MODULE 10

Propositions

A. Learning Outcome

Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of
propositional logic; syllogisms and fallacies.

Performance Standard
The learner is able to judiciously apply logic in real-life
arguments.

Learning Competencies

After using this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate and symbolize propositions.

2. distinguish between simple and compound propositions
3. perform the different types of operations on propositions.
4. determine the truth values of propositions.
5. illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions.

Essential Understanding
Learners will understand that the concepts of propositions have
wide applications in real life and are useful tools to develop
critical thinking and problem solving skills.

Essential Question
How does the concepts on propositions facilitate in finding
solutions to real-life problems and develop critical thinking
skills?

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EXPLORE Your Understanding

You start with exploratory activities that will present

you the basic concepts of propositions.

Activity 1

Determine whether each statement is a proposition or not.

1. All Filipinos are hospitable.
Answer:________________________
2. All cows are brown.
Answer:________________________
3. A student with sophisticated electronic gadget belongs to an
affluent family.
Answer:________________________
4. Cabancalan National High School is located in Cabancalan,
Mandaue City.
Answer:________________________
5. A rose is red.
Answer:________________________
6. A bald man is a man without hair.
Answer:________________________
7. I am lying.
Answer:________________________
8. Parallel lines are coplanar.
Answer:________________________
9. No Filipino is hospitable.
Answer:________________________
10. This is a false statement.
Answer:________________________

a. How did you come-up with your answer?

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
b. What do you know about propositions?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

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FIRM UP Your Understanding

Now you will step on! Appreciate learning more about the
concepts of propositions. You will meet interesting
activities that will help you.

Proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but

not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true, which is
denoted by T;otherwise, its truth value is false, which is denoted by F.
Propositions are usually denoted by small letters. For example, the
proposition
p: Everyone should study logic
may be read as p is the proposition “Everyone should study logic.”
Symbols used to Symbolize Propositions
Negation (~)
Conjunction (^)
Disjunction (v)
Conditional (→ )
Examples:
p: Juan is lazy.
q: Juan keeps on sleeping.
Negation
~ p : Juan is not lazy.
~ q : Juan does not keep on sleeping.
Conjunction
p ^ q : Juan is lazy and he keeps on sleeping.
q ^ p : Juan keeps on sleeping and he is lazy.
Disjunction
p v q : Juan is lazy or he keeps on sleeping.
q v p : Juan keeps on sleeping or he is lazy.
Conditional
p → q: If Juan is lazy, then he keeps on sleeping.
q → p : If Juan keeps on sleeping, then he is lazy.
Simple Proposition Compound Proposition
It contains only one idea. It is composed of at least two
simple propositions joined
together by logical connectives.
Example Example
He studies very hard. If you study very hard, then you
will get good grades.
Mars has two satellites. Mars has two satellites and it is
next to Earth.

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Given: p: Gina eats at Japanese restaurant.
q: Gina orders sushi.
r: Gina has dessert.
1. Transform the following statements into symbols.
a. Gina order sushi but she does not have dessert.
b. If Gina eats at Japanese restaurant, then she orders suhi or
she has dessert.
c. If Gina eats at Japanese restaurant and she does not order
sushi, then she has dessert.
2. Translate the following symbols into statements
a. p ^ (q v r)
b. p → (q ^ r)
answers:
1. a. q ^ ( ~ r )
b. p → ( q v r )
c. (p ^ ~q) → r
2. a. Gina eats at Japanese restaurant and she orders sushi or she
has dessert.
b. If Gina eats at Japanese restaurant, then she orders sushi and
she has dessert.
Truth Table of Conjucntion Truth Table of Disjunction
P q p^q p q pvq
T T T T T T
T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F
Conjunction is true if both Disjunction is true if either of
Both propositions are true. the proposition is true.
Truth Table of Conditional Truth Table of other propositions
P q p→q p q ~p ~p v q
T T T T T F T
T F F T F F F
F T T F T T T
F F T F F T T
Conditional is only false if hypothesis
is true while the conclusion is false.
Example: Are these implications true or false?
1. Philippines is in Europe or China is in Asia.
Answer: True (The proposition “China is in Asia” is true).
2. If 2+2=4, then 2 – 2 = 1.
Answer: False (The hypothesis is true while the conclusion is false)
3. Angle ABC is a right angle and it measures 900.
Answer: True (both propostions are true)
4. If Earth is the center of solar system, Earth is the largest planet.
Answer: True (both propositions are false)

