ARELLANO UNIVERSITY

MODULE IN
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM
THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
First Quarter

Arellano University

Name: Vigor, Shienalou G. Grade Level _12__Strand / Section: TG2

LESSON 1: NATURE AND MEANING OF LITERATURE

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.
OBJECTIVES:

• To define and explain the nature and meaning of literature.

• Identify its various elements and types
• To show the value of literature in our daily life.

WHAT IS LITERATURE?

Dictionary definition:
1a(1): writings in prose or verse especially : writings having excellence of form or expression and
expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest

Literature came from the Latin word, LITTERATURA which means “writing formed letters.”
 A body of written works produced in a particular language, country or age.
• Writing in prose or verse or expressing ideas or permanent and or universal interest.
• Imitation of life. Everything we encounter in life influences the way we interpret what we read
or watch.

Importance of Literature:

• Studying literature is like looking at the mirror of life where man’s experiences, his innermost
feelings and thoughts are reflected.
• Through literature, we learn the culture of people across time and space.

Qualities of a Good Literary Masterpiece:

1. Artistry – It appeals to aesthetic sense/values. The quality which we feel has beauty.
2. Intellectual Value – It appeals into intellect and mindset. It makes us think deeper on the
sense it sends us.
3. Permanence – It endures the element of time. Regardless of how long it has been existing, it
is still relevant and gives us the lessons we look for at the moment.
4. Spiritual Value – It appeals to our spirituality to our Creator.
5. Style – It is the writer’s way of expression. It makes use of the figures of speech and literary
devices that makes the readers engaged.
6. Suggestiveness – it is the use if the literary elements which makes the writing teach us
something indirectly.
7. Universality – It covers race, culture, society, humanity and time. Every can appreciate it
anytime.

Exercise 1.1 – Assess your favorite old book, song or movie using the quality chart. Put a check
mark on the quality your choses form of literature possesses.

TYPE OF LITERATURE: TITLE OF CHOSEN LITERATURE:

QUALITIES Artistry Intellectual Permanence Spiritual Style Suggestiveness Universality
Value Value

Exercise 1.2 – Explain briefly why your chosen book, song or movie possesses those qualities.
 ASSESSMENT

Activity 1.1 : Express your idea!

Why literature is important as part of a human’s life?

Content- 50%
Ideas- 20%
Mechanics- 20%
Neatness- 10%

Activity 1.2 : Let’s Draw

Prepare a paper and you color pens and make a poster about “the role of Literature in one’s
human life

Concept- 50%
Neatness – 20%
Color harmony – 20%
Individuality- 10%

A. How can you relate this lesson in rea life situations? Example, choosing a good book?
State your idea.

Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_____________

 LESSON 2: NATURE AND MEANING OF LITERATURE

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES:
• Understand the 2 major types of literature.  Identify the difference between the two.
• Appreciate the uses of these types of literature.

2 Major Types of Literature

• PROSE
• FICTION

1. PROSE is a form or technique of language that exhibits a natural flow of speech and
grammatical structure.
• FICTION is the art of creating stories that only exist in the artist’s imagination.
it is in narrative form, in any medium, about people, events, or places that are
imaginary— or not based strictly on history or fact.
• NON-FICTION is the form of any narrative, account, or other communicative
work whose assertions and descriptions are understood to be factual.

2. POETRY is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often employs
rhyme and meter.
• NARRATIVE POETRY is a form of poetry which tells a story, often making use
of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually
written in metered verse.
Examples:
Epic - a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of
a legendary or historical hero

Ballad - a narrative composition in rhythmic verse suitable for singing

Elegy - a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation especially for

one who is dead.

Ode - a lyric poem usually marked by exaltation of feeling and style,

varying length of line, and complexity of stanza forms
• LYRIC POETRY are short poems originally accompanied by music.
Examples: Sonnet
• DRAMATIC POETRY both tells a story and connects the reader or an
audience
• through emotions or behavior. Closely related to acting, and can be either
spoken or sung. Examples: My Last Duchess

d. APPLICATION/ ASSESSMENT

Activity 2.1 – Write fiction. Create a story outline of a perfectly ideal day for you.
 MORNING NIGHT

MID-DAY

Activity 2.2 - ODE

If you were given the chance to write an ode or letter of appreciation to one represented by the
pictures below, how would you write it?

