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CLASSIFICATION OF LAND SURVEY

SUG 111: FUNDAMENTAL OF
LAND SURVEYING

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING CLASSIFICATION GEODETIC
PLANE OF LAND
SURVEY

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING SCIENCE

AND GEOMATICS
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING
AND SURVEYING
UiTM (PERAK)

Geodetic Surveying
LECTURE CONTENT
• The curved surface of the earth is considered by performing
the computation on ellipsoid.
• The curve surface approximating the size and shape of the
 Basic principles of land surveying earth.
 Measurement (distance, bearing, angle) • This survey involved with high precision over large area.
 Scale and Plotting • Employed to provide control points.
 Coordinate System • Survey work is conducted by very refined instruments using
refine methods of adjustments.
• Provide a high degree of precision.

WHAT IS LAND SURVEYING (GEOMATICS)? Plane Surveying

• Land surveying has been defines as the art and science of
determining the position of natural and artificial features on, • Measurement involve with relatively small and flat area.
above and below the earth’s surface; and representing this
information on paper plans, as figures in report tables or on • Measurement plotted will represent the projection on the
computer based maps. horizontal plane of the actual field measurement.
• Land surveying measurement and mapping use mathematics,
specialised technology and equipment. The planning and • The scope and use is very wide as it is employed in the
design of all Civil Engineering projects such as construction of majority of survey conducted e.g. engineering survey.
highways, bridges, tunnels, dams, building construction, etc are
based upon surveying measurements.

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BRANCHES OF LAND SURVEYING Topographic map

Topography Engineering Cadastral

Survey Survey Survey

Geographic
Hydrographic Photogrammetry
Information
Survey System
(GIS)

Branches of
Global
Land Surveying Remote Positioning
Sensing System
(GPS)

Topographic Surveying Engineering Surveying

• A topography survey is a survey conducted to obtain the data
• Can be describe as any survey work carried out in connection
needed for the preparation of a topography map.
with construction and building.
This data consists of the horizontal and vertical locations of
• This surveying is related with design and construction of new
the features to be shown on the map.
routes such as roads, dam, pipeline and railways etc.
• Topography refers to the characteristics of the land surface.
• The important of this surveying are:
These characteristics include relief, natural features and
- Produce new plan of the construction
artificial (or man-made) features.
- Produce control point for the construction project
• Relief is the conjuration of the earth’s surface and includes
- To calculate the areas and volumes of land data
such features as hills, valleys, plains, summits, depressions,
- Setting out the building same as the plan
and other natural features, such as trees, streams, and lakes.
Man-made features are highways, bridges, dams and
buildings.

Topographic map Engineering plan

• Engineering plan" means the plans and specifications for the works to be
constructed or purchased within any subdistrict, including such maps,
profiles, plans and other data as may be necessary to set forth the location,
character of the work, the property contains and showing any of important
information needs for construction.

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Cadastral Surveying Cadastral Surveying-Strata

• This surveying undertaken to produce plans of property
boundaries for legal purposes. In many countries the • Introduction of the strata title legislation in Malaysia, it is not
registration of ownership of land is based on such plans. This possible to hold a title deed for a part of a building such as an
plan must be attached with land tittle. apartment etc.
• In Malaysia, cadastral surveys has been conducted by • The Strata Title Act 1985 (Act 318) was introduced to enable
Department Of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) and license the subdivision of lots into strata and the transfer of these
surveyor firm. titles.
• Strata can be applied to any of the following: high rise,
various residential, town houses, duplex, factories, offices and
retail etc.
• The common property can comprise recreational facilities,
gym, sauna, swimming pool, tennis court, meeting room, golf
course, etc.
• All owners contribute to the maintenance of these facilities.

Cadastral Surveying
Land Title Strata plan

Cadastral certified plan Hydrographic Surveying

• Certified plan showed the boundary lot being survey and
marked with boundary mark with bearing and distance and • This is surveying in a marine environment where the
coordinates. traditional role for centuries was to map the coastlines and sea
bed to produce navigation charts.
• More recently, this surveying have been carried out for
offshore oil and gas exploration and production
• Also used in the design, construction and maintenance of
harbors, river and sea defences etc.

