Y10 Coordinated Science EOY exam check list 2021

Biology Section

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B1. Characteristics of living organisms

Describe the characteristics of living

organisms by defining the terms:
– movement as an action by an organism
causing a change of position or place
– respiration as the chemical reactions in cells
that break down nutrient molecules and
release energy
– sensitivity as the ability to detect and
respond to changes in the environment
– growth as a permanent increase in size
– reproduction as the processes that make
more of the same kind of organism
– excretion as removal from organisms of
toxic materials and substances in excess of
requirements
– nutrition as taking in of materials for energy,
growth and development

B2 Cells
B2.1 Cell structure

State that living organisms are made of cells

Describe and compare the structure of a plant

cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light
microscope, limited to cell wall, nucleus,
cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuoles and location
of the cell membrane
State the functions of the structures seen
under the light microscope in the plant cell
and in the animal cell

Calculate magnification and size of biological

specimens using millimetres as units

B2.2 Movement in and out of cells

Define diffusion as the net movement of

particles from a region of their higher
concentration to a region of their lower
concentration down a concentration gradient,
as a result of their random movement

State that substances move into and out of

cells by diffusion through the cell membrane

State that water diffuses through partially

permeable membranes by osmosis

State that water moves in and out of cells by

osmosis through the cell membrane

Investigate and describe the effects on plant

tissues of immersing them in solutions of
different concentrations

B3 Biological molecules

List the chemical elements that make up:

– carbohydrates
– fats
– proteins

State that large molecules are made from

smaller molecules, limited to:
– starch and glycogen from glucose
– proteins from amino acids
– fats and oils from fatty acids and glycerol
Describe the use of:
– iodine solution to test for starch
– Benedict’s solution to test for reducing
sugars
– biuret test for proteins
– ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils

State that water is important as a solvent

B4 Enzymes

Defi ne enzymes as proteins that function as

biological catalysts

Investigate and describe the effect of changes

in temperature and pH on enzyme activity

B5 Plant nutrition

Defi ne photosynthesis as the process by

which plants manufacture carbohydrates from
raw materials using energy from light

State the word equation for photosynthesis:

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in
the presence of light and chlorophyll

Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light

and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using
appropriate controls

Identify chloroplasts, cuticle, guard cells and

stomata, upper and lower epidermis, palisade
mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular
bundles, xylem and phloem in leaves of a
dicotyledonous plant
Describe the importance of:
– nitrate ions for making amino acids
– magnesium ions for making chlorophyll

B6 Animal nutrition
B6.1 Diet

State what is meant by the term balanced diet

for humans

List the principal sources of, and describe the

dietary importance of:
– carbohydrates
– fats
– proteins
– vitamins, limited to C and D
– mineral salts, limited to calcium and iron
– fibre (roughage)
– water

B6.2 Alimentary canal

Define ingestion as the taking of substances,
e.g. food and drink, into the body through the
mouth

Define digestion as the breakdown of large,

insoluble food molecules into small,
watersoluble molecules using mechanical and
chemical processes
Define absorption as movement of digested
food molecules through the wall of the
intestine into the blood

Define assimilation as the movement of

digested food molecules into the cells of the
body where they are used, becoming part of
the cells

Define egestion as passing out of food that

has not been digested, as faeces, through the
anus

Identify the main regions of the alimentary

canal and associated organs, including mouth,
salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large
intestine and anus

Describe the functions of the regions of the

alimentary canal listed above, in relation to
ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation
and egestion of food

B6.3 Digestion
Identify the types of human teeth (incisors,
canines, premolars and molars)
Describe the structure of human teeth, limited
to enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves and cement,
as well as the gums

Describe the functions of the types of human

teeth in mechanical digestion of food

Describe the proper care of teeth in terms of

diet and regular brushing

State the significance of chemical digestion in

the alimentary canal in producing small,
soluble molecules that can be absorbed
B7 Transport
B7.1 Transport in plants
State the functions of xylem and phloem

Identify the position of xylem as seen in

sections of roots, stems and leaves, limited to
non-woody dicotyledonous plants

Identify root hair cells, as seen under the light

microscope, and state their functions

State the pathway taken by water through

root, stem and leaf as root hair, root cortex
cells, xylem and mesophyll cells

Investigate, using a suitable stain, the

pathway of water through the above-ground
parts of a plant
State that water is transported from the roots
to leaves through the xylem vessels

Define transpiration as loss of water vapour

from plant leaves by evaporation of water at
the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed
by diffusion of water vapour through the
stomata

Investigate and describe the effects of

variation of temperature and humidity on
transpiration rate

B7.2 Transport in mammals

Describe the circulatory system as a system of

blood vessels with a pump and valves to
ensure one-way flow of blood

Name and identify the structures of the

mammalian heart, limited to the muscular
wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles
and atria, one-way valves and coronary
arteries

