Digital Modulation Solved Problems Data Rate Limits: N S N S
Digital Modulation Solved Problems Data Rate Limits: N S N S
Digital Modulation Solved Problems
Data Rate Limits
1. What is the bandwidth required to transmit at a rate of 10 Mbps in the presence
of a 28‐dB S/N ratio?
Solution:
Convert S/N as a power value:
S S
28 = 10 log( ); = 630.957
N N
Substituting:
S
C = B log 2 (1 + ); 10 x10 6 = B log 2 (1 + 630.957 )
N
B = 1.075 MHz
2. Find the minimum allowable bandwidth for a binary signal with a bit rate of 200
kbps.
Solution: For a binary communications channel:
R = 2B; B = (R/2) = (200K/2) = 100 KHz
3. A broadcast television channel has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. Calculate the
maximum data rate that could be carried in a TV channel using a 16‐level code.
Ignore noise.
Solution:
C = 2 B log 2 M = 2 (6 x10 6 ) log 2 16 = 48 Mbps
4. Suppose that the spectrum of a channel is between 3 MHz and 4 MHz and the
SNR is 24 dB. Assuming theoretical limit is achievable, how many signaling
levels are required?
Solution:
B = 4 MHz – 3 MHz = 1 MHz
Convert S/N as a power value:
S S
24 = 10 log( ); = 251.19
N N
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Digital Modulations Solved Problems
2
S
C = B log 2 (1 + ); C = 1x10 6 log 2 (1 + 251.19) = 7.98 Mbps
N
From: C = 2 B log 2 M ; 7.98 x10 6 = 2(1x10 6 ) log 2 M ; M = 15.88; hence M = 16
Digital/Analog Modulation – Keying Techniques
1. The bit rate of a digital signal is 3000 bps. If each signal element carries 6 bits,
what is the baud?
Solution:
bits
3000 signal element
Baud = sec = 500 = 500 baud
bits sec ond
6
signal element
2. Determine the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal with a mark frequency of
99 KHz, a space frequency of 101 KHz and a bit rate of 10 Kbps.
Solution:
f − fs 99 K − 101K
Δf = m = = 1K
2 2
B = 2( f b + Δf ) = 2 (10 K + 1K ) = 22 KHz
3. A constellation diagram consists of 8 equally spaced points on a circle. If the bit
rate is 4800 bps, find the baud.
Solution: For 8 equally spaced points: implies 8‐PSK
For 8‐PSK: 23 = 8; 3 bits/symbol
bits
4800
Baud = sec = 1600 symbols = 1600 baud
bits sec ond
3
symbol
4. A modem uses 16 different phases and 4 different amplitudes. How many bits
does it transmit per symbol?
Solution: No. of available symbols, M = (16) (4) = 64
Hence: 2n = M; 2n = 64; n = 6 bits/symbol
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Digital Modulations Solved Problems
3
5. Compute the baud for a 36 Kbps, 64‐QAM signal.
Solution: For 64‐QAM: 26 = 64; 6 bits/symbol
bits
36000
Baud = sec = 6000 symbols = 6000 baud
bits sec ond
6
symbol
6. What is the bit rate of a 1000‐baud, 16‐QAM signal?
Solution: For 16‐QAM: 24 = 16; 4 bits/symbol
symbols bits bits
Bit Rate = (1000 )( 4 ) = 4000
sec symbol sec ond
7. For a 16‐QAM modulator with an input bit rate equal to 20 Mbps, determine the
minimum bandwidth required for transmission.
Solution: For all D/A signals (except FSK): Min BW = baud
For 16‐QAM: 24 = 16; 4 bits/symbol
Mbits
20
Baud = sec = 5 Msymbols = 5 Mbaud
bits sec ond
4
symbol
Hence: BW = 5 MHz
8. Determine the minimum bandwidth required to achieve a Eb / No of 14 dB for an
8‐PSK system operating at 20 Mbps with a C/N of 11 dB.
Solution:
Convert C/N as a power value:
C C
11 = 10 log( ); = 12.589
N N
Convert Eb / No as a power value:
E E
14 = 10 log( b ); b = 25.12
No No
Eb ⎛ C ⎞ ⎛ B ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; 25.12 = (12.589 ) ⎛⎜
B ⎞
Substituting: ⎟ ; B = 39.9 MHz
No ⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ fb ⎠ ⎝ 20 x10 6 ⎠
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Digital Modulations Solved Problems