CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down sloped section of land. Landslides
are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the land unstable. Also
called as landslip, occurs when gravitational and other types of shear stresses within a slope
go beyond the shear strength of the resources that from the slope.

It encompasses five modes of slope motion consisting of falls, topples, slides, spreads and
flows. These are further sub divided by means of the kind of geological material. Debris
flows referred to as mudflows and rock falls are examples of not unusual landslide kinds.
Almost all landslide has more than one causes. Slope motion occurs while forces acting
downslope, largely because of gravity that handed the strength of the earth materials that
compose the slope. Causes encompass factors that increase the consequences of downslope
forces and elements that contribute to low strength.

Landslides can be initiated in slopes already on the verge of movement with the aid of
rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, circulation erosion, modifications in ground water,
earth quakes, volcanic and human activities are any mixtures of these factors. Earthquake
shaking and other elements also can encompass landslide below water. These landslides are
referred to as submarine landslides. Submarine landslides occasionally cause tsunamis that
damage coastal areas.

Shear stresses can be constructed inside a slope via a number of processes. Which include
over steepening of the bottom of the slope, by way of natural erosion or quarry, and loading
of the slope, via an inflow of water, an upward thrust inside the groundwater table, or the
gathering of particles at the slope’s surface. Short-term stresses, including the ones pressured
via earthquakes and rainstorms can contribute to the activation of landslides. Landslides can
also be activated with the aid of procedures that deteriorate the shear strength of a slope’s
material. Shear energy is dependent specially on factors such as frictional energy, that's the
resistance to movement between the slope fabric’s interacting constituent debris, and
cohesive power, that's the bonding between the particles.

Coarse debris together with sand grains have high frictional energy however low cohesive
electricity, wherein it's far contrary for clays, which can be composed of excellent debris.
Another thing that affects the shear energy of a slope-forming material is the spatial
disposition of its constituent debris, called the sediment or residue material. Some substances
with a loose, open sediment material will weaken if they may be physically disturbed or
flooded with water. An increase in water content material, on account of both natural reasons
or human activities usually weakens sandy materials over the reduction of inter particle
friction and weakens clays via the dissolution of interparticle cements, the hydration of clay
minerals, and the removal of interparticle or capillary tension.

FACTORS

Geological factors

 Sensitive or weak resources

 Fissured or sheared resources
 Contrast in permeability
 Weathered or exposed material

Morphological causes

 Volcanic uplift
 Glacial rebound
 Vegetation removal by fire or drought
 Glacial erosion
 Deposition loading on slope
 Thaw and freeze weathering
 Shrink and swell weathering

Human causes

 Deforestation
 Mining
 Irrigation
 Artificial mining
 Excavation of land and slope
 Loading of slope
LANDSLIDE AND WATER

Slope saturation via water will be a primary reason at the back of landslides. This effect will
occur within the type of excessive precipitation, snowmelt, adjustments in groundwater tiers,
and water level changes on coastlines, earth dams, and consequently the banks of lakes,
reservoirs, canals, and rivers.

Land sliding and flooding vicinity unit closely allied due to every place unit associated with
precipitation, runoff, and therefore the saturation of floor by means of water. Additionally,
debris flows and mudflows commonly arise in tiny, steep circulation channels and from time
to time vicinity unit fallacious for floods, these events generally occur on the same time in the
same area.

Landslides will cause flooding by means of forming landslide dams that block valleys and
move channels, permitting large quantities of water to again up. This reasons backwater
flooding and, if the dam fails, following the flooding. Also, stable landslide debris will bulk
or add volume and density to in any other case generally streamflow or cause channel
blockages and diversions, making flood conditions or localized erosion. Landslides may
additionally purpose overtopping of reservoirs and decreased capability of reservoirs to keep
water.

LANDSLIDE AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY

Many mountainous areas which might be prone to landslides have slight experience of
earthquake incidence in recorded times. The occurrence of earthquakes in steep landslide
prone regions substantially will growth the risk that landslides can arise, due to floor shaking
alone or shaking- brought on dilation of soil substances, that lets in speedy infiltration of
water.

Widespread rockfalls are resulting from loosening of rocks as a outcomes of ground shaking.
Worldwide, landslides resulting from earthquakes kill individuals and damage structures at
higher rates.

LANDSLIDES AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY

Landslides due to volcanic activity are most important devastating kind. Volcanic rock or
lava may soften snow at a fast charge, inflicting a deluge of rock, soil, ash, and water that
hurries up on the steep slopes of volcanoes, destroying whatever in its course. These volcanic
debris flows attain some distance far, after they leave the flanks of the volcano, and may
harm systems in flat areas encompassing the volcanoes.

TYPE OF MATERIAL

Landslides are divided depending at the kinds of materials concerned and the mode of
motion.

The category primarily based on attributes

1. Kind of material and

2. Type of movement within the affected vicinity.

The four-stage class based on weathering products of granites.

1. Fresh rock
2. Core stones,
3. Decomposed granitoid, and
4. Saprolite.

The fresh granitic rock consists a maximum of 15% weathered material that forms the joint
system. The core stone stage tiers from 15 to 85% weathered rock enclosure leftovers of fresh
rock. Decomposed granitoid consists of eighty-five to 100% weathered broken rock into
granules. Saprolite is a residual of lateritic layer of fine-grained rock.

Rockslides on minor scale are seen all alongside the road connecting Madikeri to Virajapet
inside the Coorg district. The sparkling bedrock to rockfalls, rockslides, or block glides
depends on situations,

1. the angle of shearing resistance of the jointed rock,

2. the effective cohesion, and
3. the seepage pressures of water in the joints in such cases, the angle of inclination of
rock joints is taken into consideration.

