SAT-M3

Class 27
Module 3
What we study
TDMA Control and coordination
Problem
Advantage and drawbacks of TDMA
Control and Coordination of Traffic
Two of the most important functions in a TDMA network are
1. controlling the position of the burst in the frame
2. coordination of traffic between different stations
Both these functions are performed by the reference station by using the
1. reference burst through the transmit timing channel to control the burst position
2. the management channel to coordinate traffic between stations.
28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 3

To do the twin tasks mentioned above, the reference station makes use of what is called a super frame structure
the reference station has to address all traffic

stations in the network to perform control and
coordination
it needs a large amount of additional time slots

in the reference burst, leading to a reduction in
frame efficiency Typical superframe structure with N frames
if there are N traffic stations, the reference

station will need to send N messages to N
stations in the transmit timing channel
another N messages to N stations in the

management channel of the reference burst per
frame.

This problem is overcome if the reference station
sends one message to one station per frame and the
process of sending N messages is then completed in
N frames
Typical superframe structure with N frames

If the number is fixed or its maximum is known, it
is relatively easy for the service channel of traffic
bursts to transmit its message over N frames.
However, when the number of stations in the

network is variable, for instance when the network
is growing and the demand assignment mode has
been employed for the transponder assignment.
it may be appropriate to transmit the messages in Position of superframe short burst in the superframe
the service channel of traffic bursts and demand structure
assignment messages in a separate superframe
short burst (SSB) at the superframe rate.
Superframe short burst structure

Problem statement

A TDMA frame and burst structure has the following parameters:
1. TDMA frame length = 20 ms
2. Length of carrier and clock recovery sequence = 352 bits
3. Length of unique word = 48 bits
4. Length of order wire channel = 510 bits
5. Length of management channel = 256 bits
6. Length of transmit timing channel = 320 bits
7. Length of service channel = 24 bits
8. Guard time = 64 bits
Also each of the 10 stations in the network transmits two traffic bursts in each frame and each frame
contains two reference bursts in addition. If the TDMA burst bit rate is 90 Mbps, if the traffic data is
assumed to be voice and voice is PCM encoded, with each voice channel data rate being 64 kbps,
Determine the following:

(a) Length of the reference burst preamble (in bits)
(b) Length of the traffic burst preamble (in bits)
(c) Total number of overhead bits
(d) the TDMA frameefficiency.
(e) maximum number of PCM voice channels carried in a frame.

It is known that the reference burst contains only the The preamble of the traffic burst contains
the carrier and clock recovery sequence, 352 the carrier and clock recovery sequence, 352
unique word, 48 unique word, 48
order wire channel, 510 order wire channel, 510
management channel 256 service channel 24
transmit timing channel 320 Therefore, the length of the traffic 934
Therefore, the length of the reference 1486 burst (bits)
burst (bits)
Since there is a total of 22 bursts per frame (2 reference bursts and 20 traffic bursts)
the total guard time per frame is given by 22 × 64 = 1408 bits.
the total number of overhead bits is 1486 × 2 + 934 × 20 + 1408 = 2972 + 18 680 + 1408 =23 060 bits.

the TDMA burst bit rate is 90 Mbps
The total number of bits in the frame = 90 × 106 x 20 x 10-3 = 1 800 000 bits.
the frame efficiency

where
Tx = overhead portion of the frame (guard times, preambles)
Tf = frame length
[(1 800 000 − 23 060)]

= × 100% = 98.72 %.
1 800 000

with each voice channel data rate being 64 kbps
The length of the TDMA frame = 20 ms.
Therefore, the number of bits in a frame for a voice sub-burst
= 64 × 103 × 20 × 10-3 = 1280 bits.
Now, the total number of bits available in a frame for carrying traffic is given by
1 800 000 × 0.9872 = 1 776 960.
Therefore, the maximum number of PCM voice channels in a frame
1 776 960
= = 1388 channels
1280

