CHAPTER

VII:
VOTER’S
EDUCATIO
N
OBJECTIVES:
1. Discuss the basic right of suffrage and gain knowledge in the history of
elections
2. Gain insights on the concepts of election and democracy and on the
particular mechanisms for participation in political exercises
3. Discuss the basic government structure in terms of the elective positions
and their corresponding power functions
4. Reflect on the performances of past national and local officials
5. Review the election process, new developments/ initiatives in the process
6. Share and reflect on their observations of voting behavior
7. Draw up visions of their ideal government, ideal leaders and ideal citizen-
voters
Reporters:

Abordo, Camila A. Ante, Hashley Jay C. Catig, Dranoel Aerielle M.

Diono, Angelie B. Gasmin, Jeliegh V. Valenzuela, Marielle D.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 The Right of Suffrage and
Brief history of Philippine
Elections
03 Government Structure and
the Electoral Process

02 04
Voter Behavior and
Elections and Democracy Elections

05 Guiding and Action Point

for Citizen Voters
I. The Right of Suffrage and Brief History
of Philippine Elections
 What is suffrage?

noun
the right to vote in political
elections.
01
A. The Right of Suffrage
● The human right of vote is embodied in 3 instruments:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights; The International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987
Philippine Constitution. The Philippines is governed by these
3 documents.
B. History of Elections
● Pre-colonial period - Leaders were chosen based on his/her
capacity to ensure the survival of his/her clan.
● Spanish and American colonial period - A system of
election was first practiced, but was only limited to male
voters.
“Voting is the expression of our
commitment to ourselves, one another,
this country, and this world.”

—Sharon Salzberg
IMPORTANT DATES ON THE HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE
ELECTIONS
● 1937 - Sectoral struggle and political participation was realized, and act 4112 granted
women the right of suffrage.
● 1946 - First democratic elections after WWII where the President, Vice-president,
Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives was elected. From then on,
the county operated on a two-party system, namely the Nacionalista Party and the
Liberal Party.
● 1972- Marcos declared Martial Law, the 1935 Constitution was scrapped, an Interim
Batasang Pambasa was created and a new 919730 Constitution was adopted.
● 1978 - Election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa. The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
became the administration party.
● 1980 - Local Election was characterized by widespread terrorism, voiolence and
wholesale fraud.
● 1981 - Marcos submitted himself to the electoral process to regain legitimacy.
● 1983 - The assassination of Aquino resulted in waves of protest forcing the creation of
wider democratic space.
● 1984 - Batasang Pambansa Elections happened to replace the Interim Batasang
pambansa. It was intended to divert the people's attention from the Aquino
assassination, which was unsuccessful as Marcos' popularity was weakening.
● 1986 - Snap elections was held, but the widespread manipulations and irregularities
sparked the EDSA uprising, also known as the People Power Revolution, which led to
the ouster of Marcos, the collapse of KBL and the installation of Corazon Aquino as the
President.
● 1987- The establishing of the 1987 Constitution of Corazon Aquino, which provided a
multi-party system.
● 1992 - Synchronized national and local elections here people voted for president for the
first time under the 1987 Constitution. The main campaign issue was doing with "trapo"
or traditional politics.
● 1995 - Congressional and local elections were held.
● 1988 - The first party-list elections were held, and Joseph Estrada was seated.
However, in January 2001 a repeat of the 1986 People Power removed Estrada and
seated Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as new president.
II. Elections and Democracy
• The constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people,
where all government authority come from.

• The representative democratic structure, in which the people

govern through elected representatives, is based on idea of "consent of
the governed".

• The citizen voters are entitled to free and informed choice

on whom to vote and must be dictated by the genuine welfare of the majority.
Every individual political choices and decisions made by the citizen voters
will determine the kind of government that will serve them.
 Specific mechanisms:
● Since the enactment of the 1987 constitution, elections for
president and vice president are held every six (6) years while
lections for senators and members of the house of representatives
and local government officials happen every three (3) years.

● At the local level, Barangay election and Sangguniang Kabataan

election are also held periodically.

● In 1993 and 1996 election for the autonomous region of Muslim

Mindanao (ARMM) were held. The 1996 ARMM election also
served as pilot-test for automated system of election.
Aside from voting, our constitution mandates other mechanisms to advance
democratization and citizen's stake of governance.

● The system of initiative and referendum gives the people power to directly enact,
propose and reject laws and the local level.
● Also through initiative, the people may directly propose amendment to the
constitution by a petition at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, in
which 3% of registered voters in each legislative district are represented.
● Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call for a constitutional
convention to propose changes to the constitution, and at the local level, express
their will with respect to certain local issues.
● The party-list system of representation allows for marginalized and
underrepresented sectors to be represented in the national legislature.
● The constitution and the 1991 local government code (LGC) mandate sectoral
representation in the legislative bodies of local governments.
● People participation is also provided for by local government code
through representation in consultative bodies such as the local
health boards, local school board, local peace and order councils
and local government councils in all local levels.

● There is also the LGC-mandated Barangay assembly (people

assembly or meeting of all over 15-years old-residents of
Barangay). The assembly has the power or hear and pass upon
the report of Sangguniang Barangay's (SB) performance. It can
also be recommended measure for legislation by SB.

● The Barangay assembly is one manifestation of people's power

and a (truly) direct and participatory democratic exercise.

