number of Terminals
21 Manifolds
22 Connection to Tubes (Welded or Flanged)
23 Location (Internal or External)
24 Inlet
26 Size / Schedule or Thickness
27 Flange Material (ASTM Specification and Grade)
28 Flange Size and Rating
29 Outlet
31 Size Schedule or Thickness
34 Crossovers
35 Location (Internal or External)
36 Pipe Material (ASTM Specification and Grade)
37 Pipe Size / Schedule or Thickness
40 Tube Supports
Location (Top, Bottom,
41
Intermediate)
43 Spacing
44 Coating (Type and Thickness)
45 Tube Guides
46 Location and Spacing
48
49
(to be continued)
30
NIOC No Rev
MECHANICAL DESIGN CONDITIONS (Continued) EQUIPMENT No
1 Seltings
2 Floor
3 Lining Thickness Hot Face Temperature Calculated Design
4 Materials/Thickness/Service Temperature
5
6 Anchor (Type and Materials)
7 Casing Materials and Thickness Temperature
8 Exposed Vertical Walls
11
14 Scheduled Vertical Walls
17
20 Arch
23
26 Convection Walls
29
32 Breeching
35
38
39 Flue Gas Ducts
40 Location
41 Lining (Internal or External)
42 Material and Thickness
o
44 Hot Face Design Temperature C
o
45 Cold Face Design Temperature C
46
47
48
49
(to be continued)
31
NIOC No Rev
MECHANICAL DESIGN CONDITIONS (Continued) Equipment No
1 Combustion Air Ducts
2 Location
5 Anchor Type and Material
o
6 Hot Face Design Temperature C
7 Header Boxes
8 Location Hinged Doors Bolted Panels
9 Lining (Material and Thickness)
10 Anchor (Type and Material)
11 Door/Panel (Material and Thickness)
12 Plenum Chamber
13 Lining (Internal or External) Material and Thickness
15 Casing Materials and Thickness
16 Hot Face Design Temperature Cold Face Design Temperature
17 Stack
18 Location Number Inside Metal Diameter Height Above Ground
19 Stack Design Material Temperature Stack Length
20 Plate, Minimum Thickness (Including Corrosion Allowance) Material C.A.
24 Bridge Well
25 Height Material and Thickness Location
26 Damper
27 Location
28 Material of Blade
29 Material of Shaft
30 Bearing Type
31 Multiple or Single Blade
32 Description of Provision for Operation
33 Location and Type of Operation
34 Miscellaneous
35 Platforms Access by Access from
36 Location No Width Length/ Arc Grade/Platform/Location etc
37
38
39
40
41
42 Type of Flooring. etc
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
(to be continued)
32
NIOC No Rev
1 Miscellaneous (Continued) Access Doors for APH @ Flue Gas In/Out to be Provided
2 Doors Number Location Size Hinged or Bolted
3 Access
4
5
6
7 Observation
8
9 Tube Removal
10 Inspection
11
12
13
14 Instrument and Auxiliary Connections Number Size Type
15 Process Fluid Temperature
16 Flue Gas/Combustion Air Temperature
17 Flue Gas/Combustion Air Press
18 Flue Gas/Combustion O Analyzer
19 Shutting Steam
20 Purge
21 Vents/Drains
22 Tubeskin Thermocouples
23
24 Painting Requirements As per Sp
25
26
27 Metalizing Requirements Stack Exterior Face will be Metalized
28 At Site
29
30 Internal Coating (Caisng, Ducts,Stack)
31
32
33 Fireproofing Requirements
34
35 Burners and Auxiliary Equipment
36 Burners
37 Manufacturer/Type Location/ Orientation UP-SHOT @FLOOR
38 Designation / Size No
39 Heat Release (kj/s per Burner) at Design Excess Air
40 Maximum Normal Minimum
41 Design Pressure Drop across Burner bar (gage) @Maximum Heat Releise
42 Design Burner Centerline to Tube Centerline, mm Horizontal Vertical
43 Design Burner Centerline to Unscheduled Refractory, mm Horizontal Vertical
44 Burner Pilot Capacity (kj/s) Fuel Fuel Pressure bar(gage)
45 Type of Ignition
46 Special Requirements (Flame Detection Devices Safety Interlocks etc)
47 BURNER TO BE MINIMUM EXCESS AIR TYPE
48
49
(to be continued)
33
NIOC No Rev
1 Burners and Auxiliary Equipment (Continued)
2 Sootcrowers
3 Location
4 Manufacturer and Type
5 Number
6 Maximum Cleaning Radius
7 Lane Dimension (Minimum Clearance) mm
8 Orientation (Horizontal or Vertical)
9 Cleaning Medium
o
10 Supply Pressure / Temperature Bar(g) / MIN MAX C
11 Flow Rate per Blower, kg/h
12 Materials of Construction
13 Driver Type (Manual, Air, or Electric Motor)
14 Control System Type (Auto or Manual Sequential Local or Remote Panel etc)
15
16
17
18 Air Prereater Section
19 System Description (Direct, Indirect or Other)
20 Type Regenerative, Recuperative Heat Pipe, Circulating, Other)
21 Manufacturer Model No
22 Performance Air Side Flue Gas or Heat Side
23 Design Maximum Minimum Design Maximum Minimum
24 Flow Entering kg/h
25 Bypass Quantity, kg/h
26 Flow Leaving, kg/h
27 Hot Air Recirculation, kg/h
28 Leakage Percent
o
29 Temperature Entering C
o
30 Temperature Leaving C
31 (Uncorrected)
o
32 Temperature Leaving C (Corrected)