Differences between TDMA over FDMA

Advantage over FDMA over FDMA Drawbacks of TDMA over FDMA
The bit capacity of the TDMA system is independent The TDMA system is more complex as compared to
of the number of accesses the FDMA system
TDMA system power amplifiers can be operated in
The Earth station of the TDMA system requires ADC,
the saturation mode
clock recovery, synchronization, burst control and
TDMA systems allow the use of digital techniques data processing before transmission.
The TDMA systems offer more flexibility due to use
of high-speed logic circuits and processors which TDMA systems use high-speed PSK/FSK circuits.
offer high data rates.
TDMA systems are more economical as compared to
FDMA systems as they are easy to multiplex,
independent of distance
TDMA systems can tolerate higher levels of
interference noise.

END of TDMA

Class 28
Module 3
What we study
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception
Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System
Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System
Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems
Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA)

frequency
frequency
frequency
time time time
FDMA TDMA CDMA

Bandwidth
FDMA
PN sequence
Bandwidth
TDMA
PN sequence
Message
Bandwidth
PN sequence
the entire bandwidth of the transponder is used
simultaneously by multiple Earth stations at all
times
therefore allows multiple Earth stations to access

the same carrier frequency and bandwidth at the
same time.
Each transmitter spreads its signal over the entire

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) bandwidth, which is much wider than that required
by the signal otherwise
One of the techniques to do this is to multiply the

information signal, which has a relatively lower
bit rate, by a pseudorandom bit sequence with a
much higher bit rate
Interference between multiple channels is avoided
aseach transmitter uses a unique pseudorandom
code sequence.

The spread spectrum operation enables the signal to be
transmitted across a frequency band that is much wider
than the minimum bandwidth required for the
transmission of the message signal.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) The PN sequence bits are often referred to as ‘chips’ and
their transmission rate as the ‘chip rate’.
The receiver is able to retrieve the message addressed to

it by using a replica of the PN sequence used at the
transmitter, which is synchronized with the transmitted
PN sequence.

CDMA uses direct sequence (DS) techniques to achieve the
multiple access capability.
In this, each of the N users is allocated its own PN code

sequence.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
PN code sequences fall into the category of orthogonal codes.
Cross-correlation of two orthogonal codes is zero, while

their auto-correlation is unity.

DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception

Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System
In the case of a frequency hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)

system, the carrier is sequentially hopped into a series of
frequency slots spread over the entire bandwidth of the
satellite transponder
The transmitter operates in synchronization with the

receiver, which remains always tuned to the frequency of
the transmitter
The transmitter thus hops its frequency over a given

bandwidth several times per second, transmitting one
frequency for a certain period of time, then hopping to
another frequency and transmitting again.
Commonly used modulation schemes in frequency hop

CDMA systems include noncoherent M-ary FSK (FSK
techniques having M frequency levels) and differential
QPSK.

Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System
the pseudorandom bit sequence determines the

time instant of transmission of information.
the signal is transmitted by the user in rapid

bursts during time intervals determined by the
pseudorandom code assigned to the user.
A given user transmits only during one of the M

time slots each frame has been divided into.
Since each user transmits its data only during one

of the M time slots in each frame, the bandwidth
available to it increases by a factor of M.

Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems
frequency
frequency
frequency
time time time
DS-CDMA FH-CDMA TH-CDMA
DS-CDMA uses an entire FH-CDMA uses a small part TH-CDMA uses the entire
bandwidth all the time of the bandwidth at a given bandwidth for short periods
time instant but the chosen of time
frequency slot varies with
time in order to cover the
entire bandwidth

Space domain multiple access (SDMA), is a
technique that primarily allows where adjacent
Earth stations within the footprint of the satellite
can use the same carrier transmission frequency
From this we can avoid co-channel interference by

Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA)
using orthogonal antenna beam polarization.
SDMA is usually achieved in conjunction with other

types of multiple access techniques such as FDMA,
TDMA and CDMA

if two beams are so shaped that they
illuminate two different regions on the
surface of the Earth without overlapping.
beam separation
then the same frequency band could be
used for the two without causing any mutual
interference
Frequency Re-use in SDMA horizontal

and
vertical
two orthogonally polarized polarizations
electromagnetic waves to transmit
beam polarization and receive using the same
frequency band with no mutual right-hand circular
interference between the two. And
left-hand circular
polarizations.