A. How can you relate this lesson in rea life situations? Example, choosing a good book?
State your idea.
 Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_____________

LESSON 3: NATURE AND MEANING OF LITERATURE

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES: o Define what makes each form of

literature unique.
o Identify the common forms of literature

COMMON FORMS OF LITERATURE

ORAL LITERATURE is a broad term which may include epic poems, musical genres, folk
tales, creation tales, songs, myths, legends, proverbs, riddles, tongue-twisters.

1.) LEGEND -A legend is a genre of folklore that consists of a narrative

featuring the origins of things.

EXAMPLE: Alamat ng Pinya (Legend of the Pineapple)

Exercises: Give 2 examples of a legend and explain how different it is from reality.
1.
2.

2.) CREATION TALES -A symbolic narrative of how the world began and
how people first came to inhabit it.

EXAMPLE: Si Malakas at si Maganda

3.) RIDDLES -Riddles are expression, sometimes in rhymes using one or

two images used for entertainment, mental exercises and amusement that

refer to a particular thing or object that has to be guessed.

EXAMPLE: I have a tail, and I have a head, but i have no body. I am NOT a snake.
What am I? Answer: A coin.
 4.) A TONGUE TWISTER is a specific sequence of words whose rapid,
repeated pronunciation is difficult even for native speakers.

EXAMPLE: “Nagprito ng Pitumpu’t Pitong Puto Ang Pumipitong Pato”

“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

A peck of pickled peppers, Peter Piper Picked”

WRITTEN LITERATURE is usually more crafted and includes poetry (often more
sophisticated than folk ballads etc), drama, fiction etc as well as essays and
philosophical and religious writing.

Examples: Sonnet (Poetry), Analects of Confucius (Philosophical), Bible (Religious)

1.) A SONNET is a one-stanza, 14-line poem, written

in iambic pentameter

2.) The ANALECTS OF CONFUCIUS, is an ancient Chinese

book composed of a large collection of sayings and ideas
attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius.

3.) THE BIBLE is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures

considered to be a product of divine inspiration.

VISUAL LITERATURE are literary works presented in front of an audience.

Examples: Storytelling, Opera, Theatre
 1.) STORYTELLINGdescribes the social and cultural activity of
sharing stories, sometimes with improvisation, theatrics or
embellishment.

2.) OPERAis a stageddramaset to music in its entirety.

3.) THEATERis a form ofperforming artthat uses live

performers, to present ASSESSMENT
the experience of a real or
APPLICATION/
imagined event before a live audience.

EXERCISE 3.1– Create5 of your own tongue twisters

. You may choose your
own topics.

Example: Cow
cross
“If you must cross a course cross cow across a crowded cow crossing, cross the coarse cow
across the crowded cow crossing carefully.”
EXERCISE 3.2 – Write the answer on the line provided for the riddles below.

1. I have a head like a cat. I have feet like a cat. But I am not a cat. What am I?
__________________

2. He has married many women, but has never been married. Who is he? ________________

3. If an egg came floating down the Green River, where did it come from? ____________________

4. Pronounced as one letter,/And written with three,/Two letters there are,/And two only in me./I'm
double, I'm single,/I'm black, blue, and gray,/I'm read from both ends,/And the same either
way./What am I? _______________.

5. I am always to come. But never do I come. What am I? ________________

6. A father's child, a mother's child, yet no one's son. ___________________

7. I come one in a minute, twice in a moment, but never in a thousand years. _________________

8. What word is always pronounced correctly? ___________________

9. It is greater than God and more evil than the devil. The poor have it, the rich need it and if you eat it
you’ll die. What is it? ____________________

10. When one does not know what it is, then it is something; but when one knows what it is, then it
is nothing.____________________

A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give examples

Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_____________

LESSON 4: GENRES OF LITERATURE

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES: o Familiarize themselves with the different

genres of literature.
o Differentiate among genres.
o Identify fiction from non-fiction.

Genres of Literature

1. FICTION is the art of creating stories that only exist in the artist’s imagination. it is in
narrative form, in any medium, about people, events, or places that are imaginary— or not
based strictly on history or fact. (Ref. CN#2)

• MYTHOLOGY is a collection of traditional stories of a particular religious or

cultural tradition explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and
typically involving supernatural beings or events. EXAMPLES: Greek
Mythology, Egyptian Mythology, Roman Mythology.

Exercise: Write down 5 gods or goddesses you have encountered in books or movies.
Describe them and their powers.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

• A FAIRYTALE is an example of a fiction that takes the form of a short

story. It features dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies, giants, mermaids,
unicorns or witches and usually magic or enchantments.

