SELF-LEARNING HOME TASK (SLHT)

Subject: Practial Research 1 Grade 11/12 Quarter: 2nd Week 3 to 4

MELC: Plans data collection, data gathering instrument, and analysis procedures
Presents written research methodology
Code: CS_RS11- IVa-c-3 and CS_RS11- IVa-c-4
Name __________________________ Section ________ Date ________
School __________________________ District __________________________

PART I. Readings/Discussions

A. Data Collection
Data Collection is very important in the aspect of research.

In research methods, collection of data is included which can be interpreted or analyzed to

answer hypothesis. This lesson presents data collection in more detail, in particular how they
work in practice, the purpose of each, when their use is appropriate and what they can offer in
students’ individual research.

You also knew the most common sampling methods used in qualitative research such as
purposive sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. In this new lesson, you will learn
to analyze procedures in collecting data thru Survey, Interview and Observation.

How do you collect your data for your research? Example of choosing a breed of dog you like
as your pet. How will you able to understand the breed of dog you like (probably research
using the internet, interview persons with a particular breed of dog, survey dog breeders or
observe dog owners)?

The following were analysis of procedures in collecting data

I. Observation

is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with
the subjects of yours.It is a systematic data collection approach where researchers use all of
their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations.

Classification of Observational Method

1.Casual and Scientific Observation - Casual involves observing the right thing at the right
place and also at the right time by a matter of chance or by luck while scientific observation
involves the use of the tools of the measurement, but remember that all the observations are
not scientific in nature.

2.Natural Observation - involves observing the behavior in a normal setting, no efforts are
made to bring any type of change in the behavior of the observed.
3.Subjective and Objective Observation -The subject refers to the observer whereas the
object refers to the activity or any type of operation that is being observed. - Subjective
observation involves the observation of the one’s own immediate experience whereas the
observations involving observer as an entity apart from the thing being observed, are referred
to as the objective observation

4.Direct and Indirect Observation - Indirect method of observation involves studies of

mechanical recording or the recording by some of the other means like photographic or
electronic. Direct observation is relatively straighter forward as compared to the indirect
observation.

5.Participant and Non Participant Observation - In participant observation,a researcher

may interact with participants and become part of their community . But in the non participant
type of observation, no participation of the observer in the activities of the group takes place
and also occurs no relationship between the researcher and the group.

6. Structured and Unstructured Observation -Structured observation works according to a

plan and involves specific information of the units that are to be observed and also about the
information that is to be recorded. But in the case of the unstructured observation, observer has
the freedom to note down what s/he feels is correct and relevant to the point of study.

7. Controlled and Un-controlled Observation - Controlled observations are the observations

made under the influence of some of the external forces and such observations rarely lead to
improvement in the precision of the research results. Un-controlled observations are made in
the natural environment and reverse to the controlled.

8. Covert and Overt Observation -Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to
be an ordinary member of the group and observes in secret. Overt observations are when the
researcher tells the group s/he is conducting research (i.e. they know they are being observed)

Techniques for collecting data through observation

Written descriptions- the researcher makes written descriptions of the people, situations or
environment. However, the researcher might miss out on an observation as they are taking
notes. The researcher may be focused on a particular event or situation. There is no room for
subjective interpretation.

Voice recording- Allows the researcher to record notes. Limitations are people may act
unnaturally towards the camera or others avoid the camera. Or perhaps the camera may not
always see everything.
Photographs and artifacts- useful when there is a need to collect observable information or
phenomena such as buildings, neighborhood, dress and appearance. Artifacts include objects
of significance- memorabilia, instruments, tools and others.

Documentation- Any and all kinds of documentation may be used to provide information on a
notice board, administrative policies and procedures.

II. Interview

-defined as a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting intensive individual

interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular
idea, program or situation.”Boyce, C. & Neale, P. (2006)

Three different formats of interviews:

1. Structured interview- consist of a series of pre-determined questions that all interviewees

answer in the same order. Data analysis usually tends to be more straightforward because
researcher can compare and contrast different answers given to the same questions.

2. Unstructured interview- are usually the least reliable from research viewpoint, because no
questions are prepared prior to the interview and data collection is conducted in an informal
manner. Unstructured interviews can be associated with a high level of bias and comparison of
answers given by different respondents tends to be difficult due to the differences in
formulation of questions.

3. Semi-structured interview- contain the components of both, structured and unstructured

interviews. In semi-structured interviews, interviewer prepares a set of same questions to be
answered by all interviewees. At the same time, additional questions might be asked during
interviews to clarify and/or further expand certain issues.

Source: Connaway, L.S.& Powell, R.P.(2010) “Basic Research Methods for Librarians”
ABCCLIO

III. Survey

-is often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. If possible the use of an already
designed and validated survey instrument will ensure that the data being collected is accurate.
If you design your own survey it is necessary to pilot test the survey on a sample of your target
group to ensure that the survey instrument is measuring what it intends to measure and is
appropriate for the target group.

Data Collection Method in Survey:

1. Self-completion Survey -this is via mail, email, the internet or SMS are generally the least
expensive ,particularly for a widespread sample. They allow respondents time to consider their
answers, refer to records or consult with others (which can be helpful or unhelpful, depending
on the survey’s objectives). They also eliminate interviewer errors and reduce the incidence of
selected people (or units) being unable to be contacted. A major disadvantage of self
completion surveys is the potentially high nonresponse.