SDMA/FDMA System
SDMA/TDMA System
SDMA/CDMA System

SDMA/FDMA System
the satellite uses multiple antennas to produce

multiple beams
The transmitting antenna–receiving antenna

combination defines the source and
destination Earth stations

SDMA/TDMA System
This system uses a switching matrix to form

uplink/downlink beam pairs

CDMA provides multiple access to the
satellite.
The satellite receives an uplink CDMA bit

SDMA/CDMA System stream, decodes it to determine the
destination address and then routes it to
the desired downlink.
The bit stream is usually re-timed,

regenerated and stored in onboard
processors before it is retransmitted.

Problem
A geostationary satellite has a round-trip propagation delay variation of 40 ns/s due to station-keeping
errors. If the time synchronization of DS-CDMA signals from different Earth stations is not to exceed 20 %
of the chip duration, determine the maximum allowable chip rate so that a station can make a correction
once per satellite round - trip delay. Assume the satellite round-trip delay to be equal to 280 ms. If the
maximum chip rate is to be 25 Mbps, what should be the maximum permissible Doppler effect variation
due to station-keeping errors?
Doppler effect variation due to station-keeping errors = 40 ns/s
Satellite round trip delay = 280 ms
Therefore,Time error due to the Doppler

= 40 ×10-9 × 280 × 10-3
effect in one satellite round trip
Let Tc = chip duration. Then 0.2 × Tc = 11.2ns or Tc = 56 ns
which gives maximum chip rate = (1/56) Gbps = 1000/56 Mbps = 17.857 Mbps

Chip rate = 25 Mbps
Therefore
Chip duration = 1/25 s = 40 ns
Maximum allowable
timing error per = 0.2 × 40 ns = 8ns
satellite round trip
This 8 ns error is to occur in 280 ms.
Maximum permissible
Doppler effect variation

ASSIGNMENT
Tabulate important parameters to compare FDMA , TDMA ,CDMA and SDMA

Satellite Communication 17EC755
Class 29
Module 3- Part 2
02-11-2020 Suryanarayana NK , Dept of ECE,SVIT-64 https://15ec755svit.blogspot.com/ 1


What we study today……
✓ Transmission Equation

✓ Transmission Equation
The transmission equation relates the received power level at

the destination, which could be the Earth station or the satellite
in the case of a satellite communication link
02-11-2020 Suryanarayana NK , Dept of ECE,SVIT-64 4

https://15ec755svit.blogspot.com/
The reason for this is that it is the received carrier-to-noise

ratio that is going to decide the quality of information
delivered, and for a given noise contribution from various
sources, both internal and external to the system, the level of
received power is vital to the design of the communication link

An estimation of received power level in a satellite

communication link is shown below
Let PT be transmitter radiated power

GT be antenna gain
The power flux density (PRD in W/ m2) due to the radiated power
in the direction of the antenna bore sight at a distance d meters
is given by
PT
GT

The product PT GT is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)
W.K.T
GT = (4πAT / λ2)
AR PR
Where AT Radiating aperture of the transmitting antenna

λ is the operating wavelength d
If AR is the aperture of the receiving antenna, then the received

power PR at the receiver at a distance d from the transmitter can
be expressed as
PT
GT

GR = (4πAR / λ2)
Where AR Radiating aperture of the receiving antenna

AR PR
λ is the operating wavelength
The expression for the received power is modified to

d
Rewriting this equation
PT
GT

The term (4πd/λ)2 represents the free space path loss LP
The above expression is also known as the Friis transmission equation.