Exercise: Write down 5 fairytale characters you like most. Tell us what makes them your top 5.
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

• LEGEND is a story from the past that is believed by many people but
cannot be proved to be true. EXAMPLES: Robin Hood, King Arthur, The
Flying
Dutchman

Exercise: Give one legendary character you have heard or seen in your childhood. What
makes him/her memorable to you?

• A NOVEL is a long narrative with an organized plot usually with a maximum

of 500 pages. EXAMPLES: Harry Potter Series, Da Vinci Code

Exercise: Write down 3 novels you have read OR you would like to read. Put a description
why these titles interest you.

1.

2.

3.

• A SHORT STORY is a fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots. It

contains 3,000 to 10,000 words. EXAMPLES: A Rose for Emily, Hills Like
White Elephants, To Build a Fire
 • A FABLE, is a narrative usually featuring animals that behave and
speak as human beings, told in order to highlight human follies and
weaknesses. EXAMPLE: The Ant and the Grasshopper, The Hare and
the Tortoise, The Fox and the Crow.

Exercise: Give four examples of fables you have heard or read when you were younger. What
were the lessons it taught you? You may include the example above.

1.

2.

3.

4.

• A PARABLE is a story used by Jesus in teaching the good news. A

PARABLE differs from a fable in that fables employ animals and
plants, whereas parables have human characters.

• EXAMPLES: The Good Samaritan, The Lost Sheep, The Mustard Seed,
The Prodigal Son.

Exercise: The Bible is full of parables told by Jesus. Choose one, including
those above and tell us in 5 sentences or more what it has taught you or how it
has affected you.
 2. NON-FICTION is the form of any narrative, account, or other communicative work
whose assertions and descriptions are understood to be factual (CN # 2)

• AUTOBIOGRAPHY is the biography of oneself, narrated by oneself.

• A BIOGRAPHY is an account or detailed description about the life of

a person by another author.

Exercise: If you would be writing a biography about someone, who would it be and
why?

• A NEWSPAPER is a periodical publication about current events.

Literature lies on the columns section of the newspaper.
 • A MAGAZINE is a periodical publication which is printed in
glosscoated and matte paper or electronically published. Just like the
newspaper, literature can be found on the columns section.

• A DIARY is a place where you record events, experiences and other

personal things that interest you on a daily basis.

Exercise: Write a record of what you have experienced the whole day yesterday, from the start of
the day, what happened in between and before you slept. Were you thankful for it? Why?

Exercise 4.2 – Label each example below (F) if Fiction or (NF) if Non-Fiction. Give a
short explanation why.
 1. The Gospel according to Paul _____________________________________________

2. Lady Gaga is rumored to be pregnant ______________________________________

_______________________________________________

3. The Hunchback of Notre Dame____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

4. A special edition Covid-19 coverage on Times Magazine_______________________

____________________________

5. How to do a coronary operation effectively by Boy Abunda

______________________

6. True Crime Story: Starring Angelina Jolie____________________________________-

____________________________________

7. The Ferocious Year of India: A Documentary__________________________________

_______________________________________

8. Titanic Movie____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

9. Train to Busan__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
10. Time Magazine Man of the Year___________________________________________
________________________________________________

Exercise 4.3 – Identify from which genre the characters belong to.

1. Ariel_____________________________________________________

2. Poseidon _________________________________________________.

3. Aurora ___________________________________________________.

4. The Lost Sheep_____ ___________________________________________.

5. The Tooth Fairy ___________________________________________.

6. Rose and Jack ____________________________________________.

7. The Cask of Amontillado has 1774 words. _____________________.

8. Jack and the Beanstalk ____________________________________.

9. The Headless Horseman ___________________________________.

10. Si Pagong at Si Matsing __________________________________.

A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give
examples.
 Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_____________

LESSON 5: LITERARY DEVICES: RHYME AND METER

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES:
1. To define rhyme and meter.
2. To apply rhyme and meter to words and phrases.
3. To experience the importance of rhyme and meter in actual practice.

1. RHYME is when one or two more words or phrases ends in the same sound
EXAMPLES: Fore, Core, Store, Before, Four, Floor

2. METER is a stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in a verse or within the lines of
a poem. Stressed syllables tend to be longer and unstressed shorter.

A.) IAMB or IAMBUS (IAMBIC) = Unstressed 1st syllable, Stress 2nd syllable.