Cover in granite regularly generates linkages that are sub parallel to the floor surface, with
extreme slope angles as low as 30° to 40°. As weathering developments take area,
decomposed granite is formed alongside the joint planes and declines the effective solidity
while growing the void ratio. The study area receives heavy rain fall at some point of
monsoon season, and it’s possible that the hydrostatic pressures advanced in joints because of
infiltration of water may have contributed for the lack of shear strength consequently
bringing down the rock mass.

Many of the elements that cause the slides consist of geology, weathering, water content,
plant life, slope angle and human activities. While landslides usually arise on steep slopes, in
regions of moderate to low alleviation, they'll additionally arise. It is viable to classify the
elements accountable for inflicting landslide in kinds they're natural and anthropogenic.
There are numerous reasons for almost every landslide, which can be natural, anthropogenic
or combined.

The growth of landslides within the place bear clean relation to climatic conditions. Majority
of the landslides have befallen in the course of the monsoon months of June and July and on
minor scale in the course of monsoon of October and November. The study area suggests a
sturdy connection among the rain fall and the landslides.

It might be sensibly that anticipated residences of the slope-forming materials, like strength
and permeability which can be involved inside the let-down, which might be associated with
the lithology, which consequently need to affect the opportunity of failure. The topography of
the Coorg district may be very sensitive and any fluctuations in the land use reasons landslide
or slope screw ups affecting the population widely.

Nevertheless, speedy increase in population and financial events as a result of which the
location is seeing a number of infrastructural developments within the form of civil
engineering structures and development of roads for better connectivity within the location is
of excessive difficulty as it is inflicting unsteadiness inside the hilly region.

The main purpose for landslide can be numerous elements. Hilly areas with steep slopes are
wherein majority of landslide happens. The human activity in that area which includes
deforestation, improvement of buildings and many will become the cause for landslide to
arise. The outcomes of landslides on human beings and structures may be reduced with the
aid of avoidance of landslide risk regions or by way of restricting, prohibiting, or imposing
situations on chance-zone activity.

Local governments can minimize landslide consequences over land-use guidelines and
policies. Individuals can reduce their publicity to reduce by educating themselves on the
beyond chance history of a site and by making inquiries to planning and engineering
departments of local governments. They also can achieve the expert services of an
engineering geologist, a geotechnical engineer, or a civil engineer, who can well examine the
hazard potential of a website, constructed or unbuilt.

The hazard from landslides is reduced by fending off construction on steep slopes and present
landslides, or by stabilizing the slopes. Stability will increase as soon as groundwater is
prevented from rising in the landslide mass via protecting the landslide with accomplice
degree impermeable membrane, directing floor water away from landslide, debilitating
groundwater far away from the landslide and minimizing floor irrigation.

Slope stability is additionally exaggerated as soon as a maintaining structure and/ or the load
of a soil or rock berm are placed at the toe of the landslide or once mass is far from the best
of the slope.

DISADVANTAGE

1. Landslides are very dangerous for life and property.

2. They block the roads and lead to problems.
3. Landslides often block rivers and result in dangers of floods.
4. Landslides affect poultry and agriculture of the region.
5. Water availability, quantity and quality will be affected.

PROCESS

The landslide describes a variety of processes that result in the downward and outward
movement of slope-forming materials including rock, soil, artificial fill, or a combination of
these. The materials may move by falling, toppling, sliding, spreading, or flowing.

Even though landslides are primarily associated with mountainous regions, they can also
occur in areas of generally low relief. In low-relief areas, landslides occur as cut-and-fill
failures that is (roadway and building excavations), river bluff failures, lateral spreading
landslides, collapse of mine-waste piles (especially coal), and a wide variety of slope failures
associated with quarries and open-pit mines.

TYPES OF LANDSLIDES

Falls

Falls are abrupt movements of masses of geologic materials that become detached from steep
slopes or cliffs. Movement occurs by free-fall, bouncing, and rolling. Depending on the type
of earth materials involved, the result is a rockfall, soil fall, debris fall, earth fall, boulder fall,
and so on. All types of falls are promoted by undercutting, differential weathering,
excavation, or stream erosion.

Topple

A topple is a block of rock that tilts or rotates forward on a pivot or hinge point and then
separates from the main mass, falling to the slope below, and subsequently bouncing or
rolling down the slope.

Slides

Although many varieties of mass motion are included inside the preferred term "landslide,"
the extra restrictive use of the time period refers to actions of soil or rock along a wonderful
surface of rupture which separates the slide material from greater solid underlying material.

The two essential types of landslides are rotational slides and translational slides.

1. Rotational slide
A rotational slide is one wherein the surface of rupture is curved concavely upward
(spoon shaped) and the slide motion is extra or much less rotational approximately an
axis this is parallel to the contour of the slope. A "hunch" or “slump” is an example of
a small rotational slide.
2. Translational slide
In a translational slide, the mass actions out, or down and outward alongside a rather
planar floor and has little rotational motion or backward tilting. The mass normally
slides out on top of the original ground floor. Such a slide can also development over
great.

COORG

Coorg (also known as Kodagu) is an administrative district in Karnataka, India. Before 1956,
it was an administratively separate Coorg state at which point it was merged into an enlarge
Mysore state. It occupies an area of 4,102 square kilometers (1,584 sq. mi) in the western
Ghats of southwestern Karnataka. In 2001 its population was 548,561, 13.74% of which
resided in the district's urban centers, making it the least populous of the 30 districts in
Karnataka.