AR PR
The received power can be expressed in decibels as
LA, LTX and LRX are the losses due to

atmospheric attenuation, PT
transmitting antenna and receiving antenna GT

PROBLEM

d = 10 watts
PT GT

Satellite Link Parameters
Important parameters that influence the design of a satellite communication link include the
following:
1. Choice of operating frequency

2. Propagation considerations
3. Noise considerations
4. Interference-related problems

END

Class 30
Module 3 – Part 2

















END

Class 31
Module 3 – Part 2





















END

Class 32
Module 3 – Part 2
























END

SVIT, Dept of ECE
Class 24
Module 3
21-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK 1
Carrier frequencies for a C band transponder for both uplink and downlink channels
Basic concept of FDMA
Class 25
Module 3

Commonly used multiple access techniques include the following:
1. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

2. Time division multiple access (TDMA)
3. Code division multiple access (CDMA)
4. Space domain multiple access (SDMA)
Transponder Assignment Modes
1. Preassigned multiple access (PAMA)

2. Demand assigned multiple access (DAMA)
3. Random multiple access (RMA)

Pre-assigned FDMA Demand Assigned FDMA Random Access method
In a preassigned FDMA In a demand assigned FDMA system, The random access method can be of
system, the frequency slots are the transponder frequency is two types namely
pre-assigned to the Earth subdivided into a number of channels
stations. centrally controlled random access
Earth station is assigned a channel method distributed control random
The slot allocations are pre- depending upon its request to the access method.
determined and do not control station.
offer flexibility. Demand assignment may be carried In the case of centrally controlled
out either by using the polling method random access, the Earth stations make
Hence, some slots may be or by using the random access method requests through the master Earth
facing the problem of station as the need arises.
over-traffic, while other slots In the polling method, the master
are sitting idle. Earth station continuously polls all In the case of distributed control random
of the Earth stations in sequence and access, the control is exercised at each
if the request is encountered, Earth station.
frequency slots are assigned to that
Earth station which had made the
request
Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems
Two common forms of SCPC systems namely:
1. SCPC/FM/FDMA system
2. SCPC/PSK/FDMA system

SCPC/FM/FDMA System
Each signal channel modulates a separate RF

carrier and the modulation system used here
is frequency modulation
The modulated signalis then transmitted to the
FDMA transponder
The transponder bandwidth is subdivided in
such a way that each base band signal channel
is allocated a separate transponder
subdivision and an individual carrier.

ADVANTAGES of SCPC/FM/FDMA System
Enable a larger number of Earth stations to

access and share the capacity of the
transponder using smaller and more
economic units
it facilitates the use of voice activated carriers.
This means that the carriers are switched off

during the periods when there is no speech
activity, thus reducing power consumption.
This in turn leads to availability of more

transponder power and hence higher channel
capacity
However, this type of SCPC system requires automatic
This type of SCPC system also has the frequency control to maintain spectrum centering for individual
advantage that the power of the individual channels, which is usually achieved by transmitting a pilot tone
transmitted carriers can be adjusted to the in the center of the transponder bandwidth.
optimum value for given link conditions
The signal-to-noise power ratio (S/N) at the output of
the demodulator

SCPC/PSK/FDMA System
This is the digital form of the SCPC system

in which the modulation technique used is
phase shift keying (PSK).