State that blood is pumped away from the

heart into arteries and returns to the heart in
veins

Name the main blood vessels to and from the:

– heart, limited to vena cava, aorta,
pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
– lungs, limited to the pulmonary artery and
pulmonary vein
– kidney, limited to the renal artery and renal
vein

Investigate and state the effect of physical

activity on pulse rate
Describe the structure and functions of
arteries, veins and capillaries

List the components of blood as red blood

cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

Identify red and white blood cells, as seen

under the light microscope, on prepared slides
and in diagrams and photomicrographs

State the functions of the following

components of blood:
– red blood cells in transporting oxygen,
including the role of haemoglobin
– white blood cells in phagocytosis and
antibody production
– platelets in clotting (details are not required)
– plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions,
soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon
dioxide

B8 Gas exchange and respiration

B8.1 Gas exchange

Name and identify the lungs, diaphragm, ribs,

intercostal muscles, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries

State the differences in composition between

inspired and expired air limited to oxygen,
carbon dioxide and water vapour

Use limewater as a test for carbon dioxide to

investigate the differences in composition
between inspired and expired air

Investigate and describe the effects of

physical activity on rate and depth of
breathing
B8.2 Respiration

State the uses of energy in the body of

humans limited to: muscle contraction,
protein synthesis, cell division, growth and the
maintenance of a constant body temperature

State the word equation for aerobic

respiration as glucose + oxygen → carbon
dioxide + water
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Define the terms:

– movement as an action by an organism or

part of an organism causing a change of
position or place
– respiration as the chemical reactions in cells
that break down nutrient molecules and release
energy for metabolism
– sensitivity as the ability to detect or sense
stimuli in the internal or external environment
and to make appropriate responses
– growth as a permanent increase in size and
dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell
size or both
– excretion as removal from organisms of the
waste products of metabolism (chemical
reactions in cells including respiration), toxic
materials, and substances in excess of
requirements
– nutrition as taking in of materials for energy,
growth and development; plants require light,
carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need
organic compounds and ions and usually need
water

Relate the structure of the following to their

functions:
– c iliated cells – movement of mucus in the
trachea and bronchi
– root hair cells – absorption
– palisade mesophyll cells – photosynthesis
– red blood cells – transport of oxygen
– sperm and egg cells – reproduction
Investigate the factors that infl uence diffusion,
limited to surface area, temperature,
concentration gradients and diffusion distance

Define osmosis as the net movement of water

molecules from a region of higher water
potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower
water potential (concentrated solution),
through a partially permeable membrane

Explain the effects on plant tissues of immersing

them in solutions of different concentrations by
using the terms turgid, turgor pressure,
plasmolysis and flaccid

Explain the importance of water potential and

osmosis in the uptake of water by plants

Explain the importance of water potential and

osmosis on animal cells and tissues
Explain enzyme action with reference to the
complementary shape of the active site of an
enzyme and its substrate and the formation of a
product

Explain the effect of changes in temperature on

enzyme activity, in terms of kinetic energy,
shape and fit, frequency of effective collisions
and denaturation

Explain the effect of changes in pH on enzyme

activity in terms of shape and fi t and
denaturation

State the balanced chemical equation for

photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (with light and
chlorophyll on the arrow)

Explain that chlorophyll transfers light energy

into chemical energy in molecules, for the
synthesis of carbohydrates

Outline the subsequent use and storage of the

carbohydrates made in photosynthesis

Investigate and describe the effect of varying

light intensity and temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic
plants)
Describe the significance of the features of a
leaf in terms of functions, to include:
– palisade mesophyll and distribution of
chloroplasts – photosynthesis
– stomata, spongy mesophyll cells and guard
cells – gas exchange
– xylem for transport and support
– phloem for transport

Explain the effects of nitrate ion and

magnesium ion deficiency on plant growth

Explain how age, gender and activity affect the

dietary needs of humans including during
pregnancy and whilst breast-feeding

Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation

to starvation, constipation, coronary heart
disease, obesity and scurvy
Explain the causes and effects of vitamin D and
iron deficiencies

Explain the causes and effects of protein-energy

malnutrition, e.g. kwashiorkor and marasmus

Define mechanical digestion as the breakdown

of food into smaller pieces without chemical
change to the food molecules
Define chemical digestion as the breakdown of
large, insoluble molecules into small, soluble
molecules

State the causes of dental decay in terms of a

coating of bacteria and food on teeth, the
bacteria respiring sugars in the food, producing
acid which dissolves the enamel and dentine

State the functions of enzymes as follows:

– amylase breaks down starch to simpler sugars
– protease breaks down protein to amino acids
– lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and
glycerol
State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase,
protease and lipase are secreted
State the functions of the hydrochloric acid in
gastric juice, limited to killing bacteria in food
and giving an acid pH for enzymes