The district is bordered by Dakshinakannada district to the northwest, Kasaragod district of

Kerala to the west, Hassan district to the north, Mysore district to the east, Kannur district of
Kerala to the southwest, and the Wayanad district of Kerala to the south. Coorg is located on
the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. It has a geographical area of 4,102 km 2 (1,584 sq.
mi). The main river in Coorg is the Kaveri (Cauvery), which originates at Talakaveri, located
on the eastern side of the Western Ghats, and with its tributaries, drains the greater part of
Coorg.

Coorg environment

Coorg has four precept styles of vegetation. The Evergreen woods of the west and the Moist
deciduous and Dry deciduous backwoods within the focal and southern pieces of the area.
Detached evergreen or shola woods are determined settled between the folds of the mountain
slants which can be secured by means of prairies.

It is not anything surprising that this inexperienced and verdant spot has a package deal of
herbal lifestyles havens. It has three natural life asylums, Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary,
Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary and Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary and one country wide park,
Nagarahole or Rajiv Gandhi National Park. Among those Pushpagiri is located within the
northern piece of Kodagu and has uncommon and jeopardized flowers. Actually, it has been
assigned as one of the sizeable fledgling zones of the arena.

The greater outstanding and sincerely understood herbal life keep is Nagarahole or Rajiv
Gandhi National Park. It is domestic to the notable Asiatic elephant and the furious Indian
tiger. Nagarahole is a piece of the Nilgiri biosphere save.

25% of species located in India are present in Coorg.

The environment of Coorg is modified and envelops a wide assortment of plant and creature
species. Enormous wooden timber, as an instance, teak, rosewood and Mathi (Terminalia
tomentosa) may be observed in thick and damp undergrowth. The drier territories have
shorter bushes like Dindalu (Anogeissus Latifolia), Flame of the Forest, Indian Laburnum
and bamboo. Coorg that is a bit of Western Ghats is an ecological "trouble area" due to its
delicate condition. A mindfulness program referred to as "Coorg – An Alternative Model"
has been started to reveal nearby humans the delicate organic gadget and strategies to oversee
and keep development without harming the earth.

The respectable variety of natural lifestyles, Flora and fauna in Coorg can slightly be
coordinated by using some different spot in India. The downpour-soaked backwoods and
mountain reaches give a one-of-a-kind biological gadget in which several forms of feathered
creatures, creatures and plants find out sustenance. The collection of creature and plant
species is marvelous and a treat for the untamed existence government and laymen the same.

According to the survey of 1993-94, the district has a large size of the district's net forest area
of good quality Tropical Rain is 1,920 sq. kms. Of which 1,770 kms. Is a wooded area of the
forest. The forest includes Reserve Forests, National Park, Unclassified Forests, Private
Forests, and other areas such as Genimalais, Jammamalais, Paisari, Devarakadu, and Urdave
lands covered by dense tree vegetation on which the Forest/ Revenue Department is
managing tree growth. Hilly region constitutes about 66.671. of the Forest area of which
34.481 is very hilly. Around 92.661 of the forest is natural forest of seed origin while 6.781 is
man-made forest.

In 2015 102 sq. km of tree cover was lost in Coorg. Very Dense Forests (defined in a patch of
land as more than 70% of tree cover) has seen a dramatic increase, which officials attribute to
increased protection of forest patches and attempts to rejuvenate. Nonetheless, moderately
dense (defined in a patch of land between 40 percent and 70 percent of tree cover) and open
forests (10 percent to 40 percent of tree cover) have dropped by more than 654 sq. km. More
than 81 percent of the district is covered by floor space index (FSI) as having forest cover.

IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC

The world's backwoods hold significance for the majority of their occupants just as for the
general wellbeing of the planet. The advantages of timber lands to society and to the assorted
variety of life make it fundamental that they be shielded from deforestation and other
potential negative effects of civilization. Forests are real supporters of the Earth's capacity to
keep up its atmosphere, by the worldwide effect to their photosynthesis. They area
characteristics of guard against environmental change, evacuating the ozone depleting
substance carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. This helps with filtering the environment
and controlling rising temperatures.
Deforestation nullifies these benefits. Forests contain a more prominent scope of biodiversity
than some other biological systems on earth. Just a small amount of the species found in
woodlands have been analysed and contemplated. A solitary monstrous tree in the Amazon
rainforest can be home for a huge number of animal types. The wide assortment of trees and
plants found in tropical woodlands contains especially escalated biodiversity.

This biodiversity is be significant all alone terms in manners we may not as of now
comprehend, as related species have developed more than a large number of years to
cooperate and prosper.

Evergreen forests are discovered at the eastern and western inclines of the Western Ghats in
states, for example, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. They are moreover
discovered in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, West Bengal and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The tropical wet evergreen wooded area in India is generally
observed in territories accepting in extra of two hundred cm of precipitation and having a
temperature of 15-30 stages Celsius. They possess approximately 7% of the sector's floor.

They are discovered usually close to the equator. These backwoods are thick and
multilayered. They harbor several varieties of vegetation and creatures. The timberlands
include a tremendous piece of the earth and biology. These bushes are a substantial part of
the Forest Biology and biological system, that advances lifestyles within the environment.
This enables the vegetation and creature lifestyles to fit and live with each other in total
concord. The evergreen woodlands are simple in advancing greenery on earth however they
may be likewise useful inside the chronic persistence of creatures and plant life within the
backwoods organic gadget.