EXAMPLES: UNSTRESSED, STRESSED

U /
U / U / U /
U U / Amuse Arise /
“Of mice and men.”
Behold

EXERCISE 5A : Write down 5 words or phrases in IAMBIC meter. Refer to examples above.

1. 4.
2. 5.

3.

B.)TROCHEE or TROCHAIC = Stressed 1st syllable, Unstressed 2nd syllable

EXAMPLES: STRESSED, UNSTRESSED

/ U
/ U / U
Shatter / / U / U
Dental Dinner
U “Doctor Wheeler”
EXERCISE 5B : Write down 5 words or phrases in TROCHAIC meter. Refer to examples
above.
 1. 4.

2. 5.

3.

STRESSED, STRESSED
/
C.) SPONDEE or SPONDAIC = /Stressed 1st and 2nd syllables

EXAMPLES:

/ / / /
/ /
Drop-Dead Race Track
Childhood
/ / / /
Bathrobe Black Hole

EXERCISE 5C : Write down 5 words or phrases in SPONDAIC meter. Refer to examples

above.

1. 4.
2. 5.

3.

D.) DACTYLSTRESSED,
or DACTYLIC = Stressed 1stUNSTRESSED
UNSTRESSED, syllable, Unstressed 2nd and 3rd syllables.
/ U U
EXAMPLES:

/ UU / U U / U U / U U
/ U U
Merrily Mannequin Buffalo Prominent
Carefully

EXERCISE 5D : Write down 5 words or phrases in DACTYLIC meter. Refer to examples

above.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3.

E.) ANAPEST or ANAPESTIC = Unstressed 1st and 2nd syllables, stress 3rd syllable.

UNSTRESSED, UNSTRESSED, STRESSED

U U /
EXAMPLES:
 U U / U U / U / /
Understand Comprehend “Get a life”
U U / U / / “In

the wink of an eye”

EXERCISE 5E : Write down 5 words or phrases in ANAPESTIC meter. Refer to examples

above.

1. 4.
2. 5.

3.

ACTIVITY 5.1 – On the poem we have read earlier, write down the (1) words that rhyme (2) 5
examples where the Iamb, Trochee, Spondee, Dactyl, and Anapest may be used.
 ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION POEM

I take it you already know of tough and

bough and cough and dough.
Others may stumble, but not you,
On hiccough, thorough, lough and through.
Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, To
learn of less familiar traps.

Beware of heard, a dreadful word That

looks like beard and sounds like bird.
And dead – it’s said like bed, not bead.
For goodness sake, don’t call it deed!
Watch out for meat and great and threat.
They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.

A moth is not a moth in mother,

Nor both in bother, broth in brother,
And here is not a match for there, Nor
dear and fear for pear and bear.

And then there’s dose and rose and lose

Just look them up — and goose and choose.
And cork and work and card and ward.
And font and front and word and sword.

And do and go, then thwart and cart.

Come, come I’ve hardly made a start.
A dreadful language? Man alive, I’d
mastered it when I was five!
Exercise 5.2 – For each word given below, give 5 words that rhyme.

1. STUFF
1. 4.
2. 5.

3.

2. EIGHT
1. 4.
2. 5.

3.

3. HOW
1. 4.
2. 5.

3.
1. 4.
2. 5.
4. SHOW
3.
5. LAKE
1. 4.
2. 5.

3.

A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give
examples.

Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_________

LESSON 6: LITERARY TECHNIQUES: PLOT DEVICES

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES: o Identify the different plot devices. o

Distinguish the differences and/or similarities of each.
o Understand how each device affects the flow of story.

Literary Techniques: Plot Devices

A PLOT DEVICE or PLOT MECHANISM is any technique in a narrative used to move

the plot forward.

A. ) A FLASHBACK is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in

time from the current point in the story. Movies/Books who made use of this technique are:
 Gladiator, UP, The Notebook, Forrest Gump.

Example:

1. A woman is about to get married. As she puts on her veil, she

remembers her fiancé three years before, swearing he would make her his wife
someday. A tear comes to her eye and she prepares to walk down the aisle.

2. A superhero is struggling to figure out where his nemesis would keep a

hostage. Suddenly, he remembers his nemesis saying “Dark things happen in dark
alleys.” He hurries towards a hidden alleyway.

Exercise: Write down a situation wherein you had a flashback and how it has made a change.

B. ) IN MEDIAS RES is a literary and artistic narrative technique of relating a

story from the midpoint rather than from the beginning. Among the Movies/Books who
employed this technique are Titanic, John Wick, Moulin Rouge, Benjamin Button.