o
33 Mix Temperature (After Bypass), C
34 Pressure Entering/Leaving bar (gage)
35 Pressure Drop (Allowable) bar (gage)
36 Pressure Drop (Calculated) bar (gage)
37 Heat Exchanged, kj/s MIN
2o
38 Transfer Rate (Clean), kj/m Cs
o
39 MTD (Uncorrected) C
2
40 Surface Area m
41 Tube-Side Fluid
o o
42 Minimum Allowable Flue Gas Temperature C NOTE(5) Minimum Ambient Air Temperature C
o o
43 Minimum Metal Temperature of Flue Gas Side Allowable C Calculated C
o
44 Upper Limit Flue Gas Temperature C
45
o
46 Note(5) C MIN @OUTLET OF AIR PREHEATER
47
48
49
(to be continued)
34
NIOC No Rev
1 Burner and Auxiliary Equipment (Continued)
2 Air Preheater Section (Continued)
3 Utilities and Miscellaneous
4 Plant Air Pressure bar (gage) Instrument Air Pressure bar (gage)
o
5 Steam Pressure bar (gage) Temperature C
o
6 Water Pressure bar (gage) Temperature C
7 Structural Wind Load bar Seismic Factor
8 Elevation m Above Sea Level Relative Humidity
9 Other
10
11
12 Construction
13 Regenerative Type
14 Horizontal Shaft Air Inlet (Left Right Above Below)
15 Vertical Shaft Air Flow ( Up Down)
16 Internal Air Bypass (Yes No) and Type of Operator
17 Main Drive Auxiliary Drive
18 Baskets Gage Material Depth (mm) Description
19 Cold End
20 Intermediate
21 Hot End
22 Requperative Type
23 No of Air Passes No Tubes/Air Pass
24 Description of Surface
25
26 Materials of Construction
27
28 Intermediate Air Crossover Duct Included (Yes No) With/Without insulation
29 Bolted or Welded
30 Heat Pipe
31 Tube Material No
32 Outside Diameter mm A.W./M.W. mm
33 Air Side Fins (Solid / Segmented) Width mm Height mm
34 Thickness, mm No per Meter Material
Gas Side Fins (Solid / Segmented)
35 Height, mm
Width mm
36 Thickness, mm No per Meter Material
37 Tubes per Row No of Rows pitch Square Triangular
38 Effective Length Air Side Flue Gas Side
o
39 Maximum Allowable Soaking Temperature C
40 Indirect-Circulating Type
41 Air Heater Coil Material No
42 Outside Diameter, mm A.W./M.W. mm Effective Length
43 Fine Description
44
45 Tubes per Row No of Rows Pitch Square Triangular
46 Valves Pumps
47 Expansion Tank
48 Note See Fired Heater Section of Data Sheets for Flue gas Coil Details
49 Other Type
(to be continued)
35
NIOC No Rev
3 Accessories
4 Soot Blowers
5 Water Wash
6 Fire Extinguisher System
7 Controls
8 Insulations External Internal
9 Corrosion Protection
10 Expansion Provisions
11 External Cold Air Bypass (Yes No) Damper Operator Type
12 External Cold Air Recirculation (Yes No) Damper Operator Type
13 Forced Drafts ( Sets) Induced Draft ( Sets)
14 Fans Normal Design Normal Design
15 Flow Rate kg/h
o
16 Temperature C
17 Static Pressure bar (gage)
18 Revolutions per Minute (r/min)
19 Maximum Allowable Fan Speed rpm
20 Manufacturer and Arrangement
21 Type and Size
22 Bearing Type
23 Coupling Type
24 Casing Materials of Constructions
25 Impeller Materials of Construction
26 Damper Type and Location
27 Damper Operator
Special Requirements (Noise Limits,
28 Inlet Screens, Rain Hoods, Guide
Vanes, etc.)
29
30
31 Drivers
32 Effective Motors Forced Draft Included Draft
34 Horsepower
35 Voltage/Hertz/Phase
36 Revolution per Minute
37 Enclosure
38 Insulation
39 Service Factor
40 Bearing (Type and Lube)
41 Special Requirements
42 Rated Capacity, kw
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
(to be continued)
36
NIOC No Rev
3 Drivers (Continued)
4 Turbines Forced Draft Induced Draft
5 Manufacturer and Type of Designation
6 Horsepower Normal Condition
7 Horsepower Design Condition
8 Water Rate Normal Condition, kgh/W
9 Water Rate Design Condition, kgh/W
10 Reolutions per Minute Normal Condition
11 Reolution per Minute Design Condition
12 Steam Conditions, Inlet
13 Steam Conditions, Outlet
14 Governor
15 Bearing Type and Lube
16 Special Requirements
17 Transmission Forced Draft Induced Draft
19 Ratio
20 Service Factor
21 Lube System
22 Coupling Manufacturer and Type
23 Special Requirements (Clutches, Coupling, Guards etc.)
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
37
APPENDIX B
FURNACE TUBE SIZE AND PASSES FOR CRUDE HEATER (1)
Fig. B.1
(to be continued)
38
APPENDIX B (continued)
FURNACE TUBE SIZE AND PASSES FOR CRUDE HEATER (2)
Fig. B.2
39
APPENDIX C
TYPICAL HEATER PROCESS FLOW SHEET DESIGN CASE
POINT No. FLOW RATE (kg/s) TEMPERATURE (°C) PRESSURE [m bar (ga)]
1 17.34 25 0
2 17.34 25 -6.0
3 17.34 25 26.30
4 17.34 25 20.78
5 17.34 25 19.71
6 17.34 359 10.28
7 0 --- ---
8 17.34 2.99
9 18.62 359 1.43
10 18.62 460 -2.66
11 18.62 436 -13.47
12 18.62 173 -0.71
13 0 --- -0.71
14 18.62 170 ---
15 18.62 810 -0.2
40