There are many diverse plant life and creatures that exist in agreement with any other for the
ceaseless patience of the species. This coinciding association of plant life and creatures
prompts the presence of a biome. A biome is the buildup of all untamed lifestyles and
vegetation that coincide in a selected area characterized by using positive land limit.

Kodagu, known by the name of Coorg, is a place where there is delightful and daring slope
station and traveller fascination place, viewed as rich with natural life and has three untamed
life havens and one national park.

The landslide in Coorg may not be natural, usually the slides occur during heavy rains. The
impact the rain brings is that it loosens the soil in the hilly regions. Since decades the district
receives maximum rainfall, but the landslides started in recent years. The cause of slides can
be due to developmental activities by human interference.

Firstly, knowing the rock type. They are mica, chlorite talc schist along with a few quantities
of granite and gneiss. The places where granite and gneiss had been found had been being
quarried because the mining mafia had entered Kodagu quite some time returned. Schists,
which are fragile and feature less energy, are a first-rate a part of the lithological composition
of Kodagu.

Kodagu may additionally have visible huge deforestation due to the timber mafia. It may see
a huge expansion of agriculture as folks who develop espresso, rubber, pepper and so forth
extend their estates at the fee of the environment. The district has several homestays and
resorts too which has a major effect.

Apart from those, many unwanted and unwarranted authorities’ projects are burdening the
district. In 2015-sixteen, round 55,000 timber have been cut in Kodagu to install power lines
between Mysore and Kozhikode. Another turned into the street widening project of NH 275
and nation highways, which brought about the felling of 88 lakh timber.

Two proposed railway traces in Kodagu are already at the listing. One between Mysore and
Kushalanagar that is extending up to Makkandur near Madikeri and every other from
Thalassery to Mysore via south kodagu with a complete budget of Rs 5,287 crore. The route
from Kushalanagar to Madikeri.

All these developmental activities have destroyed Coorg. These activities have controlled to
disappear hill tops and fracture rocks. Deforestation has loosened the soil and the heavy
rainfall has acted as catalyst for erosion. That’s how the rainwater entered rock fractures
through flattened pinnacle of mountains and commenced gathering within the hillocks of
Coorg. What made conditions worse turned into deforestation because it placed stress on the
soil and water, which then flowed in huge amounts and caused landslides at various elements
of Coorg.

A Research performed through University of Mysore had warned the government about
massive landslides and flooding. The studies titled ‘Landslides in Coorg district of
Karnataka’ become published in the International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology’s June 6, 2016, edition. The research was carried out through Dr
DN Vinutha and Abdul Aleam Ahamad D AL-Qadhi, an overseas country wide, below the
steerage of Prof MR Janardhana, head of the department of geology at Yuvaraja’s College,
Mysore. The file says that 17.04 % of the location falls beneath very high to intense flooding
sector and 11.52% is in excessive to very high-danger region. The report stresses on how
developmental tasks lead to catastrophe.

Madikeri, Jodupala, Made, Monnangeri, Bhagamandala, Makkandur and surrounding areas

are absolutely affected and disconnected. All landslides took place in regions wherein there
aren't any natural forests. The catastrophe in Coorg highlights that plantation can’t update
natural forests, which might be an awful but much needed.

GLOBAL SCENARIO

The dam landslides in Ituango in Colombia.

There became a disastrous landslide that destroyed the Hidroituango dam, and that caused
huge downstream flooding, in Colombia which have been a primary problem. Economically
this may be one of the most disastrous landslide activities.

Mudflows in California

A series of mudflows occurred in Southern California in early January 2018, mostly affecting
areas northwest of Los Angeles. The incident resulted in 23 deaths. Approximately 163
people were hospitalized with various injuries. The disaster occurred one month after a series
of major wildfires. The bushfires distressed steep slopes, which caused loss of vegetation and
destabilization of the soil and greatly facilitated subsequent mudflows. The storm increased
on the following day, with at least four inches (100 mm) of rain falling over the two-day
period. The mudflows caused property damage.

Rainfall caused landslides in Japan

In July 2018 rainfall brought on landslides brought about generous damage inside the
country. At least 104 people have been killed in landslide, and there were over a hundred and
twenty mortalities while the outcomes of flooding are blanketed. A country that is so ready
for landslides can suffer this level of loss changed into a disbelief to many. It is a clear demo
that physical management of landslides has its limits, and the growing pressure of rainfall
related with climate trade will mean that those limits are examined again and again. This
location has massive prominence at the importance of building resilience.

The mining-brought on landslide in Cebu, Philippines

The massive mining-prompted landslide at Naga City in Cebu inside the Philippines turned
into genuinely surprising. This is some other case wherein the warning signs have been clean
beforehand of the failure; that they had been ignored brought about eighty-three fatalities.
Mining-prompted landslides are at the upward thrust. That we're dropping so many lives to
unnecessary mining is still a global shame.

The Palu earthquake – 3 flow slides and a landslide-caused tsunami in Indonesia

The largest landslide catastrophe of 2018 become without a doubt the Sulawesi earthquake,
and its disastrous influences in town of Palu and its suburbs. The board continues to be out on
whether the tsunami turned into induced via underwater landslides. The 3 foremost flow
slides induced the very best stage of loss, with at the least 1600 fatalities in Balaroa and six
hundred at Petobo. This event suggests the silliness of taking seriously.

Nepal landslide

Nepal is yearly tormented by floods and landslides prompted by monsoon rains especially the
landslides triggered has been specifically deadly.