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Photogrammetry Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Photogrammetry can be defined as the method of determine
the shapes, size and positions of the objects using overlapped • GPS capabilities of giving co-ordinates at point on the earth
photographs to create a map or contours. surface is an advantages for surveying works in the large
• The photographs are taken with special cameras mounted in areas.
the fixed wing aircraft of helicopters. • It because the GPS instrument do not required line of sight
• Because this is non contact technique, it is advantages to between observation points, can works day and night and in
measure hazardous area such as landslide or mountain area. all weather conditions.
• GPS also suitable for establishing control points and detail
surveying.

Geographical Information System (GIS)

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF LAND SURVEYING
• A geographical information system (GIS) is an information • Concept of ‘From Whole to the Part’
management process for organizing spatially related data so
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• The data are stored in different layers which can be overlaid

to assess their interrelationship.
• The terminology and application for GIS have developed
rapidly in recent years with the advent of powerful and fast
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Remote Sensing

• The technique is closely allied to photogrammetry because it

also uses imagery to collect information.
• In this case, information is gathered about the ground surface
without coming into contact with it.
• Remote sensing can be carried out for certain purpose using
Satellite imagery or Spectral imaging (LiDAR).

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LAND SURVEYING PROCEDURES Conduct a Survey-Equipment

Reconnaissance
Conduct a
Survey

Booking

Draw Plan

Reconnaissance Booking

• The first task on survey • Every survey must be record in a book or note.
• Observed based on specification of work • Every different survey must be record at new page.
• To determine the accuracy to which the measurements • Every number and note must be write clearly.
are required. • Draw a site plan in the notes.
• To established the method that is needed.
• To establishing best sites for survey station which are:
- Good measuring condition
- Permanency of station
- Referencing of station
- Obstacles of measuring
- Intervisibility of station

Conduct a Survey DRAW PLAN (PLOTTING)

• To determine the relative position and sizes of natural and
artificial features on the land. – Plotting means to represent data on paper, with a suitable
• The survey can be linear measurement, compass surveying, scale, the previously surveyed objects in accordance with their
levelling, theodolite surveying, GPS etc. shape and size.
• Usually, there are 4 parameters to be surveyed which are: - – Plotting is commenced after the field-work is over.
- Horizontal Angle – In this stage a drawing plan or map will be produce.
- Vertical Angle – Proper use of the instrument is essential for accurate plotting
- Horizontal Distance – The plotting procedure
- Vertical Distance • The principle work from the whole to the part should be
applied.
• Plotting of a framework of survey lines (a grid) covering
the whole mapping area.
• The traverse stations and details are then plotted on the
grid.

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Basic Plan Drawing format Example of Map

• Each plan must have:
- Frame
• Aeronautical chart  Resource Map
- North directions
- Legends • Atlas  Street Map
- Survey lines • Climatic map
 Thematic Map
- Scale • Geologic map
- Plan Tittle  Topographic Map
• Nautical map
- Measurement (Bearing, distance • Physical map
Coordinate)
• Political map
- Stations
- Date of survey and date of plan • Relief map
- Draughtsman name

Map and plan

Example of Plan
Map and Plan also :
• Site plan • Printed on paper or as Digital Map
• Floor plan • Shows locations, represent geographic or
• Architectural plan
• Planning plan
landscape features of area
• Landscape plan
• Contour plan
• Engineering plan
• Cadastral plan

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Site Plan Sample MEASUREMENT

DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

- Probably most elementary method of surveying.

- Determine length between two points.
- No angular measurement obtains.
- Methods for distance measurement:
• By direct measurement (chain, tape or steel band)
• By optical means ( tacheometry)
• By electronic distance measurement (EDM)

• Horizontal distance calculation

ACCURACY AND PRECISION

• The accuracy of a measurement is how close a

result comes to the true value. (Or Closeness of Example : 
a sample mean to the true value).
H  3º
SD = 30.589 m
• Precision refers to how well measurements H = 1.334 m

agree with each other in multiple observation Then

(Or Closeness of repeated observation) horizontal distance = h

h = 30.589 cos 3º
h = 30.547 m
To calculate the horizontal distance (h) :
Or
h = SD cos  or h =√ (SD2 - H2)
h = √(30.5892 - 1.3342)
SD = Slope Distance
h = 30.560 m
 = Vertical angle
H = Vertical Distance

MEASUREMENT
ANGLE MEASUREMENT

- Angle between survey line such as horizontal angle and

vertical angle.
- Classified as horizontal and vertical.
- Horizontal angle are needed to determine the bearing and
azimuth.
- Vertical angle are used for trigonometric levelling and stadia.
- Unit of angle:
Degree(°) Minute(‘) Second(“)