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Activity 2

I. Determine whether each statement is a proposition or not.

1. Why are you bad?
Answer:________________________
2. The sun rises at the east.
Answer:________________________
3. Congratulations!
Answer:________________________
4. Feed the dogs.
Answer:________________________
5. Cory Aquino is the first lady president of the Philippines.
Answer:________________________
II. Determine whether the propositions as simple or compound.
1. Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
Answer:________________________
2. 2 + 3 = 5
Answer:________________________
3. If you can drive then you have a driver’s license.
Answer:________________________
4. Grass is green.
Answer:________________________
5. Einstein is a physicist and Lorenz was his professor.
Answer:________________________
6. She watches tv or she plays tennis.
Answer:________________________
7. Juan likes apples and oranges.
Answer:________________________
8. If you live in Asia, then you are an Asian.
Answer:________________________
III. Construct 3 simple propositions and 3 compound propositions.
Simple Propositions
1._____________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
Compound Propositions
1._____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

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Activity 3

I. Do the task indicated.

Given: p: Public storm signal number 1 strikes.
q: Elementary classes are suspended.
r: Students should stay at home.
1. Transform the following statements into symbols.
a. Students should not stay at home or elementary classes are
not suspended. Answer:_______________________
b. If public storm signal number 1 strikes, then elementary
classes are suspended and students should stay at home.
Answer:_______________________
c. Elementary classes are not suspended and students should
not stay at home. Answer:_______________________
2. Translate the following symbols into statements
a. (p v q) v r
Answer:_________________________________________
_______________________________________________
b. p → (q ^ ~r)
Answer:_________________________________________
_______________________________________________
c. (p v q) → r
Answer:_________________________________________
_______________________________________________
II. Complete the truth tables of the following.
1. p → ~ q
P q ~q p→ ~ q
T T
T F
F T
F F
2. ~p ^ (p v ~q)
P ~p q ~q p v ~q ~p ^ (p v ~q)
T T
T F
F T
F F
3. (p v q) → r
p q pvq r (p v q) → r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F

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DEEPEN Your Understanding

You take more challenging activities about different

forms of conditional propositions.

Conditional statements are propositions in the form “if p then

q”. Conditionals can also be read as p implies q, p only if q, p is
sufficient for q, and q is necessary for p. To illustrate conditional
statements, the symbol “→” is used. It is true except in the case where
p is true and q is false.

The different forms of conditional statements

a. Conditional
If p, then q. p → q
b. Converse
If q, then p. q → p
c. Inverse
If not p, then not q ~p → ~q
d. Contrapositive
If not q, then not p ~q → ~p

Example:
Express the following as converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
1. If an angle is a right angle, then it measures 900.
Converse
If an angle measures 900, then it is a right angle.
Inverse
If an angle is not a right angle, then it does not measure 900.
Contrapositive
If an angle doe not measure 900, then it is not a right angle.
2. If you are 21 years old, then you are allowed to enter the bar.
Converse
If you are allowed to enter the bar, then you are 21 years old.
Inverse
If you are not 21 years old, then you are not allowed to enter
the bar.
Contrapositive
If you are not allowed to enter the bar, then you are not 21
years old.

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Activity 4

Express the following as converse, inverse, and contrapositive.

1. If a triangle has 90-degree angle, then it is a right triangle.
Converse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Inverse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Contrapositive
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2. If my alarm sounds, then I will wake up.
Converse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Inverse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Contrapositive
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. If h is even and p is odd, then hp is even.
Converse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Inverse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Contrapositive
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4. If you study hard, then you will get good grades.
Converse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Inverse
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Contrapositive
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

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TRANSFER Your Understanding

Here is another activity that will help you apply your

learning about concepts of propositions in real life
situations.

Write a journal. Create real-life situations where knowledge of

propositions can be applied.

Rubrics for Scoring

Criteria 5 3 1
Explanation of Exemplary Adequately explained No attempt
explanation. the application of the No examples have
the use of Detailed and clear, concept. been provided
concepts examples may have
been provided.
Organization The reader can follow The reader can almost Ideas are not
the flow of the follow the flow of the organized.
concept. concept.
Grammar Proper use of There are few A lot of errors
punctuation marks mistakes.
and follow the subject-
verb agreement.

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