Explain the functions of the hydrochloric acid in

gastric juice, limited to the low pH:
– denaturing enzymes in harmful
microorganisms in food
– giving the optimum pH for protease activity

Outline the role of bile in neutralising the acidic

mixture of food and gastric juices entering the
duodenum from the stomach, to provide a
suitable pH for enzyme action

Outline the role of bile in emulsifying fats to

increase the surface area for the chemical
digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by
lipase

Explain the significance of villi in increasing the

internal surface area of the small intestine
Describe the structure of a villus
Describe the roles of capillaries and lacteals in
villi
Explain the mechanism by which water moves
upwards in the xylem in terms of a transpiration
pull, helping to create a water potential
gradient that draws up a column of water
molecules, held together by cohesion

Explain the effects of variation of temperature

and humidity on transpiration rate

Define translocation in terms of the movement

of sucrose and amino acids in phloem:
– from regions of production (source)
– to regions of storage OR to regions where
they are used in respiration or growth (sink)

Describe the double circulation in terms of

circulation to the lungs and circulation to the
body tissues in mammals

Explain the advantages of a double circulation

Describe the functioning of the heart in terms

of the contraction of muscles of the atria and
ventricles and the action of the valves

Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the

blockage of coronary arteries and state the
possible risk factors as diet, stress, smoking,
genetic predisposition, age and gender
Explain the effect of physical activity on the
heart rate

Explain how the structures of arteries, veins and

capillaries are adapted for their function

List the features of gas exchange surfaces in

humans, limited to large surface area, thin
surface, good blood supply and good ventilation
with air

Explain the differences in composition between

inspired and expired air

Explain the effects of physical activity on rate

and depth of breathing in terms of the
increased carbon dioxide concentration in the
blood, causing an increased rate of breathing

Explain the role of goblet cells, mucus and

ciliated cells in protecting the gas exchange
system from pathogens and particles

State that tobacco smoking can cause chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung
cancer and coronary heart disease
Describe the effects on the gas exchange
system of tobacco smoke and its major toxic
components, limited to carbon monoxide,
nicotine and tar

Define aerobic respiration as the chemical

reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down
nutrient molecules to release energy

State the balanced chemical equation for

aerobic respiration as
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Define anaerobic respiration as the chemical

reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules to release energy without using
oxygen

State the word equation for anaerobic

respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise
(glucose → lactic acid)

State that lactic acid builds up in muscles and

blood during vigorous exercise causing an
oxygen debt

State the word equation for anaerobic

respiration in microorganism yeast (glucose →
alcohol + carbon dioxide)
Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in
yeast during bread-making

State that anaerobic respiration releases much

less energy per glucose molecule than aerobic
respiration
 Y10 Coordinated Science EOY exam check list 2021
Chemistry Section

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C1 The particulate nature of matter

State the distinguishing properties of solids,
liquids and gases

Describe the structure of solids, liquids and

gases in terms of particle separation,
arrangement and types of motion

Describe the changes of state in terms of

melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing and
condensation

Demonstrate understanding of the terms

atom, molecule and ion

Describe and explain diffusion in terms of the

movement of particles (atoms, molecules or
ions)

C2 Experimental techniques
C2.1 Measurement

Name and suggest appropriate apparatus for

the measurement of time, temperature, mass
and volume, including burettes, pipettes and
measuring cylinders

C2.2 Criteria of purity

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of paper chromatography

Interpret simple chromatograms

Understand the importance of purity in

substances for use in everyday life, e.g. in the
manufacture of compounds to use in drugs
and food additives

Recognise that mixtures melt and boil over a

range of temperatures
C2.3 Methods of purification

Describe and explain methods of separation

and purification by the use of a suitable
solvent, filtration, crystallisation, distillation,
fractional distillation and paper
chromatography

Suggest suitable separation and purification

techniques, given information about the
substances involved

C3 Atoms, elements and compounds

C3.1 Physical and chemical changes

Identify physical and chemical changes, and

understand the differences between them

C3.2 Elements, compounds and mixtures

Describe the differences between elements,

mixtures and compounds, and between
metals and non-metals
Define the terms solvent, solute, solution and
concentration

C3.3 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table

Describe the structure of an atom in terms of

a central nucleus, containing protons and
neutrons, and ‘shells’ of electrons

Describe the build-up of electrons in ‘shells’

and understand the signifi cance of the noble
gas electronic structures and of the outer shell
electrons (The ideas of the distribution of
electrons in s and p orbitals and in d block
elements are not required.)

State the charges and approximate relative

masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
Define and use proton number (atomic
number) as the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom

Define and use nucleon number (mass

number)as the total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Use proton number and the simple structure

of atoms to explain the basis of the Periodic
Table, with special reference to the elements
of proton numbers 1 to 20

Define isotopes as atoms of the same element

which have the same proton number but a
different nucleon number

Note: a copy of the Periodic Table, as shown

in the Appendix, will be provided in Papers 1,
2, 3 and 4.