C. ) FORESHADOWING are little clues the author leaves behind to hint what is
to come later in the story. Among the Movies/Books who used this technique are Star Wars and
The Final Destination.
1. The final graveyard flower is blooming, and its smell drifts through their house,
speaking gently the names of their dead. (Foreshadows death)

2. The evening was still. Suddenly, a cool breeze started blowing and made a
windy night. (Foreshadows thunderstorm)

D. ) DEUS EX MACHINA: Greek for “GOD IN A MACHINE.” It features

characters with god-like powers coming to the rescue in every crisis of the story. Among the
movies who employed this technique are The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter.

EXAMPLES:.

1.) Lord of the Rings: Magical, gigantic eagles arrive to save Gandalf when he
is trapped on top of a tower by evil wizard Saruman with no hope of escape.

2.) Jurassic Park: Just when the humans are surrounded by velociraptors and
are surely going to die, the tyrannosaurus rex charges in and kills the velociraptors, but not the
humans

Exercise: Recount a movie you have seen where Deus Ex Machina was used. Hints: John
Wick, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Matrix: Evolution

ASSESSMENT:

1. Which of the following stories has a DEFINITIVE deus ex machina ending?

a. Robin Hood b. War of the Worlds c. Little Red Riding Hood d. All of the Above

2. “Deus ex machina” literally means:

 a. In former days b. An unexpected machine c. Out of the past d. A god in a machine

3. What is always true of flashback?

a. Flashback confuses readers

b. Flashback occurs in the past

c. Flashback is negative, unwanted memories

d. Flashback suggests what will happen later in the story

4. What can flashback do?

a. Interrupt a chronological narrative

b. Complicate a plot.

c. Further develop characters.

d. All of the above

4. What is revealed in the Grinch’s flashback (video example in the 'Definition &
Examples' section)?

a. He hates Christmas because he’s an unkind person.

b. He hates Christmas for no reason.

c. He hates Christmas due to negative memories and bullying

d. He hates Christmas because of winter.

5. Foreshadowing is always direct and obvious.

a. TRUE

b. FALSE

6. Foreshadowing can be used to create

a. tension b. suspicion c. anticipation d. all of the above

7. Foreshadowing hints at what may happen in the future, while flash-forwarding shows
something that will happen.

a. True

b. False

8. Foreshadowing helps the ________ feel more connected to the story. a.

audience

b. characters

c. authors

d. all of the above

A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give examples.
 Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_________

LESSON 7: LITERARY TECHNIQUES: PLOT DEVICES

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES:
• Be familiar with figures of speech and understand its effect on pieces of literature.
• Know how each one differs the other and how it is applicable to a literary piece.
• Be able to apply figures of speech in their writing.

Literary Devices: Figures of Speech

FIGURE OF SPEECH is the use of more expressive language that gives

dramatic approach to the meaning presented in the text.

1. ) A SIMILE is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing

similarities using “like” and “as” between two different things.

Examples:

- “The dogs look like their owners.”

- “The dog is as beautiful as her owner.”

2. ) A METAPHOR is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to

an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Examples:

- “You are a snake!” - “The calm lake is a mirror.”.

Exercise – Give 4 examples each of: SIMILE using AS, SIMILE using LIKE and
METAPHOR.
SIMILE (AS) 1.
2.
SIMILE (LIKE) 1.
2.
METAPHOR 1.
2.
 3. ) APOSTROPHE is a figure of speech that speaks directly to someone who
is not present or is dead, or speaks to an inanimate object.

Example:
- “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star…”
- “O, Holy Night…”
- “Romeo Take Me Somewhere We Can Be Alone…” -Love
Story, Taylor Swift.
Exercise: Write 5 persons or objects of which you may use as subjects for Apostrophe.
Use these in a sentence.

4. ) PERSONIFICATION is the attribution of a personal nature or human

characteristics to something non-human.

Example:

- “Rain, Rain Go Away…”

- “The wind is howling like a swirling storm inside.”
- “Boy you got my heartbeat running away…” – Super Bass, Nicki
Minaj

Exercise: Write 5 persons or objects of which you may use as subjects for
Apostrophe. Use these in a sentence.

5. ) METONYMY is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with

the name of something else with which it is closely associated.

