Praveen MAIN

A
MAIN PROJECT REPORT

ON
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF HEAT PUMP

A project report Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
Requirement for the Award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In Department of
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Y. PRAVEEN GOUD
16405A0339
Under the Guidance of
Mr. B. SURYAM
Assistant Professor in Mechanical Department
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DVR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi) KASHIPUR (Village),
KANDI, SANGAREDDY-502285.
2018-2019
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We record with pleasure our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved project guide
sri.B.SURYAM, assistant professor in mechanical engineering department, for the stimulating
guidance and profuse assistance. We have restless guidance from his throughout the course of
the main project work. We should always cherish our association with him for his
encouragement, approachability and freedom of through and action we have enjoyed during this
work.
We express our deep sense of heartfelt thanks to Mr. A. ANJANEYULU, head of

mechanical Engineering department for his cheerful motivation and encouragement at each
stage of this endeavour. We are indebted him.
It is great pleasure for us to express our sincere thanks to the Honourable Principal who
had inspired a lot through his speeches. He is the only personality who had gave the meaning to
the technical studies and told us how to survive in this competitive world.
Finally, we are grateful to the faculty of our Department who aided us directly or
indirectly for successful completion of this project.
By
Project associates
Y.PRAVEEN GOUD
16405A0339
ii
DECLARATION
We the students of the D.V.R. College of Engineering & Technology hereby declare
that, this project titled as ‘DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF HEAT PUMP’ being submitted to the
department of Mechanical Engineering of this institute affiliated to JNTU-HYDERABAD for
the award of the bachelor of technology in Mechanical Engineering is a record of bonafide work
done and it has not been submitted to any other institute or university for the award of any other
degree.
By
Project associates
Y.PRAVEEN GOUD
16405A0339
iii
INDEX:
S.NO
CONTENT LIST
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABELS CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TITLE PAGE NO
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION TO PUMP 01-23
1.1 TYPES OF PUMPS 01
1.2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 06
1.3 TYPES OF IMPELLER 11
1.4 USE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 23
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW 24-28
CHAPTER-3: DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 28-35
3.1 CALCULATIONS 34
CHAPTER-4: INTRODUCTION TO CAD 36-46
4.1 3D MODEL OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 41
CHAPTER-5: INTRODUCTION TO FEA 47-53
CHAPTER-6: ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 54-92
6.1 STUACTURAL ANALYSIS 54
6.2 MODEL ANALYSIS 68
6.3 MODIFIED MODAL STUCTURAL ANALYSIS 77
6.4 MODIFIED DESIGN MODEL ANALYSIS 85
CHAPTER-7: RESULTS AND TABLES 93-99
7.1 STUCTURAL ANALYSIS 93
7.2 MODEL ANALYSIS 96
CONCLUSION 100
FEUTURE SCOPE 100
REFERENCE 101
iv
LIST OF FIGURES:
TITLE PAGE NO
01 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP 02
02 ROTARY POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP 03
03 SIMPLE HAND PUMP 04
04 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 07
05 THE HEART OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 08
06 THE HEAD CLOSED CHANNEL IMPELLER 11
07 VERTEX IMPELLER 11
08 CENTRIFUGAL SCREW IMPELLER 12
09 PROPELLER 12
10 SHREDDER IMPELLER 13
11 CLOSED CHANNEL IMPELLER 13
12 MIXED FLOW IMPELLER 14
13 SEMI OPEN IMPELLER 14
14 HARDENED SAND/ SLURRY IMPELLAR 15
15 IMPELLER SEAL 17
16 CAVITIES AND AXIAL BARRINGS 18
17 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN 37
18 SWEEP PROFILE OF BLADES 43
19 6 BLADES OF IMPELLER 43
20 SHAPING OF BLADES 44
21 FINAL PART OF IMPELLER 44
22 EYE OF IMPELLER 45
23 MODIFIED MODEL 46
24 MATERIAL CARBON FIBER 66-67
25 MODEL ANALYSIS MATERIAL STUCTURAL STEEL 69-73
26 MATERIAL E GLASS 74-75
27 MATERIAL ALLUMINIUM 81-82
v
LIST OF TABELS
TITLE PAGE NO
01 MATERIAL STUCTURAL STEEL 55
02 MATERIAL ALUMINIUM 60
03 MATERIAL E-GLASS 62
04 MATERIAL CARBON FIBER 65
05 MATERIAL STUCTURAL STEEL 68
06 ORIGINAL MODEEL 94
07 MODIFIED MODEL 94
08 COMPARISON TABLES 95
09 ORIGINAL MODEL & MODIFIED MODEL 96
10 COMPARISON TABLES 97-99
vi
ABSTRACT
A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is
called a heat sink. Heat pumps move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous
heat transfer, by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. A heat
pump uses a small amount of external power to accomplish the work of transferring energy
from the heat source to the heat sink. The most common design of a heat pump involves four
main components – a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator and a compressor. The heat
transfer medium circulated through these components is called refrigerant.
Design of the heat pumps that are used for purposes of heating and cooling. Heat
pumps are systems that draw heat from one source (earth, water, air or ambient) and transfer it
to another.
In this , the original model has 6 number of vanes, it is changed to 10 vanes and also
the trajectory of the teeth profile of the original modle is changed and compared with that of
existing design to improve efficiency. The mono block centrifugal pump impeller is designed
using theoretical calculations. The existing design and the modified design is done in
Pro/Engineer.
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO PUMP
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method
they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume
energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy
sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes,
from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and
fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling
towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and
manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the
artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
Single stage pump - When in a casing only one impeller is revolving then it is called
single stage pump.
Double/ Multi stage pump - When in a casing two or more than two Impeller is
revolving than it is called double/ multi stage pump.
In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps have evolved, and
biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.
Types of pumps
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed external
to the fluid.
Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps,
impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are
two basic types of pumps: positive displacement and centrifugal. Although axial-flow pumps
are frequently classified as a separate type, they have essentially the same operating principles
as centrifugal pumps.
1
Positive displacement pump
Lobe pump internals
A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction
side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is
constant through each cycle of operation.
Positive displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically
can produce the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure.
Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in
internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate.
A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge
side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive
displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and
the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged,
or both.
A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is
therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer
normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually
only used as a safety precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return
2
line back to the suction line or supply tank provides increased safety.
Positive displacement types