C3.4 Ions and ionic bonds

Describe the formation of ions by electron loss

or gain

Use dot-and-cross diagrams to describe the

formation of ionic bonds between Group I and
Group VII

C3.5 Molecules and covalent bonds

State that non-metallic elements form simple

molecules with covalent bonds between
atoms

Describe the formation of single covalent

bonds in H2, Cl2, H2O, CH4, NH3 and HCl as the
sharing of pairs of electrons leading to the
noble gas configuration including the use of
dot-and-cross diagrams

Describe the differences in volatility, solubility

and electrical conductivity between ionic and
covalent compounds

C3.6 Macromolecules
State that there are several different forms of
carbon, including diamond and graphite
Describe the giant covalent structures of
graphite and diamond

C4 Stoichiometry
C4.1 Stoichiometry

Use the symbols of the elements and write

the formulae of simple compounds

Deduce the formula of a simple compound

from the relative numbers of atoms present

Deduce the formula of a simple compound

from a model or a diagrammatic
representation

Construct and use word equations

Interpret and balance simple symbol

equations

C4.2 The mole

C5 Electricity and chemistry

Define electrolysis as the breakdown of an
ionic compound when molten or in aqueous
solution by the passage of electricity

Use the terms inert electrode, electrolyte,

anode and cathode

Describe the electrode products and the

observations made, using inert electrodes
(platinum or carbon), in the electrolysis of:
– molten lead(II) bromide
– concentrated aqueous sodium chloride
– dilute sulfuric acid

Describe electroplating with copper

C6 Energy changes in chemical reactions

Describe the meaning of exothermic and

endothermic reactions
C7 Chemical reactions
C7.1 Rate (speed) of reaction

Describe practical methods for investigating

the rate of a reaction which produces a gas

Interpret data obtained from experiments

concerned with rate of reaction

Describe the effect of concentration, particle

size, catalysts and temperature on the rate of
reactions

Describe how concentration, temperature and

surface area create a danger of explosive
combustion with fine powders (e.g. flour mills)
and gases (e.g. methane in mines)
Note: Candidates should be encouraged to
use the term rate rather than speed

C7.2 Redox

Describe oxidation and reduction in chemical

reactions in terms of oxygen loss / gain
(Oxidation state limited to its use to name
ions,
e.g. iron(II), iron(III), copper(II).)

C9 The Periodic Table

C9.1 The Periodic Table

Describe the Periodic Table as a method of

classifying elements and its use to predict
properties of elements
C9.2 Periodic trends

Describe the change from metallic to

nonmetallic character across a period

C9.3 Group properties

Describe lithium, sodium and potassium in

Group I as a collection of relatively soft metals
showing a trend in melting point, density and
reaction with water

Describe the halogens, chlorine, bromine and

iodine in Group VII, as a collection of diatomic
non-metals showing a trend in colour and
physical state

C9.4 Transition elements

Describe the transition elements as a

collection of metals having high densities, high
melting points and forming coloured
compounds, and which, as elements and
compounds, often act as catalysts

C9.5 Noble gases

Describe the noble gases, in Group VIII or 0, as

being unreactive, monoatomic gases and
explain this in terms of electronic structure

State the uses of the noble gases in providing

an inert atmosphere, i.e. argon in lamps,
helium for filling balloons

C11 Air and water

C11.1 Water
Describe a chemical test for water using
copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride
Describe, in outline, the treatment of the
water supply in terms of filtration and
chlorination

C11.2 Air

State the composition of clean air as being a

mixture of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and
small quantities of noble gases, water vapour
and carbon dioxide

Name the common pollutants in air as being

carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen

State the adverse effect of these common air

pollutants on buildings and on health

State the source of each of these pollutants:

– carbon monoxide from the incomplete
combustion of carbon-containing substances
– sulfur dioxide from the combustion of fossil
fuels which contain sulfur compounds (leading
to acid rain)
– oxides of nitrogen from car engines

State the conditions required for the rusting

of iron (presence of oxygen and water)

Describe and explain barrier methods of rust

prevention, including paint and other coatings

C11.3 Carbon dioxide and methane

State the formation of carbon dioxide:

– as a product of complete combustion of
carbon-containing substances
– as a product of respiration
– as a product of the reaction between an acid
and a carbonate
– as a product of thermal decomposition of
calcium carbonate
State that carbon dioxide and methane are
greenhouse gases

C11.4 Nitrogen and fertilisers

Describe the need for nitrogen-, phosphorus

and potassium-containing fertilisers

Describe the displacement of ammonia from

its salts
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Explain changes of state in terms of particle

theory and the energy changes involved

Describe and explain dependence of rate of

diffusion on molecular mass

Interpret simple chromatograms, including the

use of Rf values

Identify substances and assess their purity from

melting point and boiling point information
Understand that some chemical reactions can
be reversed by changing the reaction conditions
(Limited to the effects of heat and water on
hydrated and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and
cobalt(II) chloride.) (Concept of equilibrium is
not required.)
Understand that isotopes have the same
properties because they have the same number
of electrons in their outer shell

Note: a copy of the Periodic Table, as shown in

the Appendix, will be provided in Papers 1, 2, 3
and 4.