Examples:

- “GREY HAIRS” – old people

- Crown – Power and authority of the monarch.
- Hollywood – movies, actors and actresses
- White House – The president and his staff

Exercise: Write 5 persons or objects of which you may use as subjects for
Metonymy. Use these in a sentence.

6. ) SYNECDOCHE is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of

something refers to the whole of something or vice versa.

Examples:

A.) A part to represent a whole – Wheel = Car

- Boots = Soldiers

- Head = refers to cattle or people

B.) A whole to represent a part - “The world” is often used to refer

to a part of it you have
encountered.

- “The Vatican” refers to the Pope

C.) A specific class to represent a part - All toothpastes are often

referred to as “Colgate”

- Some people refer to any

variety of cola as "Coke"

D.) Material representing an object - Ceramic plates are referred

to as “Chinaware” even if they
are not from China.

- The word "PLASTIC" is

 commonly used to refer to credit
cards
Exercise: Write 5 persons or objects of which you may use as subjects for
Synecdoche. Use these in a sentence.

7. ) ASSONANCE is a resemblance in the sounds of words /syllables either

between their vowels or between their consonants.

Example: “The Rain In Spain Falls Mainly In The Plain”

“Poetry is old, ancient, goes back far. It is among the oldest of living things.
So old it is that no man knows how and why the first poems came.”

Example: Compose two rhyming sentences using Assonance.

8. ) ALLITERATION is the repetition of identical initial consonant sounds in

successive or closely associated syllables within a group of words, even those
spelled differently.

Example: Becky’s Beagle Barked And Bayed, Becoming Bothersome For

Billy.

Alliteration is also used in branding for ease in brand recognition.

Exercise: Write down 5 companies and 5 cartoon characters using Alliteration.

9. ) ONOMATOPOEIA is the process of creating a word that phonetically

imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes.

A.) Machine Noises – Honk, Clang, Beep, Vroom, Boing, Zap

B.) Animal Sounds – Cuckoo, Croak, Neigh, Cluck, Quack, Meow

C.) Impact Sounds – Boom Crash, Whack, Thump, Bang

D.) Voice Noises – Shush, Giggle, Growl, Whine, Blurt

E.) Nature Sounds – Splash, Drip, Whoosh, Buzz, Spray

Exercise: Write 2 examples of each of the noises/sounds and identify from where
or who the sounds came from .

ASSESSMENT 1: Analyze the song “FIREWORK” using the provided lyrics. Pick out, write
down and label part of the lyrics which falls under SIMILE, METAPHOR,
PERSONIFICATION, ALLITERATION, ASSONANCE, SYNECDOCHE, METONOMY AND
ONOMATOPOEIA.

"Firework"

Do you ever feel like a plastic bag

Drifting through the wind Wanting
to start again?
Do you ever feel, feel so paper-thin Like a
house of cards, one blow from caving in?

Do you ever feel already buried deep

Six feet under screams but no one seems to hear a thing
Do you know that there's still a chance for you 'Cause
there's a spark in you?
 You just gotta ignite the light and let it shine
Just own the night like the 4th of July

'Cause, baby, you're a firework

Come on, show 'em what you're worth
Make 'em go, "Ah, ah, ah"
As you shoot across the sky

Baby, you're a firework

Come on, let your colors burst
Make 'em go, "Ah, ah, ah"
You're gonna leave 'em all in awe, awe, awe
You don't have to feel like a wasted space
You're original, cannot be replaced
If you only knew what the future holds After
a hurricane comes a rainbow

Maybe a reason why all the doors are closed

So you could open one that leads you to the perfect road
Like a lightning bolt your heart will glow
And when it's time you'll know

You just gotta ignite the light and let it shine

Just own the night like the 4th of July

'Cause, baby, you're a firework

Come on, show 'em what you're worth
Make 'em go, "Ah, ah, ah"
As you shoot across the sky

Baby, you're a firework

Come on, let your colors burst
Make 'em go, "Ah, ah, ah"
You're gonna leave 'em all in awe, awe, awe

Boom, boom, boom

Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon
It's always been inside of you, you, you
And now it's time to let it through, -ough, -ough

'Cause, baby, you're a firework

Come on, show 'em what you're worth
Make 'em go, "Ah, ah, ah"
As you shoot across the sky

Baby, you're a firework

Come on, let your colors burst
Make 'em go, "Ah, ah, ah"
You're gonna leave 'em all in awe, awe, awe

Boom, boom, boom

Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon
Boom, boom, boom
Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon ASSESSMENT 2 – Multiple Choice. Write the best
answer from the choices.