Floods and landslides are the maximum outstanding and habitual dangers in Nepal, regularly
ensuing in disasters. Most of these rain-brought about events occur throughout the monsoon
season (June-September) whilst Nepal receives eighty percentage of its total annual rainfall.

Floods and landslides have persisted to affect several districts throughout Nepal as rainfall
has been heavier than expected. The wide variety of casualties and the loss of and harm to
properties keeps growing. According to National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Authority (NDRRMA), 164 human beings have lost their lives because of landslides and
floods, and lots of extra are missing in 2020. The death tolls this year is the worst in recent
years, together with the devastating floods in 2017 in which a hundred and fifty humans lost
their lives.

Landslides affect the hilly regions of Nepal

Much of the mountainous terrain in Nepal lies at the tectonically lively region and has a
delicate geological structure. Steepness of slopes and the fast waft of water our bodies
provide a geography at risk of landslides triggered via the monsoon’s heavy rains. Changes in
rainfall styles, which has end up severe and erratic, are contributing to extreme landslide
events.
Growing populations, unlawful settlements in chance inclined regions, and haphazard avenue
buildings also are triggering landslides in hilly regions. The lack of right land use planning
manner these risks change into screw ups in which lives and houses are lost. Even as the
southern plains are battered by floods

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problems which the environment will face by deforestation are Soil disintegration
unexpected difference in soil required to set up the railroad bank prompts vegetation
misfortune, packs the dirt, and bargains water waste Thus, soil wind sup presented and
subject to an expanding overflow that advances its disintegration. The disintegration of rail
banks can bring about a cleaning out of silt that reason water contamination. And the world
temperature alteration will be the reason behind effecting the environment trees assume an
enormous job in the carbon cycle.

They convert the CO2 noticeable all around to oxygen, through the procedure of
photosynthesis, and along these lines, they can be taken a gander at as a characteristic
controller of the carbon dioxide. The more trees, the less carbon dioxide in the climate and
the more oxygen. Since we live during a time where carbon dioxide is bottomless in the air,
discharged through man-made creations, for example, vehicles, industrial facilities, and
power plants, it is indispensable, like never before, that trees satisfy their part in nature and
take a portion of the abundance carbon dioxide out of the air.

Disappointingly, deforestation is a verting this activity to be completely practiced, and with

half of all the Earth's woodlands gone, and 4,000,000 trees chop during each time only for
paper use, the measure of carbon dioxide is rising. Along these lines, deforestation is a
significant issue with regards to a dangerous atmospheric deviation.

Implementation of railway line will affect the happily living tribes in the forest and wild
animals will be disturbed. In mountain zones, the impact of commotion is more prominent
inside valleys, when their width is not exactly the tallness of their dividers.

The purpose of the study was to know the condition of the district and identify the main
hazards happening in the area such as flooding, landslide. Identifying the areas that is prone
to disasters and establish its causative and triggering factors like deforestation, cutting of
mountains and soil erosion. This year the landslide occurred in Talacauvey had a major
impact. The house chief priest of Talacauvery was completely destroyed causing several
deaths.

The recent study says that heavy rainfall is not only the cause for landslides. The effects are
due to modification of land for various human activities.

People staying in Kodagu could experience august as the dangerous month. In the last three
years, immense rainfall in the first two weeks of august have damaged the hilly district
causing effects on livelihoods, coffee plantation etc.

The southwest monsoon hit Coorg in June first week this year. The July rainfall records were
normal. It was seen that the rainfall was seen in august had major effects. The first two weeks
of august, the district received 647mm of rain according to Karnataka state natural disaster
monitoring. Bhagamandala and Aiyamgeri in Madikeri measured 408.50mm of rain in 72
hours.

In 2019 the district received 935mm of rain during the first ten days of august. Totally the
district experienced the average rainfall of 1033mm in august.

The 2018 landslides in Mukkodlu village killed 25 people and in Thora district which
experienced worst landslides lost ten lives.

In 2020 Bhagamandala near Talacauvery temple that experienced landslides. The landslide
occurred at night destroying two houses including the chief priest of temple were swept away
along the coffee plantation. According to disaster centre data in 24 hours the district had
received 116mm of rainfall.

NEED AND RELEVANCE OF STUDY

The Coorg district in lies inside the southern a part of Western Ghats with excessive variety
hills. The landscape of the region is sensitive and any changes inside the land use causes
landslide or slope failures affecting the population.

Thus, the district along with its scenic beauty and exceptional climatic situations is also
turning into known for natural dangers. Infrastructural development in the shape of laying
new roads and widening of the existing roads worried the alteration of slopes for that reason
the stability attained by the character has been deteriorated. Greater a part of slopes along the
excessive way poses essential chance dominantly from rainfall-brought on slope screw ups.
This motive needs to be initiated with the ground paintings of landslide stock map through
field approach. The elements answerable for the landslides are lithology, (look at of rocks)
structure, slope, morphometry (size of the scale of landforms), geomorphology, land use or
land cover, drainage density, and rainfall. The large a part of the location comprises
peninsular gneisses and those rocks are protected with a thick weathered mantle.

Most of the uncovered sections alongside dual carriageway and the failure surfaces display
deeply decomposed peninsular gneiss without or with core stones followed upwards by
means of saprolite. Heavy rains at some stage in monsoon season ends in slope saturation
through water, decreases the effective brotherly love and generates hydrostatic pressures
inside the soil profile permitting slope failures. Only mitigation degree to lessen the threat is
to assemble retaining construction systems.