SPADE (single channel per carrier PCM multiple access demand assignment equipment) was the first operational
SCPC/PSK/FDMA system.
It was designed for use on Intelsat-4 and subsequent Intelsat satellites.
This system employs PCM for base band signal encoding and QPSK as the carrier modulation technique.
With this, it is possible to accommodate a 64 kbps voice channel in a bandwidth of 38.4 kHz as compared to the
requirement of a full 45 kHz in the case of frequency modulation

The CSC bandwidth is 160 kHz, and its center frequency is 18.045 All the earth stations are permanently
MHz below the pilot frequency. connected through the CSC
To avoid interference with the CSC, voice channels 1 and 2 are left
vacant, and to maintain duplex matching, the corresponding Each earth station has the facility for
channels 1 and 2 are also left vacant generating any one of the 794 carrier
frequencies using frequency
six channels are removed from the total of 800, leaving a total of synthesizers
794 one-way or 397 full-duplex voice circuits, the frequencies in
any pair being separated by 18.045 MHz.

each earth station has a memory containing a list
of the frequencies currently available, and this Station C will first select a frequency pair at random from
list is continuously updated through the CSC. those currently available on the list and signal this
information to station F through the CSC.
Station F must acknowledge, through the CSC, that it can
complete the circuit.
Once the circuit is established, the other earth stations are
instructed, through the CSC, to remove this frequency pair
from the list

Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems
in this type of multiple access arrangement, multiple signal channels are first grouped together to
form a single base band signal assembly
there are two common forms of MCPC systems in use. These are:
1.MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA system
2. MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA system

MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System
In this arrangement, multiple base band signals are
grouped together by using frequency division multiplexing
to form FDM base band signals.
The FDM base band assemblies frequency modulate pre

assigned carriers and are then transmitted to the satellite.
The FDMA transponder receives multiple carriers, carries

out frequency translation and then separates out individual
carriers with the help of appropriate filters.
Multiple carriers are then multiplexed and transmitted

back to Earth over the downlink.
Typical block diagram of the MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA system

MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System
The channel capacity falls with an increase in the number of

carriers.
Larger number of carriers causes more intermodulation

products, with the result that intermodulation-prone frequency
ranges cannot be used for traffic.
The signal-to-noise ratio at the demodulator output
where
fd = RMS (root mean square) test tone deviation (in Hz)
fm = highest modulation frequency (in Hz)
B = bandwidth of the modulated signal (in Hz)
b = base band signal bandwidth (in Hz)
C = carrier power at the receiver input (in W)
Typical block diagram of the MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA system N = noise power (= kTB) in bandwidth B (in W)

MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA System
In this arrangement, multiple base band signals are first digitally encoded
using the PCM technique .
then grouped together to form a common base band assembly using time
division multiplexing.
This time division multiplexed bit stream then modulates a common RF

carrier using phase shift keying as the carrier modulation technique.
The modulated signal is then transmitted to the satellite, which uses FDMA
to handle multiple carriers.

Class 26
Module 3
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Different Earth stations transmit traffic bursts in a period

time-frame called the TDMA frame.
Over the length of a burst, each Earth station has the entire
transponder bandwidth at its disposal
The traffic bursts from different Earth stations are

synchronized so that all bursts arriving at the transponder
are closely spaced but do not overlap.
The transponder works on a single burst at a time and

retransmits back to Earth sequence of bursts.
All Earth stations can receive the entire sequence and

extract the signal of their interest.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
disadvantages of TDMA
include a requirement for complex
expensive Earth station equipment and
stringent timing and synchronization requirements.
TDMA is suitable for digital transmission only

TDMA systems can be classified as
preassigned TDMA demand assigned TDMA limited preassigned TDMA satellite switched TDMA
systems systems systems
several antenna spot

every Earth station is In a demand Limited preassigned
beams are utilized to
allotted a specific assigned TDMA TDMA is a technique
provide services to
time slot system, the time that allows the traffic to
different regions on the
slots are allotted be handled during busy
Earth’s surface
to the Earth hours by demand.
stations on request
from the control
station.

