Mechatronics Engineering

MTE203- Numerical Methods

Level:200

What is Numerical method?

• Numerical method is an approach for solving
complex mathematical problems using simple
arithmetic operations.

• It involves the formulation of model of

physical situations that can be solved by
arithmetic operations

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Need of numerical method:

• Mathematical models are a central piece of science
and engineering.
• Some models have closed-form solutions, therefore
they can be solved analytically. Many models can not
be solved analytically or the analytic solution is too
costly to be practical.
• All models can be solved computationally and the
result may not be the exact answer but it can be useful.

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Why are numerical methods used in Engineering?

• Engineers use mathematical modeling which
includes various equations and data to describe and
predict the behavior of systems.
• Computers are widely used which give accurate
results and are cheap and affordable to all.
• Many software packages are available that can be
used to solve the problems.

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Steps involved to solve

• FORMULATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL.
• CONSTRUCTION OF AN APPROPRIATE NUMERICAL METHOD.
• IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NUMERICAL METHOD.
• OBTAIN THE SOLUTION BY SOLVING.
• VALIDATION OF THE SOLUTION.

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

How it is applied
•Develop a mathematical problem with your skills and the
requirement.
• Come up with a numerical algorithm.
• Implement the algorithm.
• Run, debug, test the code.
• Visualize and interpret the result.
• Validate the result.

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Course Organization

Algorithmic aspects of
numerical methods

Practical use
Applications
of Matlab

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

MATHEMATICAL MODEL

A mathematical model can be broadly defined as a

formulation or equation that expresses the essential features of
a physical system or process in mathematical terms.

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

CONSERVATION LAWS IN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

In General:

Change = increases – decreases

In the steady-state cases:

Change = 0 = increases − decreases

or
Increases = decreases
Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

CONSERVATION LAWS IN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

CONSERVATION LAWS IN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Round-off and Truncation Errors

ERRORS
• Accuracy refers to how closely a computed or measured value agrees
with the true value.
• Precision refers to how closely individual computed or measured
values agree with each other.
•Error Definitions
Numerical errors arise from the use of approximations to represent exact
mathematical operations and quantities. For such errors, the relationship
between the exact, or true, result and the approximation can be
formulated as

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Round-off and Truncation Errors

(a)inaccurate and
imprecise,

(b)accurate and
imprecise,

(c)inaccurate and
precise,

(d) accurate and

precise.

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Round-off and Truncation Errors

The relative error:
The relative error can also be multiplied by 100% to
express it as,

The approximation error:

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Round-off and Truncation Errors

percent relative error

the absolute value of approximation error. For such cases, the

computation is repeated until

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Round-off and Truncation Errors

It is also convenient to relate these errors to the number of

significant figures in the approximation. It can be shown
(Scarborough, 1966) that if the following criterion is met,
we can be assured that the result is correct to at least n
significant figures.

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

EXAMPLE 1: Error Estimates for Iterative Methods

Problem Statement:
In mathematics, functions can often be represented by
infinite series. For example, the exponential function can be
computed using

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

EXAMPLE 1: Error Estimates for Iterative Methods

Thus, as more terms are added in sequence, the approximation
becomes a better and better estimate of the true value of ex.
Solution Steps:
Starting with the simplest version, ex = 1, add terms one at a time
in order to estimate e0.5.

After each new term is added, compute the true and approximate
percent relative errors. Note that the true value is e0.5 = 1.648721

Add terms until the absolute value of the approximate error

estimate εa falls below a pre-specified error criterion εs conforming
to three significant figures.
Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

EXAMPLE 1: Error Estimates for Iterative Methods

Solution:
First, determine the error criterion that ensures a result that is
correct to at least three significant figures:

Thus, we will add terms to the series until εa falls below this level.
The first estimate is simply equal to ex with a single term. Thus, the first
estimate is equal to 1. The second estimate is then generated by adding
the second term as in

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

This represents a true percent relative error of

Determine an approximate estimate of the error

Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Because εa is not less than the required value of εs, we

would continue the computation by adding another term, x2∕2!,
and repeating the error calculations. The process is continued
until ∣εa∣ < εs. The entire computation can be summarized as

Thus, after six terms are included, the approximate error falls
below εs = 0.05%, and the computation is terminated.
Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.
 Mechatronics Engineering
MTE203- Numerical Methods
Level:200

Task 1:
The Maclaurin series expansion for sin(x) is:

Starting with the simplest version, sin(x) = x, add terms one at

a time to estimate cos(π/3). After each new term is added,
compute the true and approximate percent relative errors. Use
your calculator or MATLAB to determine the true value. Add
terms until the absolute value of the approximate error
estimate falls below an error criterion conforming to two
significant figures.
Dr. Maya M. Emarah Assistant Professor, Mechatronics Department. The High Institute of Engineering, City of Science and Culture.