Indipendent India

Introduction
• On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter into a life

of contradictions.In politics we will have equality and in
social and economic life we will have inequality.In politics we
will be recognising the principle of one man one vote and one
vote one value.In our social and economic life, we shall, by
reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny
the principle of one man one value.How long shall we
continue to live this life of contradictions? How long shall we
continue to deny equality in our social and economic life? If
we continue to deny it for long,we will do so only by putting
our political democracy in peril.We must remove this
contradiction at the earliest possible moment or else those
who suffer from inequality will blow up the structure of
political democracy which this Assembly has so laboriously
built up.
• - B R Ambedkar
• The Constitution sought to fulfil multiple goals simultaneously,

including making democracy work,unification and creation of a
single political community and bringing about massive social
and economic changes.
• The setting of national goals and putting in place institutional
mechanisms to achieve them within a relatively short span of
time was undoubtedly a great achievement for a people who
had been ruled by foreign power for more than two centuries.
• The early years after independence,is arguably the defining
period in India’s post-independent history.
• The main challenges before the leadership was the need to
maintain unity and integrity, bring about a social and economic
transformation and to ensure the working of the democratic
system.
• These challenges are interrelated and great care had to be
taken to ensure that the system did not get imbalanced.For
instance, development goals and unity and integrity should not
come at the cost of democracy.
First General Elections

• The first general elections to be held under the new Constitution
were immensely significant for Indian democracy.
• It represented India’s determination to take the path of
democracy after independence from British rule.
• India adopted Universal Adult franchise at one go,unlike in the
West were franchise was extended in stages,first to the
propertied and only subsequently to other sections of society.
For instance women in Switzerland got the right to vote only in
1971.
Voting in first general elections
• To overcome the problem of illiteracy,the Election Commission

came up with a novel idea of having symbols from everyday life
to represent political parties and candidates.This creative
innovation dispensed with elaborate instructions and required
only visual identification.This basic idea continues even today.
• To make it even easier, in the first election each candidate had
a separate ballot box with the symbol stuck outside; the voter
only had to drop their ballot paper in the box of their preferred
candidate.In the run up to the elections, there was a massive
campaign to encourage the voters to go out and vote.
o Description of Elections
o In districts where purdah was strictly
observed,separate voting booths, staffed entirely by
women were usually provided.
o In Ajmer a Rajput woman arrived at the polls in a
heavily veiled chariot,her whole body was draped in
velvet.The only part she exposed to the public gaze was
the left forefinger which,as was required to prevent
repeated voting,she extended to be marked with
indelible ink.
o Some villages voted as body.From Assam came the
report of a tribal village whose members journeyed to
the polling station the day before voting was to take
place.They spent the night dancing and singing around
large bonfires until sun-up when they marched to the
booths in orderly fashion.
o The people of PEPSU village solved the problem of which
of the two rival candidates to support by arranging a
wrestling match between two of their young men,each
named to represent a candidate,having agreed that all
would vote for the candidate whose representative won.
o Many offerings were brought,petitions professing
loyalty or begging for food and clothing were sometimes
found when ballot boxes were opened.
o (Extracts from "The Indian Experience with Democratic
Elections" 1958 by Margaret W.Fisher and Joan
V.Bondurant,Indian Press Digests.)
• In Independent India’s first three general elections in

1952,1957 and 1962 the Indian National Congress won
reducing other participants to almost nothing.
• Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India.None
of the other parties individually got more than 11% of the votes
polled.
• The Congress consistently won over 70% of the seats by
obtaining about 45% of the total votes cast.No other party was
anyway near the Congress.
• The Congress party formed the government in many of the
states as well.This inaugurated what some observers called the
Congress System.This period is identified specifically by the
nature of the relationship between the almost always ruling
Congress party and the other parties.However,the Congress
always had within it smaller groups. Though these groups
originated on the basis of personal competition between
leaders,they shared in the overall goals of the party but differed
on some policy issues.
• The groups took different positions on various issues depending
on the interests of the members. This made the Congress
appear as if it was a party representing diverse interests and
positions.
• At times,these groups also tied up with other political parties to
pressurise the leadership.This also acted as an inbuilt
corrective mechanism within the ruling party.
• Political competition in the one-party dominant system therefore
took place within the Congress.
• The opposition parties therefore only posed a latent and not a
real threat.
• It was therefore not an undemocratic situation marked by the

absence of other political parties.
• It was that the other parties which contested but were not able
to win enough seats to challenge the Congress.
• The other political parties gradually built themselves and within
a couple of decades became strong contenders for power.This
period to a large extent helped nurture democracy in its early
years allowing the establishment of a multi-party system based
on free and open competition.
• It was the strength of the Constitutional framework and the
democratic foundations laid by the freedom movement which
enabled Indian politics to develop a multiparty democracy.
• Ruling parties have often acted in a partisan manner to silence
the opposition and prevent multiparty democracy from striking
roots.
• India’s experience was therefore very different from that of
other colonial countries which got freedom around the same
time like Indonesia, Pakistan,China,Nigeria and so on.

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Introduction

• On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter into a life

• The Constitution sought to fulfil multiple goals simultaneously,

First General Elections

Voting in first general elections

• To overcome the problem of illiteracy,the Election Commission

• In Independent India’s first three general elections in

• It was therefore not an undemocratic situation marked by the

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