A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism
used to move the fluid:
Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or
sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots (e.g. the
Wendelkolben pump) or liquid ring vacuum pumps
Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston or diaphragm pumps
Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps
Rotary positive displacement pumps
Rotary vane pump

These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that
captures and draws in the liquid
Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient because they naturally remove air from
the lines, eliminating the need to bleed the air from the lines manually.
Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating
pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated
at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that
liquid can pass through, which reduces efficiency.
Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into three main types:
3
Gear pumps - a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between two
gears
Screw pumps - the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws turning
against each other to pump the liquid
Rotary vane pumps - similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor
encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap fluid between the
rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.
Reciprocating positive displacement pumps
Simple hand pump
Old hand water pump (c. 1924) at the Colored School in Alapaha, Georgia, US
Main article: Reciprocating pump
Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or
membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.
Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad
(four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three)
cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion
and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The
pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of
4
pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion—as
boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like
concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates against
high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells.
Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.
These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the
suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The
volume is constant given each cycle of operation.
Typical reciprocating pumps are:
Plunger pumps - a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open
valves, closed by suction on the way back.
Diaphragm pumps - similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic
oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to
pump hazardous and toxic fluids.
Piston pumps displacement pumps - usually simple devices for pumping small amounts
of liquid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.
Radial piston pumps

Various positive displacement pumps
The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:
Rotary lobe pump