1. How is Onomatopoeia different from Alliteration?

a. Alliteration does not utilize sound.
b. Alliteration cannot create rhythm.
c. Onomatopoeia is a certain type of word, whereas alliteration is a repetition of consonant
sounds
d. Onomatopoeia is a certain type of word, whereas alliteration is a repletion of vowel sounds

2. Rewrite the following sentence using Onomatopoeia:

 “He fell down on his skateboard”

a. His skateboard skittered across the ground and he fell with a thud.
b. His skateboard slipped from his sweaty hand.
c. He fell, the skateboard fell, the sky fell.
d. One must be careful not to fall when skateboarding.

3. What is Synecdoche?
a. A part of a whole.
b. A whole for a part.
c. Both A and B.
d. Neither A nor B.

4. What can be personified?

a. People
b. Objects
c. Ideas
d. Both B and C.

5. Which of the following is an example pf personification?

a. She wilted like a flower.
b. The flowers smiled and danced in the garden.
c. Your beauty is that of the rose.
d. Red roses ring the flower bed.

ACTIVITY 3 – Rewrite the following sentences using Figures of Speech.

1. Please listen to me.

2. The flowers are beautiful.

3. I left my car at home.

4. She was so angry at everyone.

5. I heard a big noise after a car hit another car.

A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give examples.

Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_________

LESSON 8: 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.
OBJECTIVES:
• Understand the scope of 21st Century.
• Identify literature and writers who belong to the 21st century.
• Appreciate the advancement of literature in this century.

21st Century Literature

21st Century is a duration which starts at January 1, 2001 and ends in

December 31, 2100.

Examples of literary figures and works relevant to the 21st Century:

Ed Sheeran, J.K. Rowling, Stephanie Meyer, Suzanne Collins.

1. ED SHEERAN - One of the best “Balladeers”/Songwriters of the decade.

2. J.K. ROWLING – Famous Novelist

3. STEPHENIE MEYER – Young Adult Novelist

4. SUZANNE COLLINS – Famous Novelist

Exercise: Give 5 current artists/authors you are familiar with and give two examples of their
work.

21st CENTURY LITERATURE - All literary works written and published from January 1, 2001
until December 31, 2100.

CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

1. Imaginative Writing

2. Deals with current themes and reflects technological cultures. Examples: LGBTQ issues,
Women’s rights, Teen pregnancy. Wattpad generation

3. Often breaks traditional writing.

Examples: Lingos and informal language.

4. Traces artistic representation of shared and familiar experiences.

Example: Give two examples each of the 4 characteristics of 21st Century Literature

20th Century writers who carried over works to the 21st Century and are still actively writing
are also part of 21st Century Literature.
Example: George R.R. Martin wrote “The Game of Thrones” in the
latter part of the 20th Century and still writes books in the Science fiction genre until present.

A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give examples.
 Arellano University

Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_________

LESSON 9: KINDS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE (PART 1)

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES:
• Describe characteristics of 21st Century Literature
• Discover the difference in writings of 21st Century with 20th Century
• Criticize 21st Century literature based on its previous counterparts
Kinds of 21st Century Literature

1. DIGI-FICTION - A literary experience that combines three media: book, movie/video, and
internet websites. Fiction that is written for and read from a computer and can be web or
appbased (for tablets and smart phones.) or accessed via cd-roms. These are always in the
suspense/thriller genre.
Examples: Skeleton Creek, Crossbones, Ghost in the Machine

2. GRAPHIC NOVEL - are books in which the narrative is conveyed with sequential art. It is a
novel in comic form or a comic book with 85 to 500 pages.
Examples: Batman Torment, Batman: The Killing Joke.

Exercise: Think of a Covid-19 situation and recreate a scene by drawing it in 1 page.

3. MANGA are comics or graphic novels created in japan or using the Japanese language
and conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. The term manga is used
in japan to refer to both comics and cartooning.
Examples: Naruto, Sailor Moon, One Piece

Exercise: Tell us something about your favorite Manga novel and explain why it is your favorite.
4. CHICK LIT. is a genre of fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often
humorously and lightheartedly.
Examples: Pretty Woman, Maid in Manhattan, The Devil Wears Prada, The Princess Diaries

Exercise: Tell us something about your favorite Wattpad story, book or movie which features women
as the main character/s. Why does it appeal to you?

ASSESSMENT: Look at the covers and label each according to each of the four literary
types. Indicate why you think it belongs to the group.
A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give examples.