TDMA Frame Structure
each of the multiple Earth stations accessing a
given satellite transponder transmits one or
more data bursts
The satellite thus receives at its input a set of

bursts from a large number of Earth stations.
This set of bursts from various Earth stations

is called the TDMA frame.
Typical TDMA frame structure

TDMA Frame Structure
frame starts with a reference burst transmitted
from a reference station in the network.
The reference burst is followed by traffic bursts

from various Earth stations with a guard time
between various traffic bursts from different
stations
The traffic bursts are synchronized to the

reference burst to fix their timing reference
Typical TDMA frame structure

Traffic Burst
Reference Traffic Burst Traffic Burst Traffic Burst
…. (n)
Burst (1) (2) (3)
Guard time
Carrier and Preamble Information

Signalling
Clock Recovery Unique Word
Channel
Sequence
Carrier and
Signalling
Channel
Sequence

Reference Burst
The reference burst is usually a combination of two reference

Reference bursts (RB-1 and RB-2).
Burst
The primary reference burst, which can be either RB-1 or RB-
2, is transmitted by one of the stations, called the primary
reference station, in the network
The reference burst automatically switches over to the

secondary reference burst in the event of primary reference
station’s failure to provide reference burst to the TDMA
network
The reference burst does not carry any traffic information and
is used to provide timing references to various stations
accessing the TDMA transponder
The reference burst carries no traffic data and contains only the
preamble

Guard Time
Reference
Different bursts are separated from each other by a short guard
Burst
time, which ensures that the bursts from different stations
accessing the satellite transponder do not overlap.
Guard time This guard time should be long enough to allow for differences
in transmit timing inaccuracies and also for differences in range
rate variations of the satellite.

Traffic Burst
Reference Traffic Burst Traffic Burst Traffic Burst
…. (n)
Burst (1) (2) (3)
Different stations accessing the satellite transponder may transmit

one or more traffic bursts per TDMA frame and position them
Guard time anywhere in the frame according to a burst time plan that
coordinates traffic between various stations.
The timing reference for the location of the traffic burst is taken
from the time of occurrence of the primary reference burst.
Traffic Burst
With this reference, a station can locate and then extract the traffic
burst or portions of traffic bursts intended for it.
The reference burst also provides timing references to the stations

for transmitting their traffic bursts so as to ensure that they arrive at
the satellite transponder within their designated positions in the
TDMA frame.
TDMA Burst Structure
Reference Traffic Burst Traffic Burst Traffic Burst Traffic Burst

….
Burst (1) (2) (3) (n)
Guard time The traffic burst has two main parts, namely the
information carrying portion and another sequence of
bits preceding the information data, called preamble.
Preamble Information
The purpose of preamble sequence of bits is to
synchronize the burst and to carry management and
control information.
The preamble usually consists of three adjacent parts,

namely
Carrier and
Signalling
Channel (a) the carrier and clock recovery sequence
Sequence
(b) the unique word and
(c) the signaling channel.

Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence
narrowband tuned circuit filter to recover
the carrier
The QPSK signal, which has been down

converted to a standard IF of 140 MHz, is
quadrupled in frequency to remove the
modulation
the output frequency of the quadrupler is

down converted from 560 to 40 MHz
AFC is applied to the voltage controlled

oscillator (VCO) used to make the
frequency conversion

The AFC circuit is a form of phase-locked loop Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence
(PLL), in which the phase difference between
input and output of the single-tuned circuit is
held at zero, which ensures that the 40-MHz
input remains at the center of the tuned circuit
response curve.
Any deviation of the phase difference from zero

generates a control voltage which is applied to
the VCO in such a way as to bring the frequency
back to the required value.