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MEASUREMENT
BEARING MEASUREMENT
Types of Scale
- Angle measured in clockwise direction between survey lines
with the north direction.
- Can be measured using compass or total station.
- Types of bearing: Verbal Scale Graphic Scale
• Whole circle bearing (WCB)
- the measurement line where the direction of the
measurement is clockwise.
- WCB range is 0° - 360° from north direction.
• Quadrant bearing (QB) Representative
- Angle form any line which it makes with the north- Fraction
south axis.
• Unit of bearing:
Degree(°) Minute(‘) Second(“)

MEASUREMENT
Scale
BEARING MEASUREMENT
• Scaling can be state into three forms :‐

Whole Circle Bearing Quadrant Bearing

 Verbal Scale
0⁰/360⁰  Graphic scale
W N
X  Representative
θ
φ θ LINE QB Fraction
AX NθE
270⁰ 90⁰ A AY SΦE
W E
AZ SωW
ω Φ AW NφW

Z S Y
180⁰

SCALE Verbal Scale

Definition of Scale • State clearly the scale unit.

• 1 inch = 1 mile means 1 inch on the paper
• Ratio between distance on the map and the represent 1 mile on the ground.
same distance on the ground • Can represent two different units.
• Scaling represent true measurement on the • Good to avoid confusing.
ground because it is impossible to use that
value and draw on the paper. 1 cm = 100 km
As Example :
• 100 meter on the ground?
• We can’t find 100 meter paper or plan.

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Graphic Scale Example of Scale Calculation - Distance

• Two different type (Bar scale and diagonal • Scale 1:500

scale) • 10 cm on the map, what is distance on the
• Bar scale (almost in every map and plan) ground?
• Diagonal scale (big scale plan) 10cm    =    1
• Today all of the plan and map use bar scale. X = 5000cm (50m)
X             500
1 2 3 4
100 50 0 500 km
• Scale 1:250
• 30m on the ground, what is distance on the
map?
X         =     1 X = 0.12m (12cm)
30m            250

Representative Fraction Example of Scale Calculation - Area

• Can use any unit • Area measured on a plan as 550mm by

• 1:1000 means 1 unit on the paper represent 340mm. What is the are on the ground?
1000 unit on the ground. • Scale 1:1500
• If the unit is in metric, 1cm on the paper 550mm    =    1 X = 825 000mm 
represent 1000 cm on the ground. X             1500 (825m)

1 : 1000 340mm    =    1 X = 510 000mm 

Y             1500 (510m)
Area = 825m x 510m
= 420 750m2

Where the Scale be used ?

Scale calculation (distance)
• Map
• Small scale = 1:1 000 000 , 1:500 000,
On the map Scale On the ground
1:20,000
• Big scale = 1:10 000, 1:1 250, 1:1 000 5 cm 1 cm = 1m 5m
400 mm 1:250 100 m
• Plan 25 cm 1:500 125 m
• Site Plan= 1:500 , 1:200, 1:100, 1:50 20 cm 1cm = 5m 100 m
• Detail Plan= 1:20, 1:10, 1:5 , 1:1 (full size)
4 cm 1:15000 60 km
• One of the difference between map and plan 1 cm = 10 mm
is scale. 1 m   = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m

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Scale calculation (area)

On the map Scale On the ground

25 cm2 1 cm = 1m 25 m2
400 mm2 1:250 25 m2
100 cm2 1:500 2500 m2

1 cm2 1cm = 50m 0.25 hektar

25 cm2 1:15000 138.997 ekar

1 cm = 10 mm
1 m   = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m
1 ha. = 10000m2
1 ek. = 0.405 ha.

Geodetic coordinates
Exercise Geographic Coordinates

Use the  distance from above site diagram to calculate the distances  on paper 
using given scale .

Geodetic coordinates
Coordinate system Cartesian Coordinates

• Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use

common locations for integration.
• A coordinate system is a reference system used to
represent the locations of geographic features,
imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning
System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic
framework.

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Plane coordinates Celestial Coordinates

Map Coordinates

Map Coordinates
(RSO System)
LAND SURVEYING APPLICATIONS

Construction
Planning
Land boundaries
Transportation
Maps & Plans
Engineering

CONCLUSION
Map Coordinates
(Cassini Coldner System)
• Determine earth positions (x, y, z).
• Survey any part of land or marine on earth.
• Using Precise Equipment and method.

• Land Survey is about positioning…

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THANK YOU

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