Describe the formation of ionic bonds between

metallic and non-metallic elements to include
the strong attraction between ions because of
their opposite electrical charges

Describe the lattice structure of ionic

compounds as a regular arrangement of
alternating positive and negative ions,
exemplified by the sodium chloride structure

Use and draw dot-and-cross diagrams to

represent the bonding in the more complex
covalent molecules such as N2, C2H4, CH3OH, and
CO2

Explain the differences in melting point and

boiling point of ionic and covalent compounds
in terms of attractive forces
Relate the structures of diamond and graphite
to their uses, e.g. graphite as a lubricant and a
conductor and diamond in cutting tools
Describe the macromolecular structure of
silicon(IV) oxide (silicon dioxide, SiO2)

Determine the formula of an ionic compound

from the charges on the ions present

Construct and use symbol equations, with state

symbols, including ionic equations

Deduce the balanced equation for a chemical

reaction, given relevant information

Define relative atomic mass, Ar , as the average

mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element
on a scale where the 12C atom has a mass of
exactly 12 units

Define relative molecular mass, Mr , as the sum

of the relative atomic masses (relative formula
mass or Mr will be used for ionic compounds)

Define the mole in terms of a specific number of

particles called Avogadro’s constant
Use the molar gas volume, taken as 24 dm 3 at
room temperature and pressure

Calculate stoichiometric reacting masses,

volumes of gases and solutions, and
concentrations of solutions expressed in g/dm 3
and mol / dm3. (Calculations involving the idea
of limiting reactants may be set.)
Describe electrolysis in terms of the ions
present and the reactions at the electrodes, in
terms of gain of electrons by cations and loss of
electrons by anions to form atoms

State the general principle that metals or

hydrogen are formed at the negative electrode
(cathode), and that non-metals (other than
hydrogen) are formed at the positive electrode
(anode)

Relate the products of electrolysis to the

electrolyte and electrodes used, exemplified by
the specific examples in the Core together with
aqueous copper(II) sulfate using carbon
electrodes and using copper electrodes (as used
in the refining of copper)
Construct simple ionic half-equations for the
formation of elements at the cathode
Predict the products of the electrolysis of a
specified molten binary compound

Describe, in outline, the chemistry of the

manufacture of:
– a luminium from pure aluminium oxide in
molten cryolite
– chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide
from concentrated aqueous sodium chloride
(Starting materials and essential conditions
should be given but not technical details or
diagrams.)

Describe bond breaking as an endothermic

process and bond forming as an exothermic
process

Draw and label energy level diagrams for

exothermic and endothermic reactions using
data provided
Interpret energy level diagrams showing
exothermic and endothermic reactions and the
activation energy of a reaction

Suggest suitable apparatus, given information,

for experiments, including collection of gases
and measurement of rates of reaction

Describe and explain the effect of changing

concentration in terms of frequency of collisions
between reacting particles

Describe and explain the effect of changing

temperature in terms of the frequency of
collisions between reacting particles and more
colliding particles possessing the minimum
energy (activation energy) to react

Define redox in terms of electron transfer, and

identify such reactions from given information,
which could include simple equations

Define and identify an oxidising agent as a

substance which oxidises another substance
during a redox reaction and a reducing agent as
a substance which reduces another substance
during a redox reaction
Describe the relationship between Group
number, number of outer shell electrons and
metallic/non-metallic character

Predict the properties of other elements in

Group I, given data, where appropriate

State the reaction of chlorine, bromine and

iodine with other halide ions
Predict the properties of other elements in
Group VII, given data where appropriate
Identify trends in other groups, given data about
the elements concerned
Describe some approaches to reducing
emissions of sulfur dioxide, including the use of
low sulfur petrol and flue gas desulfurisation by
calcium oxide

Describe, in outline, how a catalytic converter

removes nitrogen monoxide and carbon
monoxide from exhaust emissions by reaction
over a hot catalyst
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
2NO + 2CO → N2 + 2CO2
2NO → N2 + O2

Describe and explain sacrificial protection in

terms of the reactivity series of metals and
galvanising as a method of rust prevention
State that increased concentrations of
greenhouse gases cause an enhanced
greenhouse effect, which may contribute to
climate change

Describe and explain the essential conditions for

the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber
process including the sources of the hydrogen
(reaction of methane/natural gas with steam)
and nitrogen (from the air)
 Y10 Coordinated Science EOY exam check list 2021
Physics Section