2. Interviewer-based Surveys - such as face-to-face or telephone surveys generally allow

more data to be gathered than self-completion surveys and can include the use of more
complex questionnaires. Interviewers can reduce non-response by answering respondents’
queries or concerns. They can often pick up and resolve respondent errors. Face-to-face
surveys are usually more expensive than other methodologies

Source:Kabir, Syed Muhammad Sajjad(2016). Methodsof data Collection. Basic Guidelines

for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines, Edition: First, Chapter: 9,
Publisher: Book Zone Publication, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh, pp.201-275

Questionnaire-

is a paper containing a list of questions including the specific place and space in the paper
where you write the answers to the questions. This prepared set of questions elicits factual or
opinionated answers from the respondent’s through his or her acts of checking one chosen
answer from several options or of writing on a line provided for any opinionated answer

B. Data Analysis

According to Yin (1994:102) “data analysis consists of examining, categorizing, tabulating, or

otherwise recombining the evidence to address the initial prepositions of a study”. In a
qualitative research, you analyze or study data that reflect the respondents thoughts, feelings,
attitudes, or views about something. These are subjective data that are expressed in words, and
these words serve as the unit of analysis in a qualitative type of research. You examine these
subjective data to understand how related or relevant they are to your research problem or
specific research questions.

There are a variety of approaches to this process of analysis and interpretation of qualitative
data. Some of the most commonly used approaches include:

Content Analysis- used to analyze and interpret verbal data, or behavioral data. Content can be
analyzed descriptively or interpretatively.

Narrative Analysis-used to analyze text that may come from variety of sources including
transcripts from interviews, diaries, field notes, surveys and other written forms. Narrative
analysis often involves reformulating stories presented by people in different context and
based on their different experiences.
Discourse Analysis- a method of analyzing naturally occurring spoken interactions and written
text and is concerned with social context in which the communication occurred. It focuses on
how language is used in everyday life and looks at how people express themselves.

Grounded Theory- also called analytic induction. This is a method that attempts to develop
casual explanations of a phenomenon from one or more cases being studied. Explanations are
altered as additional cases are studied until the researcher arrives at a statement that fits all
cases.

Conversion Analysis- examines the use of language by people as a type of action or skilled
accomplishment. A key concept in this analysis is the principle of people taking turns in
conversation. Meanings are usually shaped in the context of the exchange itself.

PART II. Exercises

Exercise 1

Directions: Which among these topics can lend itself to observation technique?

Explain your choice.

1. K-12 Goals, Theories, and Methodologies

2. Historical Development of Cell Phones
3. Philippine Bridges in Cebu City
4. Shoe Styles of USJ-R Freshmen Architectural Students
5. Human Respiratory System
6. First Friday Mass with Sr. Santo Nino Devotees
7. Playground Bullying among Elementary Pupils
8. Molecular Contents of Water
9. Uniform Wearing by All Consolacion Market Vendors
10. Quail Egg Selling at the Side Streets in the Town

Exercise 2

Directions: Recall one research topic or research problem you specified in the previous
lesson, including 2 specific questions related to this research problem. Pretend you have
already chosen a set of respondents. Formulate a set of interview questions to elicit answers to
your specific questions. Keep in mind the guidelines for formulating effective interview
questions.
 C. Assessment/Application/Outputs (Please refer to DepEd Order No. 31, s. 2020)

Directions: Based on your chosen research study, reflect on the different methods and
choose a particular method of collecting data, data gathering instrument and data analysis
approach you will employ in your study. Submit a printed copy of your research methodology
to your teacher.

D. Suggested Enrichment/Reinforcement Activities

Critical Thinking has a big role in doing research. Researchers need to make many
decisions in creating and conducting a study. The challenge of conducting it successfully is to
manage choices well throughout the study. The skill in using your critical faculties to weigh up
evidences, and considering the implications and conclusions of what the writer or what the
person is saying is a key to a successful research study. It is a skill to be developed.

Learning about qualitative research involves new ways of thinking which includes
imaginative art and design principles to create artwork. Researchers improve the quality of
research by increasing their knowledge of art and creative science in the process of learning.

Imagine these two situations. On the first, you are on a country walk and you come
across a sign that tells you not to attempt to climb a fence because of risk of electrocution.

References:

Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 1. (Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2016)

Buensuceso, Dondon B. et al. Teacher’s Guide Practical Research 1. (Pasig City: Lexicon
Press, Inc.

Practical Research 1 Quarter 2 – Module 5: Understanding Data and Ways to

Systematically Collect Data ( Department of Education)

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-data-collection-methods/
 SERES P. PACANA

Prepared by: Edited by:

Reviewed by:

GUIDE

For the Teacher: Advise the students to read the reading and discussion portion before they
attempt to answer the practice exercises. Going through the part sequentially will help them
understand easily the topic.

For the Learner: Read through the self-learning home task from the first part to the last part.
Doing so, will help you understand better the topic.

For the Parent/Home Tutor: Assist your child and make sure that he/she reads the self-learning
home task from beginning to end to ensure proper understanding of the concepts.