Unnecessary developmental activities must not be permitted, damaging the mountains for
resort construction has a very big impact on the land several mitigation measures must be
followed in order to conserve the district.

Physical reasons of the landslide can't be eliminated powerful geologic investigations, right
engineering practices and powerful enforcement of land use control regulations can reduce
landslide.
 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
OBJECTIVES

 To study the various areas prone to landslides in Coorg with special emphasis on the
hill station
 To understand the process of landslides- social and economic losses caused by the
landslides in the past

METHODOLOGY

A research methodology includes explicit methods that are adopted in research procedure to
gather, amass and assess information. It characterizes those devices that are utilized to
assemble pertinent data in a particular research study. Studies, surveys and meetings are the
normal instruments of research.

For the study data is collected through primary and secondary data. The materials have been
collected from various journals and magazines newspapers and internet.

DATA COLLECTION

Primary Data

It is the data which is collected at the first-hand experience. Primary methods are that
information which are gathered for the first time and then happen to be original in character.

Data was not collected from primary source.

Secondary data:
Secondary data are the data that is already been collected by someone else and have already
been passed through. The researcher uses some of the method to collect the data its either
published data or unpublished data.

 Maximum part of the data is collected from the news reports.

 The researcher took some of the data from different sites.
 Books and magazine.

Sampling method:

As the data is collected from the secondary data there is no sampling mode for the research.

Method of analysis:

As there is secondary data, the method of analysis is narrative which is analyzed by

newspaper, articles, journals and from few websites.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

There is various limitation faced by the researcher while doing the research, a few of them
are mentioned below:

 It takes time to analyse the study.

 The collection of primary and secondary data is only limited to only a particular
district.
 The secondary data collected shows us the collective opinion of people individual
opinion could not be collected.
 CHAPTER 3

SWOC ANALYSIS
SIGNIFICANCE OF SWOC

1. A SWOC analysis is a planning tool which can be used during the curriculum
assessment and in the review process to make learnt decisions based upon shared
input from several shareholders.
2. SWOC analysis is a comprehensive look at how exactly a company operates. It
studies the strengths of the company, understands its weak points and finds both
opportunities and challenges in its market.
3. These are very useful piece of information that will help a company or sector to
succeed.
4. In directing a SWOC analysis, a company evaluates its current position in the market
and compares it to the future opportunities and menaces that could affect in moving
forward.
5. SWOC mainly helps you in defense. Your weaknesses are areas or defenselessness
that competitors may point out, and that may discourage customers from patronizing
your business.
6. Knowing your limitations will help you to prepare a captivating strategy that focuses
on strengths and weaknesses. Challenges are aspects that could obstruct your skill to
steady or grow your company forward.
7. Proposed government protocols that mandate costly reprocessing and renewal
programs that will depressingly impact your ability to compete on price would be a
 risk. With a SWOC analysis, you can intend how to proactively or tactically address
the new regulations rather than waiting until a point of desperation.

STRENGTHS

 Decrease in deforestation will lead to conserve many plants and control soil erosion.
 Avoiding displacement of land leads to conservation of wild animals and birds.
 Cultivation of coffee, pepper, paddy, areca, will increase which supports the
individual growth.
 Stabilized eco-system.
 More the greenery more the rainfall which will lead in increase of the ground water
level.
 Afforestation will lead to decrease of global warming and stabilizes the climate.
 Protection of natural forest estate and forest products.
 Better air quality.

WEAKNESS

 Increase in temperature.
 Drastic change in climate causes drought. Which leads farmers into suicide because of
lack of yield and financial problems.
 Increase in dislodging of clans. And the tribes will be homeless with no occupation.
 Harmful for life and property and loss of natural resources.
 Damages buildings and roads.

OPPORTUNITIES

 Increase in afforestation leads employment opportunity by effective land

management.
 Implementation of early warning system.

CHALLENGES

 Agriculture land may decrease and people will migrate to urban place in search of job.
 Decrease in forest will prompt wild animals to enter the nearby villages for food
where villagers will be unsafe.
 Lack of rainfall will lead Coorg into a drought area.
 The river Cauvery which is the source for many districts in Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu will face water scarcity.
 People may lose their properties.
 Climatic change which leads to heavy rainfall destroys land.

CHAPTER 4

OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

FINDINGS AND OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

The district of Coorg is located on the Western Ghats’ on the eastern and western slopes,
carpeted with the luxurious lush green forests, plantations and cultivated valleys. It is placed
geographically on the southwestern border of the state of Karnataka and geologically in
southwest part. The affected regions are specially hill stages full of lush green forest,
plantations, estates and other cultivation:

 The affected area consists of enormously divided, undulating and discreetly sloping
systems of hill degrees in including to hillocks of denudational and withstanding
foundation. With sharp ridges and steep slopes, some of the hillocks are heavily
dissected. This means the topography is immature.
 High extended regions are greater vulnerable than low elevated areas to landslides.
 The landslide stock analysis suggests that the highest function of landslides is in
dissected plateau.
 Units discovered at better altitudes in which Peninsular Gneiss is made of lithology of
that place.
 Geologically the affected area includes Archaean institution of rocks characterized by
older group of rocks and Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC).
 Amid the wide expanse of peninsular Gneisses, the older rocks belonging to the
Sargur organization are defined via garnetiferous sericite schists.
 Garnetiferous schist occurs inside the form of a patch bordering the rocks of granulitic
facies represented in the western a part of the look at region via charnockite.
 Garnetiferous / non-garnetiferous amphibolite, alternatively, largely occur within the
form of ridges walking parallel to every other.
 PGC is characterized via biotite and hornblende gneisses with quartz and pegmatites
veins. This is the important rock unit within the affected area.
 Rainfall has the straight bearing at the wide variety of landslide incidences in the
areas. The areas have tropical climate with heavy rainfall and funky summer season.
 The final 30 years (1984-2013) information discloses that the western half of the
Coorg district has acquired maximum rainfall (common minimal 5000 mm and most
6766.70 mm) as in line with the statistics of Talacauvery, Bhagamandala rain stations.
This vicinity indicates that majority of landslide incidences have befell within the
areas that have acquired extra than 5490 mm annual rainfall.
 The soil surface of the district has lateritic debris which can be found in specific
stages of weathering evolved over granitic gneisses of the place.
 The valleys and slopes are protected with deep lateritic clayey soils and deep lateritic
gravelly clay soils.
 Eastern zone has medium deep pink clayey soils, deep purple clayey soils and deep
alluvial soil. These get water logged all through monsoon and deep cracks appear at
some point of the summer. In the central quarter loamy soils are in major.
 In western zone, the soil is extraordinarily leached and is lateritic, likely to be
shallow.
 In a paper, it is stated that 80 events of landslides which have occurred are in the areas
which are blanketed with grantioid rocks and its weathering products.
 Landslides in the place range from neighborhood floor slides to complex landslides
involving a whole slope of different sizes.
 It was noticed from the ancient information and the present evaluation that a great
deal of the debris slide become prompted inside the preceding hours by means of
heavy rainfall.
  In addition to the climatic conditions, land use and human interest inside the shape of
construction on a slope for road widening are different elements responsible for
causing landslides.
 The human activity and land use are usually considered to increase landsliding, the
real triggering factors being the rainfall or the seismic activities.

CASUAL FACTORS OF LANDSLIDES

RAINFALL:

Landslides may occur by any single factor or by multiple factors or even by an internal
dependent on other factors. When it comes to a modified slope there can be less risk of
landslide without rainfall but the same slope becomes vulnerable when there is rainfall which
creates a water influx. The district experiences colossal landslides in the rainy season.

On an average 200mm rainfall was recorded in a single day in few places and 400mm in
some other places of the district. The continues downpour will lead to the saturation of soil or
slopes which will eventually lead to land failures.

DISPLACEMENT OF NATURAL SLOPE:

Modification of land or slope is one of the major casual factors for landslides. The slopes
were cut in vertical angles for various construction purpose such as roads and rapid
displacement for infrastructure like houses, hotels and homestays.

The district being a tourist spot, humongous resort, restaurant and many other attractive ideas
have been implemented in the hilly region. The cause of this is long term, human can play a
vital role in damaging the slope without even thinking of future obstacles.

There is a large-scale cultivation of coffee and pepper which are common in the area. The
above modifications will decrease the stability of soil and when there is high rainfall the land
becomes soft and is more prone to landslides. Hilly areas with steep slopes are where
majority of landslide occurs. The human involvement in that region triggers for landslides to
occur.

BLOCKAGE OF NATURAL DRAINAGE:

In many places of the district there have been displacement of slopes or land, due to this
natural drainage has been blocked.

When there is heavy rainfall in monsoon, a very huge amount of water will flow from up
slope to down slope but this activity is being impassable because to the building of buildings
or plantation.

As more water gets settled on the surface, the water pressure gets so intense that there will be
no enough capacity to withhold the water which will eventually result in land failures, effect
on life and property damages.

WATER FLOW IN FORCE FROM INSIDE THE SLOPE:

In many places where the landslides have been occurred it was seen that huge amount of
water gushing out from the middle parts of landslides. It may be caused either by rise in water
table due to high volume of water influx or breach of water table due to huge dimension
landslide. Moreover, the normal depth of ground water in Coorg is likely shallow.

Hence the above discussed cannot be ruled out. Another chance is that water being percolated
inside rock joints in one place and passed through planes at some other place. Thus, the
continues movement of water would trigger the risk of land failures.

WATER TANK OR PONDS IN COFFEE ESTATE:

Another vital reason of landslides is the creation of water tanks in the estate. The ponds will
help in watering the plants in lean season.

In low slopes there is no much risk but higher slopes are more prone to land failures. There
are changes of seepage from the pond due to heavy rain. The over flow water along with
seepage water causes land failures.

GEOLOGICAL CAUSES:

GEOLOGICAL LINEAMENTS OR STRUCTURES:

There is a linear feature in a landscape which is an expression of geological fault. These

faults will appear as faulty aligned valley, a series of fold aligned hills, a straight coastline or
combination of these features.
Geomorphic lineaments can be fracture zone, shear zone and igneous intrusion such as dykes.
These lineaments play vital role in the occurrence of landslides. More the lineaments density
in an area, more the weathering hence more the chance of loose material sliding.

LITHOLOGY:

The rock type is of Granite gneiss, garnet sillimanite, graphite schist which are more prone to
weathering. Granite gneiss has feldspar and mica minerals that weather swiftly as compared
to quartz.

EARTHQUAKE:

Earthquake often induces landslides which causes significant catastrophe.

Most of the landslides in Coorg is not of earthquake.

DEFORESTATION:

The permanent loss of trees and other vegetation and also include clearing of land for
agriculture, using timber, fuel, construction purpose. These activities can cause climate
change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people. Urbanization is one the main fact
which causes the land failures.