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P1. Motion

Use and describe the use of rules and

measuring cylinders to find a length or a
volume

Use and describe the use of clocks and

devices, both analogue and digital, for
measuring an interval of time

Obtain an average value for a small distance

and for a short interval of time by measuring
multiples (including the period of a pendulum)

P1.2 Motion
Define speed and calculate average speed
from total distance / total time
Plot and interpret a speed-time graph and a
distance-time graph

Recognise from the shape of a speed-time

graph when a body is:
– at rest
– moving with constant speed
– moving with changing speed

Calculate the area under a speed-time graph

to work out the distance travelled for motion
with constant acceleration

Demonstrate an understanding that

acceleration and deceleration are related to
changing speed including qualitative analysis
of the gradient of a speed-time graph
State that the acceleration of free fall g for a
body near to the Earth is constant

P1.3 Mass and weight

Distinguish between mass and weight

Know that the Earth is the source of a

gravitational field
Recognise that g is the gravitational force on
unit mass and is measured in N / kg
Recall and use the equation W = mg

Demonstrate understanding that weights (and

hence masses) may be compared using a
balance

P1.4 Density
Recall and use the equation ρ = m/V

Describe an experiment to determine the

density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped
solid and make the necessary calculation

P1.5 Forces
P1.5.1 Effects of forces

Describe how forces may change the size,

shape and motion of a body

Understand friction as the force between two

surfaces which impedes motion and results in
heating

Recognise air resistance as a form of friction

Find the resultant of two or more forces
acting along the same line

Recognise that if there is no resultant force on

a body it either remains at rest or continues at
constant speed in a straight line

P1.5.2 Turning effect

Describe the moment of a force as a measure

of its turning effect, and give everyday
examples
Calculate moment using the product force ×
perpendicular distance from the pivot

Recognise that, when there is no resultant

force and no resultant turning effect, a system
is in equilibrium

P1.5.3 Centre of mass

Perform and describe an experiment to

determine the position of the centre of mass
of a plane lamina

Describe qualitatively the effect of the

position of the centre of mass on the stability
of simple objects

P1.5.4 Pressure
Relate qualitatively pressure to force and
area, using appropriate examples

P2 Work, energy and power

P2.1 Work

Relate (without calculation) work done to the

magnitude of a force and distance moved in
the direction of the force

P2.2 Energy
Demonstrate an understanding that work
done = energy transferred

Demonstrate understanding that an object

may have energy due to its motion (kinetic
energy, K.E.) or its position (potential energy,
P.E.) and that energy may be transferred and
stored

Give and identify examples of changes in

kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical
potential, elastic potential (strain), nuclear,
thermal, light, sound and electrical energy
that have occurred as a result of an event or
process
Recognise that energy is transferred during
events and processes, including examples of
transfer by forces (mechanical working), by
electric currents (electrical working), by
heating and by waves
Apply the principle of conservation of energy
to simple examples

Show a qualitative understanding of efficiency

P2.3 Power

Relate (without calculation) power to work

done and time taken, using appropriate
examples

P2.4 Energy resources

Distinguish between renewable and
nonrenewable sources of energy

Describe how electricity or other useful forms

of energy may be obtained from:
– chemical energy stored in fuel
– water, including the energy stored in waves,
in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric
dams
– geothermal resources
– nuclear fission
– heat and light from the Sun (solar cells and
panels)
– wind energy

Give advantages and disadvantages of each

method in terms of renewability, cost,
reliability, scale and environmental impact

P3 Thermal physics
P3.1 Simple kinetic molecular model of
matter

State the distinguishing properties of solids,

liquids and gases

Describe qualitatively the molecular structure

of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the
arrangement, separation, and motion of the
molecules

Describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas

and the temperature of a gas, liquid or solid in
terms of the motion of its particles

Show an understanding of Brownian motion

(the random motion of particles in a
suspension) as evidence for the kinetic
molecular model of matter

Use and describe the use of thermometers to

measure temperature on the Celsius scale

Describe melting and boiling in terms of

energy input without a change in temperature

State the meaning of melting point and boiling

point, and recall the melting and boiling points
for water
Describe condensation and solidification

Explain evaporation in terms of the escape of

more-energetic molecules from the surface of
a liquid

Relate evaporation to the consequent cooling

of the liquid

P3.2 Pressure changes

P3.3 Matter and thermal properties

Describe qualitatively the thermal expansion
of solids, liquids and gases at constant
pressure

Identify and explain some of the everyday

applications and consequences of thermal
expansion

P3.4 Measurement of temperature

Describe how a physical property that varies

with temperature may be used for the
measurement of temperature, and state
examples of such properties

Recognise the need for and identify fixed

points

Describe and explain the structure and action

of liquid-in-glass thermometers

P3.5 Thermal processes

P3.5.1 Conduction
Recognise and name typical good and bad
thermal conductors

Describe experiments to demonstrate the

properties of good and bad thermal
conductors

P3.5.2 Convection
Recognise convection as the main method of
energy transfer in fluids

