Module I in

AE 191: Competency Appraisal

1st Semester, S.Y. 2021-2022

Vision
BSU as an International University engendering graduates to walk the intergenerational highways.

Mission
BSU cares to: Challenge innovation, Advance technology and facility, Revitalize administration,
Engender partnership, and Serve intergenerational role.

Goals
1. Challenge Innovation in the Four Fold Function of the University
2. Advance Technology and Facility by shaping the University become responsive to modern
needs.
3. Revitalize Administration by harmonizing performance monitoring, information, and
reporting systems.
4. Serve Intergenerational Role by revitalizing the Spiritual, Physical, Economical, Cultural,
Intellectual, Emotional, and Social (S.P.E.C.I.E.S.) state.
5. To strengthen and expand public-private partnerships

Benguet State University Quality Policy Statement:

Benguet State University is continuously committed to improve its Quality Management System,
satisfy requirements of relevant interested parties and provide excellent service for quality
education and innovative research aligned with sustainable development and client satisfaction.

Course Information:
Course Code : AE 191
Course Title : Competency Appraisal
Pre-requisite : Senior Standing
Co-requisite : None
Credit : 3 units
Semester Offered : 1st Semester
Number of hours : 3 hours a week (3 Lec)
Course Description : Review in AB mechanization, power, machinery and equipment and
allied subjects (AB power and tractor operation, AB machinery
management, extension and marketing, machine design for AB
production, fabrication/manufacturing and testing, agricultural
economics and marketing, AB engineering laws, professional ethics,
engineering contracts, specification and legal documents, algebra,
statistics, thermodynamics and heat transfer and fluid mechanics)

ERICKSON N. DOMINGUEZ
Course Instructors
 AE 101: Course Audit 1

INTRODUCTION

Competency Appraisal is a course for senior standing students to measures the

understanding and refresh the students on the different courses taken from the previous years of
study in Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, equations, functions, geometric shapes and their
relationships. Statistics –on the other hand- is the presentation of data in the form of numbers apart
from collection of data in numbers, its analysis and interpretation (Univariety, 2020). Lastly,
engineering economy as define by The Freedictionary (2020) is the application of engineering or
mathematical analysis and synthesis to decision making in economics. It is the knowledge and
techniques concerned with evaluating the worth of commodities and services relative to their cost.
It is also the analysis of the economics of engineering alternatives.

Learning Objectives:
1. Solve problems in mathematics.
2. Solve problems in statistical design for research.

Figure 1. Mathematics and Statistics. (Photo retrieve at https://www.univariety.com/career/Mathematics-and-

Statistics/331609d8

I. REVIEW IN MATHEMATICS

Study in engineering needs the mathematics as the basic foundation to advance in the
degree. With the world full of engineering problems, the use of different mathematical tools must
be understood to solve such problems.

Algebra is a branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating
those symbols. In elementary algebra, those symbols (today written as Latin and Greek letters)
represent quantities without fixed values, known as variables. Just as sentences describe
relationships between specific words, in algebra, equations describe relationships between
variables (Coolman, 2015).

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1

Algebraic Formulas

a) a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
b) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
c) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
d) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
e) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
f) (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
g) (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ; (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
h) (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
i) a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
j) a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
k) (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
l) (a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + b4
m) a4 – b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2)
n) a5 – b5 = (a – b)(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
o) If n is a natural number an – bn = (a – b)(an-1 + an-2b+…+ bn-2a + bn-1)
p) If n is even (n = 2k), an + bn = (a – b)(an-1 + an-2b +…+ bn-2a + bn-1)
q) If n is odd (n = 2k + 1), an + bn = (a + b)(an-1 – an-2b +an-3b2…- bn-2a + bn-1)
r) (a + b + c + …)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + … + 2(ab + ac + bc + ….)

