The document discusses one-sided Z-transforms which are used to solve difference equations with non-zero initial conditions. It defines one-sided Z-transforms, describes how to take the inverse transform, and provides examples of using one-sided Z-transforms to solve difference equations with given initial values.
The document discusses one-sided Z-transforms which are used to solve difference equations with non-zero initial conditions. It defines one-sided Z-transforms, describes how to take the inverse transform, and provides examples of using one-sided Z-transforms to solve difference equations with given initial values.
The document discusses one-sided Z-transforms which are used to solve difference equations with non-zero initial conditions. It defines one-sided Z-transforms, describes how to take the inverse transform, and provides examples of using one-sided Z-transforms to solve difference equations with given initial values.
The document discusses one-sided Z-transforms which are used to solve difference equations with non-zero initial conditions. It defines one-sided Z-transforms, describes how to take the inverse transform, and provides examples of using one-sided Z-transforms to solve difference equations with given initial values.
Two-sided Z-tx is only capable to solve difference equation without initial condition; we need one- sided Z-tx to solve difference equation with non-zero initial condition.
II. Definition of one-sided Z-tx
Given a signal x(n), the one-sided Z-tx of it is defined as
∞ X X + (z) = Z + {x(n)} = x(n) z −n . n=0
Since one-sided Z-tx only transform on the causal part of x(n)
⇒ ROC is always |z| > |pmax |, where pmax is the pole of the largest magnitude of X + (z) ⇒ the ROC is determined by X + (z) (unlike two-side Z-tx of which X(z) does not determine the ROC) ⇒ only X + (z) is important, no need to care about the ROC .
> Assume that x1 (n) = x2 (n) for all n ≥ 0 ⇒ X1+ (z) = X2+ (z) even if x1 (n) 6= x2 (n) for some n < 0. Hence X + (z) does not have the 1-1 correspondence with x(n). Nevertheless, X + (z) does have the 1-1 correspondence with the causal part of x(n).
1 Example 2: x(n) = −1.2n u(−n − 1) + 0.3n u(n) ⇒ X + (z) = 1+0.3z −1 .
III. Inverse transform
Given X + (z) = C1 · 1−p11 z −1 + C2 · 1−p21 z −1 + · · · + Cn · 1−pN1 z −1 after the partial fraction expansion. The causal part of x(n) can be obtained by taking the inverse Z-tx of X + (z)
Note that the inverse transform is exactly the same as finding the inverse of two-sided Z-tx, only simpler since we always choose the causal inverse without having to consider the ROC.
Example 1: X + (z) = 3 − 2z −1 + 3z −2 ⇒ for n ≥ 0, x(n)={3, -2, 3}; yet x(n) is unknown for n < 0.
1 1 Example 1: X + (z) = 1−0.2z −1 − 2 1−0.5z −1
⇒ for n ≥ 0, x(n) = 0.2n u(n) − 2 · 0.5n u(n); yet x(n) is unknown for n < 0. P. C. Yeh One-sided Z-Transform 2
IV. Properties of one-sided Z-tx
• If x(n) is causal ⇒ X + (z) = X(z).
¡ ¢ • If k > 0 ⇒ Z + {x(n − k)} = z −k X + (z) + x(−1) z 1 + x(−2) z 2 + · · · + x(−k) z k . ¡ ¢ • If k > 0 ⇒ Z + {x(n + k)} = z k X + (z) − x(0) − x(1) z −1 − x(2) z −2 − · · · − x(k − 1) z −(k−1) . ¡ ¢ Example: x(n) = {2, 3, 1, 4, 3} ⇒ Z + {x(n − 2)} = z −2 X + (z) + x(−1) z 1 + x(−2) z 2 ¡ ¢ = z −2 1 + 4z −1 + 3z −2 + 3 z 1 + 2 z 2 = 3 + 2 z −1 + z −2 + 4z −3 + 3z −4 . Z+ Compare with x(n − 2) = {2, 3, 1, 4, 3} −−→ 3 + 2 z −1 + z −2 + 4z −3 + 3z −4 . The same!!
V. Solving difference equation with initial condition
Example: Given y(n) − 0.7y(n − 1) + 0.1y(n − 2) = x(n) − 0.2x(n − 1), y(−1) = 3, y(−2) = 21, and x(n) = 0.1n u(n). What is y(n)?