Interpret and describe experiments designed

to illustrate convection in liquids and gases
(fluids)

P3.5.3 Radiation

Recognise radiation as the method of energy

transfer that does not require a medium to
travel through

Identify infra-red radiation as the part of the

electromagnetic spectrum often involved in
energy transfer by radiation
P3.5.4 Consequences of energy transfer

Identify and explain some of the everyday

applications and consequences of conduction,
convection and radiation

P4 Properties of waves, including light and

sound
P4.1 General wave properties

Demonstrate understanding that waves

transfer energy without transferring matter

Describe what is meant by wave motion as

illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs
and by experiments using water waves

Use the term wavefront

State the meaning of speed, frequency,
wavelength and amplitude

Describe how waves can undergo:

– reflection at a plane surface
– refraction due to a change of speed

P4.2 Light
P4.2.1 Reflection of light

Describe the formation of an optical image by

a plane mirror and give its characteristics

Recall and use the law:

angle of incidence i = angle of reflection r
recognising these angles are measured to the
normal
Perform simple constructions, measurements
and calculations for reflection by plane
mirrors

P4.2.2 Refraction of light

Interpret and describe an experimental
demonstration of the refraction of light

Use the terminology for the angle of incidence

i and angle of refraction r and describe the
passage of light through parallel-sided
transparent material

P4.2.3 Thin converging lens

Describe the action of a thin converging lens
on a beam of light

Use the terms principal focus and focal length

Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a real
image by a single lens

Describe the nature of an image using the

terms enlarged/same size/diminished and
upright/inverted

P4.3 Electromagnetic spectrum

Describe the main features of the

electromagnetic spectrum in order of
frequency, from radio waves to gamma
radiation (γ)

State that all electromagnetic waves travel

with the same high speed in a vacuum and
approximately the same in air
Describe typical properties and uses of
radiations in all the different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum including:
– radio and television communications (radio
waves)
– satellite television and telephones
(microwaves)
– electrical appliances, remote controllers for
televisions and intruder alarms (infra-red)
– medicine and security (X-rays)

Demonstrate an understanding of safety

issues regarding the use of microwaves and X-
rays

State the dangers of ultraviolet radiation,

from the Sun or from tanning lamps

P4.4 Sound
Describe the production of sound by vibrating
sources

State that the approximate range of audible

frequencies for a healthy human ear is 20 Hz
to 20 000 Hz

Show an understanding that a medium is

needed to transmit sound waves

Describe and interpret an experiment to

determine the speed of sound in air, including
calculation
Relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves
to amplitude and frequency
Describe how the reflection of sound may
produce an echo

P5 Electricity and magnetism

P5.1 Simple phenomena of magnetism

Describe the forces between magnets, and

between magnets and magnetic materials

Draw and describe the pattern and direction

of magnetic field lines around a bar magnet
Distinguish between the magnetic properties
of soft iron and steel
Distinguish between the design and use of
permanent magnets and electromagnets

Describe methods of magnetisation to include

stroking with a magnet, use of direct current
(d.c.) in a coil and hammering in a magnetic
field

P5.2 Electrical quantities

P5.2.1 Electric charge
State that there are positive and negative
charges
State that unlike charges attract and that like
charges repel

Describe and interpret simple experiments to

show the production and detection of
electrostatic charges by friction

State that charging a body involves the

addition or removal of electrons

Distinguish between electrical conductors and

insulators and give typical examples

P5.2.2 Current, potential difference and

electromotive force (e.m.f.)

Demonstrate understanding of current,

potential difference, e.m.f. and resistance

State that current is related to the flow of

charge
State that current in metals is due to a flow of
electrons

State that the potential difference (p.d.)

across a circuit component is measured in
volts

Use and describe the use of an ammeter and a

voltmeter, both analogue and digital

State that the electromotive force (e.m.f) of

an electrical source of energy is measured in
volts

P5.2.3 Resistance
State that resistance = p.d. / current and
understand qualitatively how changes in p.d.
or resistance affect current

Recall and use the equation R = V / I

P6 Electric circuits
P6.1 Circuit diagrams

Draw and interpret circuit diagrams

containing sources, switches, resistors (fixed
and variable), lamps, ammeters, voltmeters
and fuses (Symbols for other common circuit
components will be provided in questions.)

