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    A-Level Physics (Advancing Physics) /digitisation

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    Jacob Agbo
    This document discusses the process of digitizing an analog signal. It explains that digitization involves sampling an analog signal at regular intervals and assigning a digital value to the signal level at each sample point. The higher the sampling rate, the closer the reconstructed digital signal will match the original analog signal. But there are limits based on available bandwidth. It also discusses how the number of bits used to encode each sample affects the quality due to quantization errors when the sample does not exactly match one of the discrete levels that can be represented. The document provides examples and questions to illustrate these concepts.

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    A-Level Physics (Advancing Physics) /digitisation

    Uploaded by

    Jacob Agbo
    25 views4 pages
    This document discusses the process of digitizing an analog signal. It explains that digitization involves sampling an analog signal at regular intervals and assigning a digital value to the signal level at each sample point. The higher the sampling rate, the closer the reconstructed digital signal will match the original analog signal. But there are limits based on available bandwidth. It also discusses how the number of bits used to encode each sample affects the quality due to quantization errors when the sample does not exactly match one of the discrete levels that can be represented. The document provides examples and questions to illustrate these concepts.

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    s)_Digitisations

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    This document discusses the process of digitizing an analog signal. It explains that digitization involves sampling an analog signal at regular intervals and assigning a digital value to the signal level at each sample point. The higher the sampling rate, the closer the reconstructed digital signal will match the original analog signal. But there are limits based on available bandwidth. It also discusses how the number of bits used to encode each sample affects the quality due to quantization errors when the sample does not exactly match one of the discrete levels that can be represented. The document provides examples and questions to illustrate these concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views4 pages

    A-Level Physics (Advancing Physics) /digitisation

    Uploaded by

    Jacob Agbo
    This document discusses the process of digitizing an analog signal. It explains that digitization involves sampling an analog signal at regular intervals and assigning a digital value to the signal level at each sample point. The higher the sampling rate, the closer the reconstructed digital signal will match the original analog signal. But there are limits based on available bandwidth. It also discusses how the number of bits used to encode each sample affects the quality due to quantization errors when the sample does not exactly match one of the discrete levels that can be represented. The document provides examples and questions to illustrate these concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Wikibooks

    A-level Physics
    (Advancing
    Physics)/Digitisation
    < A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)

    Digitisation of a signal is the process by which an analogue signal is converted to a digital


    signal.

    Digitisation & Reconstruction …

    Let us consider the voltage output from a microphone. The signal which enters the microphone
    (sound) is an analogue signal - it can be any of a potentially infinite range of values, and may
    look something like this waveform (from an artificial (MIDI) piano):

    When the microphone converts this signal to an electrical signal, it samples the signal a number
    of times, and transmits the level of the signal at that point. The following diagram shows sample
    times (vertical black lines) and the transmitted signal (the red line):

    When we wish to listen to the sound, the digital signal has to be reconstructed. The gaps
    between the samples are filled in, but, as you can see, the reconstructed signal is not the same
    as the original sound:

    Sampling Rate

    The sampling rate when digitising an analogue signal is defined as the number of samples per.
    second, and is measured in Hertz (Hz), as it is a frequency. You can calculate the sampling rate
    using the formula:

    The higher the sampling rate, the closer the reconstructed signal is to the original signal, but,
    unfortunately, we are limited by the bandwidth available. Theoretically, a sampling rate of twice
    the highest frequency of the original signal will result in a perfect reconstructed signal. In the
    example given above, the sampling rate is far too low, hence the loss of information.

    Number of Levels

    Another factor which may limit the quality of the reconstructed signal is the number of bits with
    which the signal is encoded. For example, if we use 3 bits per. sample, we only have 8 (23) levels,
    so, when sampling, we must take the nearest value represented by one of these levels. This
    leads to quantization errors - when a sample does not equal the value of the original signal at a
    given sample point.

    Questions
    1. Take samples for the signal below every 0.1ms, and then produce a reconstructed signal. How
    does it differ from the original?

    2. A signal is sampled for 5 seconds at a sampling rate of 20 kHz. How many samples were
    taken?

    3. Most sounds created by human speech except for 'ss' and 'ff' have a maximum frequency of
    4 kHz. What is a suitable sampling rate for a low-quality telephone?

    4. Using a sampling rate of 20 kHz and 3 bits, sample the following signal, and then produce a
    reconstructed signal. What is the maximum frequency that can be perfectly reconstructed using
    this sampling rate?

    Worked Solutions
    Retrieved from
    "https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=A-
    level_Physics_(Advancing_Physics)/Digitisation&ol
    did=3249545"

    Last edited 4 years ago by PokestarFan

    Wikibooks

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