Fractional Exponents
a0 = 1
am
= am−n
an
1
am = a-m
1
a−m = am

Quadratic Equation
For a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c where a ≠ 0, the roots will be given by the equation
as
-b ± √b2 -4ac
=
2a
Exponents Formulas
a) Multiplication: aman = am+n
𝑎𝑚
b) Division: = am−n
𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑝
c) Power of a Quotient: ( 𝑐 𝑛 )p = 𝑎𝑛𝑝
d) Power of a Product: (ab)m = ambm
(amcn)p = ampcnp
e) Power of a Power: (am)p = amp
1
f) Negative Exponent: a−n = 𝑎𝑛

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1
1
g) One as an Exponent: a =a
h) Zero as an Exponent: a0=1
1
i) Rational Exponent: √𝑎 = 𝑎2
1
𝑛
j) √𝑎 = 𝑎𝑛

Arithmetic Progression
nth term: tn = t1 +(n -1)d

Word Problems

Example 1. Mary is 3 times as old as her son. In 12 years, Mary's age will be one year less than
twice her son's age. Find their ages now.

Let x -> age of Mary’s son now

3x -> age of Mary now
x+12 -> age of Mary’s son after 12 years
3x+12 -> age of Mary after 12 years

Solution:
3x+12 = 2(x+12)-1
3x+12 = 2x + 23
3x-2x = 23 – 12
x = 11

Therefore,
x = 11 (age of Mary’s son now)
3x = 33 (age of Mary now)

Problem Set 1-A. Word Problems: Solve the following problems on a piece of letter size bond
paper. Show your solutions.

1. One computer can do a job twice as fast as the other. Working together, both computers
can do the job in 2 hours. How long would it take each computer, working alone, to do
the job?
2. How much money do we have to invest at 3 percent compounded annually if we want
to have 750 thousand pesos in the bank after ten years?
3. How many 11ters of a 15% solution of alcohol should be added to 3 liters of the 30%
solution to get a 20 percent solution?
4. Andre and Chris are traveling to a business conference. Andre travels 110 km in the
same time that Chris travels 140 km. Chris travels 15 km per hour faster than Andre.
Find the average rate of each person.
5. A pipe can fill a swimming pool in 10 hours. If a second pipe is open, the two pipes
together can fill the pool in 4 hours. How long will would it take the second pipe alone
to fill the pool?

Analytic Geometry

Analytic geometry, also called coordinate geometry, mathematical subject in which

algebraic symbolism and methods are used to represent and solve problems in geometry. The
importance of analytic geometry is that it establishes a correspondence between geometric curves

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1
and algebraic equations.
It is also define by Merriam-Webster (2020) as the study of geometric properties by means
of algebraic operations upon symbols defined in terms of a coordinate system.

Formulas:

Distance formula: The distance between two points P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) is
| 𝑃1 𝑃2 | = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Midpoint Formulas: If M(x,y) is the midpoint of the line segment from P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2),
then

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
x= and y=
2 2

Equation of a Circle: The circle with center at (h,k) and radius r has an equation

(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2

Slope of a Line: If P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) are any two distinct points on a non-vertical line, the
the slope of the line is m, given by
∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= =
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Equations of a Line: The point-slope form of a line having a slope m and through a point P(x1,y1)
is
y – y1 = m(x – x1)

The slope-intercept form of a line having slope m and y-intercept b is

y = mx + b

The general 1st degree equation is

Ax + By + C = 0

Problem Set 1-B. Analytic Geometry: Solve the following problems on a piece of letter size
bond paper. Show your solutions.

1. Find two values of x if the distance between (x, 2) and (6, 6) is 5.

2. Prove that the three points (2, 4) (1,-4) and (5,-2) are the vertices of a right triangle.
3. Find an equation of the line passing through the point {1, -3) and having a slope of ½.
4. Find the equation of the circle having a diameter with endpoints at (3,-4) and (1, 2).
5. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve y2 -2x-4y -1=0 at (2, -1).