P6.2 Series and parallel circuits

Understand that the current at every point in
a series circuit is the same

Calculate the combined resistance of two or

more resistors in series

State that, for a parallel circuit, the current

from the source is larger than the current in
each branch

State that the combined resistance of two

resistors in parallel is less than that of either
resistor by itself

State the advantages of connecting lamps in

parallel in a circuit

P6.3 Electrical Energy

P6.4 Dangers of electricity

Identify electrical hazards including:
– damaged insulation
– overheating of cables
– damp conditions
State that a fuse protects a circuit
Explain the use of fuses and choose
appropriate fuse ratings
ted Science EOY exam check list 2021

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Understand that a micrometer screw gauge is

used to measure very small distances

Distinguish between speed and velocity

Define and calculate acceleration using change
of velocity / time taken

Calculate acceleration from the gradient of a

speed-time graph

Recognise linear motion for which the

acceleration is constant and calculate the
acceleration

Recognise motion for which the acceleration is

not constant

Describe, and use the concept of, weight as the

effect of a gravitational field on a mass
Describe the determination of the density of an
irregularly shaped solid by the method of
displacement and make the necessary
calculation

Plot and interpret extension-load graphs and

describe the associated experimental procedure

State Hooke’s Law and recall and use the

expression F = k x, where k is the spring
constant

Recognise the significance of the term limit of

proportionality for an extension-load graph

Recall and use the relationship between

resultant force, mass and acceleration, F = ma
Apply the principle of moments to the balancing
of a weightless beam about a pivot

Apply the principle of moments to different

situations

Recall and use the equation p = F / A

Recall and use W = Fd = ΔE

Recall and use the expressions K.E. = ½mv 2 and

gravitational potential energy (G.P.E) = mgh or
change in G.P.E = mgΔh
Recall and use the equation P = ΔE / t in simple
systems, including electrical circuits

Understand that the Sun is the source of energy

for all our energy resources except geothermal,
nuclear and tidal
Understand that the source of tidal energy is
mainly the moon
Show an understanding that energy is released
by nuclear fusion in the Sun

Recall and use the equations:

efficiency = (useful energy output / energy
input) x 100%
efficiency = (useful power output / power input)
x 100%
Relate the properties of solids, liquids and gases
to the forces and distances between the
molecules and to the motion of the molecules

Describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in

terms of the motion of its molecules and their
colliding with the walls creating a force

Show an appreciation that massive particles

may be moved by light, fast-moving molecules

Distinguish between boiling and evaporation

Demonstrate an understanding of how

temperature, surface area and draught over a
surface influence evaporation

Describe qualitatively, in terms of molecules,

the effect on the pressure of a gas of:
– a change of temperature at constant volume
– a change of volume at constant temperature
Explain in terms of the motion and arrangement
of molecules, the relative order of the
magnitude of the expansion of solids, liquids
and gases

Demonstrate understanding of sensitivity,

range and linearity

Describe the structure of a thermocouple and

show understanding of its use as a
thermometer for measuring high temperatures
and those that vary rapidly

Describe and explain how the structure of a

liquid-in-glass thermometer relates to its
sensitivity, range and linearity

Explain conduction in solids in terms of

molecular vibrations and transfer by electrons

Relate convection in fluids to density changes

Describe the effect of surface colour (black or

white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the
emission, absorption and refl ection of radiation
Interpret and describe experiments to
investigate the properties of good and bad
emitters and good and bad absorbers of
infrared radiation

Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal

waves and give suitable examples

Recall and use the equation v = f λ

Understand that refraction is caused by a

change in speed as a wave moves from one
medium to another
Describe how waves can undergo diffraction
through a narrow gap
Describe the use of water waves to
demonstrate diffraction
Recall and use the defi nition of refractive index
n in terms of speed

Recall and use the equation for refractive index

(sin i / sin r) = n
Describe internal and total internal reflection
using ray diagrams
Give the meaning of critical angle

Describe and explain the action of optical fibres

particularly in medicine and communications
technology

Describe the difference between a real image

and a virtual image
Use and describe the use of a single lens as a
magnifying glass

State that the speed of electromagnetic waves

in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m / s
Describe the longitudinal nature of sound
waves

Describe the transmission of sound waves in air

in terms of compressions and rarefactions

Recognise that sound travels faster in liquids

than gases and faster in solids than in liquids

Give an account of induced magnetism

Describe an electric field as a region in which an
electric charge experiences a force

Show understanding that a current is a rate of

flow of charge and recall and use the equation I
=Q/t

Show understanding that e.m.f. is defined in

terms of energy supplied by a source in driving
charge around a complete circuit
Sketch and explain the current-voltage
characteristic of an ohmic resistor and a
filament lamp

Recall and use quantitatively the proportionality

between resistance and length, and the inverse
proportionality between resistance and
crosssectional area of a wire

Recall and use the fact that the sum of the p.d.s
across the components in a series circuit is
equal to the total p.d. across the supply

Recall and use the fact that the current from

the source is the sum of the currents in the
separate branches of a parallel circuit

Calculate the combined resistance of two

resistors in parallel

Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing

NTC thermistors and light-dependent resistors
(LDRs)

Describe the action of NTC thermistors and

LDRs and show understanding of their use as
input transducers

Recall and use the equations P = IV and E = IVt