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IPS-E-PR-810

PROCESS DESIGN OF FURNACES

This standard specification is reviewed and

CONTENTS : PAGE No.

APPENDIX A TYPICAL FURNACE DATA SHEETa)...................................................................... 26

This group includes the following Standards:

STANDARD CODE STANDARD TITLE

"PROCESS DESIGN OF FURNACES"

API (AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE)

IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)

3.1 Air Heater or Air Preheaters

3.4 Balanced Draft Heater

3.8 Direct Regenerative-Type Air Preheater

3.9 Direct Recuperative-Type Air Preheater

3.11 Efficiency, Fuel

3.12 Efficiency, Thermal

3.13 Excess Air

3.14 Extended Surface

3.15 Extension Ratio

3.17 Flux Density, Maximum

3.18 Forced Draft Heater

3.20 Header Box

3.21 Heat Absorption

3.22 Heat Release

3.23 Heating Value, Higher (HHV)

3.24 Heating Value, Lower (LHV)

3.25 Indirect-Type Air Preheater

3.27 Radiation Loss or Setting Loss

3.29 Volumetric Heat Release

4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ANSI American National Standard Institute.

DN Diameter Nominal, in (mm).

6. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF FURNACE

6.1 Design Conditions

2) Reboilers and hot oil heaters:

3) Thermal cracking heaters:

6.2 Furnace Turndown

6.3 Furnace Outlet Temperature

6.4 Velocity Limitation

6.5 Fouling Factor

SERVICE FOULING FACTOR

Crude charge heater with desalter 5.283E-4

6.6 Pressure Drop

6.7 Thermal Design

6.7.6.2 For horizontal tube heaters Lr = Lc

For horizontal end firing Lr = Lc = 15 m max. (Eq. 1)

6.7.7 Determination of minimum firing distances

1) For vertical firing:

exceeded in the radiant, shield or convection sections.

6.8 Tube Sizes and Passes

7. FURNACE LAYOUT AND TUBE ARRANGEMENT

8. TUBES, TUBE SHEETS, SUPPORTS, HEADERS AND HEADER BOXES

9. BURNERS AND FUEL SYSTEM

provided on each burner.

11. PLATFORMS, STAIRS AND LADDERS

12. DUCTS AND STACKS

consider the possibility of oscillation at critical wind velocities.

13. SOOT BLOWERS

15. AIR PREHEATER