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    Lec 7-8

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    sm shikder
    The document discusses different types of rocks: 1) Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and are classified by texture and composition. 2) Sedimentary rocks form through weathering and lithification of sediments and may contain fossil fuels. 3) Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and fluids. Key metamorphic processes are also outlined.

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    Lec 7-8

    Uploaded by

    sm shikder
    51 views144 pages
    The document discusses different types of rocks: 1) Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and are classified by texture and composition. 2) Sedimentary rocks form through weathering and lithification of sediments and may contain fossil fuels. 3) Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and fluids. Key metamorphic processes are also outlined.

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    The document discusses different types of rocks: 1) Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and are classified by texture and composition. 2) Sedimentary rocks form through weathering and lithification of sediments and may contain fossil fuels. 3) Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and fluids. Key metamorphic processes are also outlined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    51 views144 pages

    Lec 7-8

    Uploaded by

    sm shikder
    The document discusses different types of rocks: 1) Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and are classified by texture and composition. 2) Sedimentary rocks form through weathering and lithification of sediments and may contain fossil fuels. 3) Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and fluids. Key metamorphic processes are also outlined.

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    You are on page 1of 144

    ENV 311

    Geology and Geomorphology


    Rocks; types, origin and classification, Common rocks
    of Bangladesh

    Mohammad Moshiur Rahman


    mohammad.rahman@northsout.edu
    Rocks classified as
    1. Igneous – made from magma that cools at or near the
    surface (lava from volcanoes)
    2. Sedimentary – weathered materials that accumulate
    in deposition basins, such as oceans, are compacted
    by overlying sediment layers (lithification)
    3. Metamorphic – any kind of rock buried at depths that
    are altered by heat, pressure, or chemically active
    fluids and transformed
    Igneous Rocks

    Classified based upon 2 criteria:


    1.Texture
    2.Composition
    Freezing point and melting point are dependent
    on composition and crystal structure.
    Scenario A

    • As you cool this molten mass


    down, there will be a temperature
    reached at which all nine of
    those minerals will precipitate out
    of solution simultaneously.
    Scenario B

    • As you cool this molten mass


    down, they precipitate out,
    perhaps at different temperature,
    but in no particular order.
    Scenario C

    • As you cool this molten mass


    down, the minerals will form in a
    specific order based upon
    composition and crystal
    structure.

    Norman L. Bowen
    (1887 – 1956)
    Olivine: (FeMg)2SiO4

    Hornblende:
    (Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH)2
    Yellowstone park
    Energy Sources Associated
    with Sedimentary Rocks

    • Petroleum
    • Coal
    • Uranium
    Sedimentary – weathered materials that accumulate in
    deposition basins, such as oceans, are compacted by
    overlying sediment layers (lithification)
    Weathering
    1. Physical weathering is the mechanical breakdown
    (freeze, thaw) of rocks that produces sediment such as
    gravel, sand and silt
    2. Chemical weathering occurs when rocks are
    disintegrated by oxidation or carbonation processes.
    Chemical Weathering

    • Oxidation
    • The result of oxygen
    • Carbonation
    • The result of carbon dioxide
    Major product of weathering

    • Solid products
    • Clay minerals
    • Quartz
    • Iron oxide
    • Dissolved products
    • Soluble bicarbonates
    • Silica (silicic acid H4SiO4)
    Clastic
    Non-clastic
    Major product of weathering

    • Clastic products
    • Clay minerals
    • Quartz
    • Iron oxide
    Kinds of Non-Clastic
    Sedimentary Rocks
    • chemical
    • biochemical
    • evaporate
    The chemistry of Limestone

    Ca(HCO3)2 Ca2+ + 2HCO31-

    Ca2+ + 2HCO31- CaCO3 + H2CO3

    H2CO3 CO2 + H2O


    The chemistry of Chert

    H4SiO4 SiO2·2H2O
    Sabkha
    Metamorphic Rocks

    • Any rock that forms from a


    previously existing rock as the
    result of heat, pressure, and
    chemically active fluids
    Metamorphic Rocks

    • Usually in metamorphism, there


    is no change in composition as
    you go from the original rock to
    the new metamorphic rock.
    Metamorphic Rocks

    • The minerals of which the rock is


    made are those minerals that are
    stable under the conditions under
    which it was formed.
    Metamorphic Rock

    • The elemental makeup of the


    original rock and the elemental
    makeup of the final metamorphic
    rock are the same– except when
    you start involving water.
    Types of Metamorphism

    • Contact
    • Dynamo-thermal
    • Hydrothermal
    Dynamo-thermal Metamorphism

    • Heat is always involved. There is


    no metamorphic process that
    does not involve heat.
    Types of Metamorphism

    • Dynamo-thermal
    • A combination of increased
    pressure and temperature
    Regional Metamorphism

    Hydrothermal Metamorphism
    Gypsum: CaSO4·2H2O

    Calcium hydroxide: Ca(OH)2

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