Arellano University
Name: _________________________ Grade Level _12__Strand / Section_________

LESSON 10: KINDS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE (PART 2)

References: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, Paulyn Alaer Datu,
Primier Jan Allen A. Pascua, Wilchie Dane H. Olayres, Literary Genres Within and Beyond the
World, Laura L. Mariano, et al.

OBJECTIVES:
• Describe characteristics of 21st Century Literature
• Discover the difference in writings of 21st Century with 20th Century
• Criticize 21st Century literature based on its previous counterparts

Kinds of 21st Century Literature

5. DOODLE FICTION – a literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle

drawings and handwritten graphics. Drawings enhance the story, often adding humorous
elements that would be missing if the illustrations would be omitted.

Examples: Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Stuck in the Middle, Slimy Space Slugs

You would notice in the example that the book is composed of stories, lines, and
illustration written in hand scribbles like what we do with our notebooks.

Exercise: Fold a newsprint crosswise. On the left side, tell a story of a funny situation you have
experienced. On the right side, draw that funny situation to illustrate how it happened.

6. FLASH FICTION is a fictional work of extreme brevity that still offers character
and plot
development. It is a type of fiction characterized by being very short, typically consisting of
only a few hundred words.

Varieties of Flash Fiction are defined by the number of words.

A. SUDDEN FICTION – 750 Words

A fictional story that is briefer than typical short stories.

B. TWITTERATURE – 280 character story, also called “microblogging.” Written for twitter,
thus the name.

C. DRABBLE – 100 Words

D. DRIBBLE – or “Mini-Saga”, 50 Words

E. 6-WORD-STORY = A story using only 6 words.

Example: For sale, baby shoes, never worn.
 Exercise: Look at the illustration of a 6-word-story by Ernest Hemingway. Write your
own interpretation of the story.
7. SPECULATIVE FICTION (is a
broad category of

For sale,
Baby shoes,
Never worn.
- Ernest Hemingway
fiction encompassing genres with certain elements that do not exist in the real world, often
in the context of supernatural, futuristic or other imaginative themes. It answers our
questions of “What If,” What if aliens are real? What if vampires exist?

Examples (Writer/Literature): Bram Stoker/Dracula, Mary Shelley/Frankenstein,

Stephen King/ IT, Steven Spielberg/Jurassic Park

Exercise: If you were to make your own Speculative Fiction, what would be your theme that
answers to the question “What If?” Briefly explain your plot.

8. SPOKEN WORD POETRY Spoken word is a poetic performance art that is

wordbased. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play such as intonation
and voice inflection.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPOKEN WORD POETRY AND POETRY

When we say POETRY , we immediately think of a hidden meaning between the lines that are
left for your interpretation.
But when it comes to SPOKEN WORD, they are written with the audience in mind and their
reaction. There are no hidden meanings, and the references are easier to catch and rely on.

EXAMPLE:

Exercise: Write a spoken word poetry about any of your interests. It could be a feeling, a
person, or someone important to you.

ASSESSMENT: Look at the covers and label each according to each of the four literary
types. Indicate why you think it belongs to the group.

________________________1. The therapy seemed to be working until I realized I was the

patient, not the doctor. It got worse when I figured out I was just the chair. My father came to live
with me. It was my turn to say "my house, my rules"

________________________2. “And suddenly, we were friends again.”

________________________3. Tayo,
Tanging apat na letra para lang mabuo, Ano nga ba tayo?
Teka wala nga palang tayo ang meron lang ikaw at ako…
________________________ 4. TRAIN TO BUSAN

________________________ 5. 2am. All is quiet. There’s just me and the cats, slinking
around in the dark. I head up the street, sneaking between the pools of light until I reach
my target: Number 22. Hiding in the shadows of the door, I stop and listen. Perfect. No one
is up. Carefully, I work on the lock and soon the catch clicks open. Pause. Silence. I push
the door wide and slip inside. Success! I take a moment to slip off my shoes. Sneaking
into the kitchen, I start by raiding the fridge.
“Bryan?”
“Yes, Mum!”
“What time do you call this?”

________________________ 6. A story with words more than 700 but less than 800.
Composed of start, middle and twist at the end.

________________________ 7. A straightforward type of literature, spoken to an audience

to convey the message directly.

________________________8. Frankenstein, Dracula, Freddy Kruger, Peter Pan,

________________________9.

_______________________10.

A. How can you relate this lesson in real life situations? State your idea and give examples.