TDMA Burst Structure Unique Word
Reference Traffic Burst Traffic Burst Traffic Burst Traffic Burst

….
Burst (1) (2) (3) (n)
Guard time
The unique word bit sequence in the traffic burst
provides a timing reference on the occurrence of the
Preamble Information traffic burst and also provides a timing marker to
allow the Earth stations to extract their part of the
traffic burst.
Carrier and
Signalling
Channel
Sequence

Unique Word
The unique word bit sequence in the traffic

burst provides a timing reference on the
occurrence of the traffic burst
also provides a timing marker to allow the Earth

stations to extract their part of the traffic burst

Unique Word the unique word has N bits and is correlated
with a stored pattern of itself.
The received data is input to one of the N-bit

shift registers
The other N-bit shift register has a stored

pattern of the unique word.
Each stage of the shift register feeds a 2-bit

adder, whose output is a ‘0’ if the bits are in
agreement and a ‘1’ if they are in
disagreement
The output of the summer is a step function

that depends upon the number of agreements
or disagreements between the received unique
word bit pattern and the stored pattern

Unique Word
The output of summer then feeds a threshold
detector that specifies the acceptable number of
disagreements.
If the number of mismatches is less than or equal

to the preset threshold value, the unique word is
considered to have been detected.
if the unique word belongs to the reference

burst, it marks the TDMA receive frame timing.
In the case of traffic burst, it marks the receive

traffic burst timing.

Signalling Channel
The signalling channel is used to carry out system

Preamble management and control functions
The signalling channel of the reference burst has

three channels, namely
(a) an order wire channel
Carrier and (b) a management channel
Signalling (c) a transmit timing channel
Channel
Sequence

Signalling Channel of reference burst
an order wire channel used to pass instructions to
and from Earth stations
Preamble
a management channel transmitted by reference
stations to all traffic stations carrying frame
management instructions, such as changes in the
burst time plan that coordinates traffic between
different stations
Carrier and a transmit timing channel that carries acquisition
Signalling
Clock Recovery Unique Word and synchronization information to different
Channel
Sequence traffic stations, enabling them to adjust their
transmit burst timing (TBT) so that similar bursts
from different stations reach the satellite
transponder within the correct time slot in the
TDMA frame

Signalling Channel of traffic burst
The signalling channel of the traffic burst also has
an order wire channel, which performs the same
Preamble function as it does in the case of reference burst.
It also has a service channel, which performs

functions like carrying traffic station’s status to the
reference station, carrying information such as the
high bit error rate or unique word loss alarms, etc., to
Carrier and other traffic station.
Signalling
Channel
Sequence

Traffic Information
Each station in the TDMA network can

transmit and receive many traffic bursts and
sub-bursts per frame.
Preamble Information
Carrier and
Signalling
Channel
Sequence

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Class 27

Two of the most important functions in a TDMA network are

1. controlling the position of the burst in the frame

2. coordination of traffic between different stations

2. the management channel to coordinate traffic between stations.

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 3

the reference station has to address all traffic

it needs a large amount of additional time slots

if there are N traffic stations, the reference

another N messages to N stations in the

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 4

Typical superframe structure with N frames

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 5

However, when the number of stations in the

Superframe short burst structure

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 6

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 7

Determine the following:

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 8

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 9

the frame efficiency

[(1 800 000 − 23 060)]

28-10-2020 Suryanarayana NK,SVIT, Dept of ECE 10

The length of the TDMA frame = 20 ms.

Therefore, the number of bits in a frame for a voice sub-burst

= 64 × 103 × 20 × 10-3 = 1280 bits.

1 800 000 × 0.9872 = 1 776 960.

Therefore, the maximum number of PCM voice channels in a frame

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Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA)

time time time

FDMA TDMA CDMA

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therefore allows multiple Earth stations to access

Each transmitter spreads its signal over the entire

One of the techniques to do this is to multiply the

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The receiver is able to retrieve the message addressed to

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In this, each of the N users is allocated its own PN code

Cross-correlation of two orthogonal codes is zero, while

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In the case of a frequency hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA)

The transmitter operates in synchronization with the

The transmitter thus hops its frequency over a given

Commonly used modulation schemes in frequency hop

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the pseudorandom bit sequence determines the

the signal is transmitted by the user in rapid

A given user transmits only during one of the M

Since each user transmits its data only during one

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From this we can avoid co-channel interference by

SDMA is usually achieved in conjunction with other