● The latest development in upholding the right of suffrage is

Republic Act 9189, which provides for a system of absentee voting
for qualified Filipinos abroad.
NATIONALISM
COMES A LONG
WAY

Never take for granted your right to

vote.
III. Government Structure and the
Electoral Process
National and Local Elective Public Servants

*At the national level, we vote for:

President
Vice President
12 Senators
1 District Representative of Congressman/woman
(1 Party-List Group)

 
*At the Provincial level, we vote for:
Governor
Vice Governor
Sangguniang Panlalawigan Member
*At the Municipal/City level, we vote for:
City/Municipal Mayor
City/Municipal Vice Mayor
Members of the Sangguniang Panglungsod (City
Councilors) Sangguniang Pangbayan (Municipal
Councilors)
 

*At the barangay level, we vote for:

Punong Barangay
Members of the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay
Kagawad and Sangguniang Kabataan Chair)
Powers and Functions of Public Servants
Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic. This power
covers:
 Control of all executive departments and all implementing
agencies of the government.
 Appointment of high officials in the government (heads of
executive departments/cabinet members, ambassadors, public
ministers, consuls, officers of the armed forces)
 Seeing to the execution and implementation of laws and policies.

*Local government units also exercise executive functions through the

governors of the provinces, municipal and city mayor.
  Legislative power is lodged in the Congress of the Philippines: the
senate and the House of Representatives. Legislative functions
include:
 Statute making, constitution making, and amending of
constitution
 Appropriations/Financial function
 Oversight function
 Informational or the power to conduct inquiries in aid of
legislation

*Legislative functions are carried out in the local level by the different
“Sanggunians” or local legislative bodies.
Election Process
Election Process
 Qualifications and Disqualifications of the Voter
 Citizen of the Philippines
 18 years of age and over
 Resident of the Philippines for one year and in the
city/municipality wherein he proposes to vote for at least six
months immediately preceding the election are qualified to
vote.
Disqualified
 A person who has been sentenced by final judgement to suffer
imprisonment for not less than one year.
 A person who was been adjudged by the final judgement of a
competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime.
 Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent
authority.
 Registration
 The qualified voter accomplishes and files a sworn application for
registration before the election offices of the city/municipality.
 He resides and including the same in the book of registered voters
upon approval by the Election Registration Board.

 Election Day
 The voter proceeds to the casting of votes which is conducted
by the Board of Election Inspectors (BEI)
 All voters whose names appear in the list of voters will be
allowed to vote.
 Official candidates and registered political parties and party-list
groups are represented in the precincts by watchers.
 Modernized Election Process
 Republic Act 8436 or the Election Automation Law, legislated in
1997, mandates the use of automated election system in the
country as early as the May 1998 elections. This system will
compromise the use of appropriate technology for voting and
electronic devices to count votes and canvas/consolidate
results.
 The law also provides for the following features of the
automated system:
a. Use of appropriate ballots;
b. Stand alone machine which will count and consolidate
elections results;
c. Provision for audit trails;
d. Minimum human intervention;
e. Adequate safeguard and security measures.
IV. Voter Behavior and Elections
 A 2003 update study on voter behavior suggests the top four (4)
factors on what determines the vote of Filipino electorate:
1. Candidate’s public servant image
2. Political machinery
3. Candidate’s popularity
4. Endorsement of traditional network and organizations
which include the family, the church, the ward leaders and
formal groups and association.
V. Guiding and Action points for
Citizen Voters
A. Visions of Good Government, Leaders and Citizen Voters
*Government
● Advancing democratization and good governance making available a
meaningful and accessible election process
*Leaders
● Capitalizing on the program of action and public service rather than on
popularity in winning elections promoting the envisioned government and
engaging the citizens' stake in governance.
*Citizen Voters
● Exercising the right to vote and the duty of guarding the integrity of the vote
itself from any fraudulent maneuvering using conscience in choosing the
right leaders safe guarding and defending the democratic mechanisms and
instructions.
 B. Action Points
Below are some action points for the Citizen-voters in his/her exercise of the right of suffrage.

* Pre - elections
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Engage in preparatory activities that would Register during the period allotted Be informed of the issues, platforms
enable him/her to exercise the right suffrage and for voter registration and personalities of the political
the right to an informed and free choice. candidates.

Step 4: Step 5:
Set specific guidelines in choosing government Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform
leaders in terms of the candidate social affiliations and citizens and gain the commitment of the candidates to
interest, competence, lifestyle, performance. integrate, foremost, the interest and welfare of the citizens in
their program of government.
* During elections

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Exercise vigilance Vote according to Practice vigilance by protecting the integrity
and the right to your "informed of your own vote from any undue influence
vote. conscience"
 * Post Elections

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

Be vigilant in the counting and Another arena of participation is open to Participate in local governance through
the citizen voter once the candidates development planning in the barangay level,
canvassing of votes
they have voted for assume office. consultations and public hearings,
representation in local special bodies

Step 4: Step 5:
Aside from direct exercise of legislative power The citizen voter can also engage in the political and lectorate
through the system of initiative and referendum, process in other ways such as:
a citizen voter can participate in legislating laws a. Running for office.
through legislative advocacy b. Supporting/ campaigning for a political party, candidate or party-
use group.
c. Supporting initiatives of civil society organizations to ensure
honest and peaceful elections.
d. Making views known to the elected representatives.
Thank you!

Have a good day

everyone!
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