Trigonometry
Let a, b, and c represents the sides of a triangle. Let a, b and g be the measures of the angles
opposite a, b and c, respectively.

a b c
Law of Sines: = =
sin α sin β sin γ

Law of Cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2abcosθ

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1

Problem Set 1-C. Trigonometry: Solve the following problems on a piece of letter size bond
paper. Show your solutions.

1. Points A and B are on the same horizontal line with the foot of a hill, and the angles of
depression of these points from the top of the hill are 30.20 and 22.5°, respectively. If
the distance between A and B is 75 meters, what is the height of the hill?
2. A triangular parcel of land, with vertices at R, S and T, was to be enclosed by a fence,
but it was discovered that the surveyor's mark at S was missing. From a deed to the
property, it was learned that the distance from T to R Is 324 meters, the distance from
T to S Is 506 meters, and the angle R In the triangle is 125.40. Determine the location
of S by finding the distance from R to S.
3. A point P is 1.4 km from one end of a lake and 2.2 km from the other end. If at P the
lake subtends an angle of 54 °, what is the length of the lake?
4. To determine the distance across a straight river, a surveyor chooses two points P and
Q and the bank, where the distance between P and Q is 200 meters. At each of these
points, a point R on the opposite bank is sighted. The angle having sides PQ and PR is
measured to be 63.30 and the angle having sides PQ and QR is measured as 80.4°. What
is the distance across the river?
5. A ladder 24 feet long is leaning against a sloping embankment. The foot of the ladder
is 11 ft from the base of the embankment and the distance from the top of the ladder
down the embankment to the ground is 16 feet. What is the angle at which the ladder is
inclined to the horizontal?

Differential Calculus
Identities in Differential Calculus

Problem Set 1-D. Differential Calculus. Differentiate the following functions on a piece of
letter size bond paper. Show your solutions.

1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3
3
2. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 10
(𝑥 + 3)
3. 𝑦 = (𝑥2 + 3)
(2𝑥−1)
4. 𝑦=
(𝑥+1)2
5. y = 3 sin 3x cos 2x - 2 cos 3x sin 2x

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1

Integral Calculus

Identities in Differential Calculus

Problem Set 1-E. Integral Calculus. Differentiate the following functions on a piece of letter
size bond paper. Show your solutions.

𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛3 (1+𝑥 3 )
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 3
(1−2𝑥)2
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
3. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 and the y-axis with the limit
from -1 to 3.

II. REVIEW IN STATISTICS

Experiment

An experiment is a planned inquiry to obtain new facts or to confirm or deny the result of
previous experiments, where such decision will aid in an administrative decision such as
recommending a variety, a procedure, pesticide, etc.

Objectives of an Experiment
In designing an experiment, objectives have to be set clearly,
a. Questions to be answered;
b. Hypothesis to be tested;
c. Effects to be tested

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1
Hypothesis Test

Steps in Performing a Hypothesis Test

1. Define H0 and H1.
2. Assume H0 to be true.
3. Compute a test statistic. A test statistic is a statistic that is used to assess the strength
of the evidence against H0.
4. Compute the P-value of the test statistic. The P-value is the probability, assuming
H0 to be true, that the test statistic would have a value whose disagreement with H0
is as great as or greater than that actually observed. The P-value is also called the
observed significance level.
5. State a conclusion about the strength of the evidence against H0.

(Review on your Stat 23)

Statistical Design

Completely Randomized Design

A completely randomized design (CRD) is one where the treatments are assigned
completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one
treatment. For the CRD, any difference among experimental units receiving the same treatment is
considered as experimental error. Hence, the CRD is only appropriate for experiments with
homogeneous experimental units, such as laboratory experiments, where environmental effects are
relatively easy to control. For field experiments, where there is generally large variation among
experimental plots, in such environmental factors as soil, the CRD is rarely used (Gomez and
Gomez, 1984).