Besides heavy rainfall in Coorg, deforestation is seen over decades due to human activities
for reasons like construction of road, high tension lining, sand mining, ground water
exchange, using land for agricultural purpose and for tourism. It’s been gradually increased
for government sponsored infrastructure project.

These all activities affect the surface and subsoil water holding capacity of the Cauvery River
leading to the displacement of the land.

LONG TERM STRATEGIES AND MITIGATIONS OF LANDSLIDES

Though there are many reasons for landslides to occur, the main reason for vast devastation
in recent landslides in Coorg are rainfall and the slope modification by human activities.
There are not any tips or land use regulations to reveal the land use in the region. The State
authorities together with State disaster management authority need to frame strict suggestions
/ rules for the land use in hilly terrains of western Ghat in preferred and Coorg district mainly.
1. The landslide prone areas and buffer zones can be diagnosed one by one highlighting
what type of activities may be allowed in those zones, and stringent regulations/ rules
can be shaped for land use management for sustainable development.
2. GSI (geological survey of India) has already accomplished NLSM (countrywide
landslide susceptibility mapping) within the Coorg district and has prepared the prone
maps, which might usefully resource in framing zoning regulations.
3. Assessment of the cut slope balance in the hilly location should be done for predicting
instability so as to be helpful for town making plans and developmental activities. For
all destiny cuttings in slopes of this kind, proper steering of a geologist/ structural
engineer may be sought.
4. Vertical cut slopes must be averted in destiny because it destabilizes the slope. Due
care needs to take delivery of to the cut slopes made for street construction and
plantations in the course of reducing of the slope via following proper slope balance
practices. The reduce slopes can be supplied with suitable retaining structures.
5. Considering the common annual rainfall in the location, the uncommon rain event,
recurrence of such events is not dominated out and proper preparedness for such
activities is must. In this regard drainage management is of paramount. It is
determined that during maximum of the cases proper drainage centers are absent or
poorly maintained.
6. The design of the retaining structure should be made as per standards keeping in view
the strength parameter of the rocks (granite gneiss) in the area. Weep holes are to be
provided to retaining structures with suitable graded filters.
7. Plantations like vetriver grass may be planted which is best means to improve the
slope stability conditions.
8. The implementation of the proposed remedial measure does not entail stability of the
slope in the vicinity if due care has not been taken to adopt systematic excavation
techniques in future.
9. Awareness Programme should be conducted and officials of the hilly region aware the
people of failure patterns.
10. Halt of certain unnecessary infrastructure projects and no permission must be given
for the conversion of public lands into private ownership.
CHAPTER 5
 EXPERIENCE, LEARNING AND
CONCLUSION

EXPERIENCE

The experiences gained by doing this project is to manage the available resources in effective
manner, managing time and things in an organized way, collected some of the secondary data
through newspapers, websites and articles.

There were a lot of new knowledge to be grasped, the types of landslides, rocks and process.

Knowing about the district was a wonderful experience.

After analyzing the data from various sources there is a reflect in the problems faced by the
Coorg people. There can be landslides anytime causing a huge damage to life and property.

Landslides in Coorg is a serious issue faced in the district.

This problem should not be ignored so that the land or the mother earth can be preserved
well. Much of literature about landslide and effective measures that would strictly not allow
the unnecessary buildings, resorts and other manufactures.

The present-day study explains what measures the individual, community, families and
officials have taken measures to do the needful.
LEARNING

It was great learning to know many facts about the Coorg district and contribution of people
of Coorg in the nation’s growth. The main part of learning was how the land slide would
affect the people of Coorg and environment.

Information about the various kind of tribes were known, and also got to understand about the
strength, weakness, various opportunities and the threats of landslides to the area. Whereas
while reading the different newspaper about the landslides we could understand the
aggression and sufferings of people.

By this study it is clear that many of the Coorg residents will lose their ancestral properties
and the wild animals would be majorly affected where it would lead to death of the animals.

One of the main reason of landslides are damaging the slopes or land for other purpose
without even considering the future problem.

Cutting down trees for the sake of development and urbanization will decrease rainfall and
groundwater level which will lead into drought, whereas Cauvery River has decreased by
40% in the last 50years. So, the project tells us that development should be there but we
should think about our environment also. Save environment and save the world.

CONCLUSION

Many elements which cause slides consist of geology, weathering, water content, vegetation,
slope perspective, and human doings. Although landslides normally occur on steep slopes,
they can also occur in regions of mild to low reliefs. Almost every landslide has more than
one reasons which can be natural, anthropogenic or mixed.

The triggering of landslides within the vicinity studied undergo obvious relation to climatic
situations. Majority of the events have taken place at some stage in the monsoon months of
June and July and on minor scale throughout monsoon that is within the month of October
and November.

The topography of the Coorg district is sensitive and any adjustments inside the land use
causes landslide or slope failures affecting the population.

However fast upward thrust in population and financial activities attributable to which the
place is witnessing infrastructural development within the form of civil engineering structures
and improvement of roads for better connectivity within the location is of first-rate subject as
its far inflicting instability in the hilly terrain.

Landslides in parts of Coorg district can be correlated to the weathering stage of the
peninsular gneisses. Mitigation works finished to reduce the damage in the city and all
alongside the highway roads consist of construction of retaining walls.

Surface drainage manipulate works within the form of U-ditches all alongside the road on
either aspect, limiting improvement in landslide susceptible areas, construction of
maintaining partitions with weep holes, presenting armored protection with concrete blocks
are a number of the mitigation measures undertaken by means of the local government.

Thus, concluding the study, it’s our duty to protect our environment and if we don’t, there
won’t be an environment for the next generation.