Randomized Complete Block Design

The randomized complete block (RCB) design is one of the most widely used experimental
designs in agricultural research. The design is especially suited for field experiments where the
number of treatments is not large and the experimental area has a predictable productivity gradient.
The primary distinguishing feature of the RCB design is the presence of blocks of equal size, each
of which contains all the treatments (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

Latin Square Design

The major feature of the latin square (LS) design is its capacity to simultaneously handle
two known sources of variation among experimental units. It treats the sources as two independent
blocking criteria, instead of only one as in the RCB design. The two-directional blocking in a LS
design, commonly referred to as row-blocking and column-blocking, is accomplished by ensuring
that every treatment occurs only once in each row-block and once in each column-block. This
procedure makes it possible to estimate variation among row-blocks as well as among column-
blocks and to remove them from experimental error (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

Factorial Design

An experiment in which the treatments consist of all possible combinations of the selected
levels in two or more factors is referred to as a factorial experiment. Note that the term factorial
describes a specific way in which the treatments are formed and dues not, in any way, refer to the
experimental design used. For example, if the foregoing 23 factorial experiment is in a randomized
complete block design, then the correct description of the experiment would be 23 factorial
experiment in a randomized complete block design (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). If the 23 factorial
experiment is in completely randomized design, the description of the experiment would be 2 3
factorial experiment in a completely randomized design.

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1

Split-Plot Design

The split-plot design is specifically suited for a two-factor experiment that has more
treatments than can be accommodated by a complete block design. In a split-plot design, one of
the factors is assigned to the main plot. The assigned factor is called the main-plot factor. The main
plot is divided into subplots to which the second factor, called the subplot factor, is assigned. Thus,
each main plot becomes a block for the subplot treatments (i.e., the levels of the subplot factor)
(Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

(Review on your Stat 23)

Problem Set 2. Statistical Design. Select the appropriate statistical design for each set of data.
Calculate and present the ANNOVA table. If the treatments are statistically significant with each
other, use LSD and DMRT to present the significance among the means. Show your solutions.

1.
Treatment
Replication
1 2 3 4
1 73.0 74.0 68.0 71.0
2 75.0 74.0 69.0 72.0
3 75.0 75.0 70.0 73.0

2.
Fertilizer Treatment
Block
1 2 3 4 5
57 67 95 102 123
1 46 72 90 88 101
28 66 89 109 113
26 44 92 96 93
2 38 59 89 89 110
20 64 106 106 115
39 57 91 102 112
3 39 61 85 93 104
43 61 98 98 112
23 74 105 103 120
4 36 47 85 90 101
18 69 85 105 111

3.
Treatments Replications
Date of
Fertilizer 1 2 3 4
Planting
F1 28.6 36.8 32.7 32.6
F2 29.l 29.2 30.6 29.1
P1 (Early)
F3 28.4 27.4 26.0 29.3
F4 29.2 28.2 27.7 32.0
F1 30.3 32.3 31.6 30.9
F2 32.7 30..8 31.0 33.8
P2 (Late)
F3 30.3 32,7 33.0 33.9
F4 32.7 31.7 31.8 27.4

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 AE 101: Course Audit 1
REFERENCES

Bix, R A. (2020). Analytic geometry. Retrieved on August 13, 2020 at https://www.

britannica.com/science/analytic-geometry

Coolman, R. (2015). What is Mathematics?. Retrieved on August 13, 2020 at

https://www.livescience.com/50258-algebra.html#:~:text=Algebra%20is%20a%20
branch%20of,fixed%20values%2C%20known%20as%20variables.

Gomez, K A and Gomez, A A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. Second
Edition. An International Rice Research Institute Book. A Wiley – Interscience Publication. John
Wiley & Sons.

Merriam-Webster. (2020). Analytic geometry. Retrieved on August 13, 2020 at

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analytic%20geometry

The Freedictionary. (2020). Engineering Economy. Retrieved on August 13, 2020 at

https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/engineering+economy

UNIVARIETY. (2020). About Mathematics and Statistics. Retrieved on August 13, 2020 at
https://www.univariety.com/career/Mathematics-and-Statistics/331609d8

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