Progressive cavity pump
Rotary gear pump
Piston pump
Diaphragm pump
Screw pump
Gear pump
Hydraulic pump
Rotary vane pump
Peristaltic pump
5
Rope pump
Flexible impeller pump
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
INTRODUCTION
The operating manual of any centrifugal pump often starts with a general statement,
“Your centrifugal pump will give you completely trouble free and satisfactory service only on
the condition that it is installed and operated with due care and is properly maintained.”
Despite all the care in operation and maintenance, engineers often face the statement “the
pump has failed i.e. it can no longer be kept in service”. Inability to deliver the desired flow
and head is just one of the most common conditions for taking a pump out of service. There are
other many conditions in which a pump, despite suffering no loss in flow or head, is
considered to have failed and has to be pulled out of service as soon as possible. These include
seal related problems (leakages, loss of flushing, cooling, quenching systems, etc), pump and
motor bearings related problems (loss of lubrication, cooling, contamination of oil, abnormal
noise, etc), leakages from pump casing, very high noise and vibration levels, or driver (motor
or turbine) related problems. The list of pump failure conditions mentioned above is neither
exhaustive nor are the conditions mutually exclusive. Often the root causes of failure are the
same but the symptoms are different. A little care when first symptoms of a problem appear
can save the pumps from permanent failures. Thus the most important task in such situations is
to find out whether the pump has failed mechanically or if there is some process deficiency, or
both. Many times when the pumps are sent to the workshop, the maintenance people do not
find anything wrong on disassembling it. Thus the decision to pull a pump out of service for
maintenance / repair should be made after a detailed analysis of the symptoms and root causes
of the pump failure. Also, in case of any mechanical failure or physical damage of pump
internals, the operating engineer should be able to relate the failure to the process unit’s
operating problems. Any operating engineer, who typically has a chemical engineering
background and who desires to protect his pumps from frequent failures must develop not only
a good understanding of the process but also thorough knowledge of the mechanics of the
pump. Effective troubleshooting requires an ability to observe changes in performance over
time, and in the event of a failure, the capacity to thoroughly investigate the cause of the failure
and take measures to prevent the problem from re-occurring.
6
PRINCIPLE OF THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
An increase in the fluid pressure from the pump inlet to its outlet is created when the
pump is in operation. This pressure difference drives the fluid through the system or plant. The
centrifugal pump creates an increase in pressure by transferring mechanical energy from the
motor to the fluid through the rotating impeller. The fluid flows from the inlet to the impeller
centre and out along its blades. The centrifugal force hereby increases the fluid velocity and
consequently also the kinetic energy is transformed to pressure.
WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process plant. Its
purpose is to convert energy of a prime mover (an electric motor or turbine) first into velocity
or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy
changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser.
The impeller is the rotating part that converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute
or diffuser is the stationary part that converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
7
Impeller - The Heart of Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow or raise pressure of a liquid. Its working is
simple. At the heart of the system lies impeller. It has a series of curved vanes fitted inside the
shroud plates. The impeller is always immersed in the water. When the impeller is made to
rotate, it makes the fluid surrounding it also rotate. This imparts centrifugal force to the water
particles, and water moves radially out.
The rotating impeller imparts a centrifugal force to the water particles and the water moves
radially out.
Since the rotational mechanical energy is transferred to the fluid, at the discharge side of the
impeller, both the pressure and kinetic energy of the water will rise. At the suction side, water
is getting displaced, so a negative pressure will be induced at the eye. Such a low pressure
helps to suck fresh water stream into the system again, and this process continues.
8
Negative pressure created by displacement of water from the eye helps to suck fresh stream of water
From foregoing discussions it is clear that, the negative pressure at the eye of the
impeller helps to maintain the flow in the system. If no water is present initially, the negative
pressure developed by the rotating air, at the eye will be negligibly small to suck fresh stream
of water. As a result the impeller will rotate without sucking and discharging any water
content. So the pump should be initially filled with water before starting it. This process is
known as priming.
The impeller is fitted inside a casing. As a result the water moves out will be collected
inside it, and will move in the same direction of rotation of the impeller, to the discharge
nozzle. This is shown
Water which leaves the impeller gets collected inside the casing, flow direction is also marked
Use of the Casing

From the illustrations of the pump so far, one specialty of the casing is clear. It has an
increasing area along the flow direction. Such increasing area will help to accommodate newly
added water stream, and will also help to reduce the exit flow velocity. Reduction in the flow
velocity will result in increase in the static pressure, which is required to overcome the
resistance of pumping system.
9
Impeller Design
As we have discussed earlier impeller is the most vital part of a centrifugal pump.
Successful impellers have been developed with many years of analysis and developmental
work. Fig.4 shows one of such impeller with its one shroud plate removed for better view of
vanes.
These vanes are backward curved. Backward curved vanes have the blade angle less
than 90 degree. Backward curved vanes are the most preferred vane type in the industry due to
its self stabilizing power consumption characteristics. This means with increase in flow rate
power consumption of the pump stabilizes after a limit. Forward and radial blades are less
common in the industry. The eye configuration of the impeller shown is state of the art. This
vane is extracted from a Kirloskar pump model. Such projecting eye section induces better
swirl of flow and guarantees high negative pressure at the suction
Types of impeller
1. High Head Closed Channel Impeller – high-efficiency design for pumping water and
other liquids at higher head pressures.
2) Vortex Impeller – Used for pumping stringy solids and debris-laden liquids.
10
3) Centrifugal Screw Impeller – Used for pumping oils and other viscous liquids
4) Propeller – Used for pumping high volumes of water at low heads
11
5) Shredder Impeller – Used for chopping solids to smaller pieces when they enter the pump
6) Closed Channel Impeller – Used for pumping sewage and wastewater
12
7) Mixed Flow Impeller – Used for high volume water pumping at low to medium heads
8) Semi-Open Impeller – Used for trash and debris laden liquids
13
9) Hardened Sand/Slurry Impeller – Used for pumping abrasive liquids
Coupling and drive
The impeller is usually driven by an electric motor. The coupling between motor and
hydraulics is a weak point because it is difficult to seal a rotating shaft. In connection with the
coupling, distinction is made between two types of pumps: Dry-runner pumps and canned rotor
type pump. The advantage of the dry-runner pump compared to the canned rotor type pump is
the use of standardized motors. The disadvantage is the sealing between the motor and
impeller. In the dry runner pump the motor and the fluid are separated either by a shaft seal, a
separation with long shaft or a magnetic coupling. In a pump with a shaft seal, the fluid and the
motor are separated by seal rings, see figure 1.9. Mechanical shaft seals are maintenance-free
and have a smaller leakage than stuffing boxes with compressed packing material. The lifetime
of mechanical shaft seals depends on liquid, pressure and temperature. If motor and fluid are
separated by a long shaft, then the two parts will not get in contact then the shaft seal can be
left out, see figure 1.10. This solution has limited mounting options because the motor must be
placed higher than the hydraulic parts and the fluid surface in the system. Furthermore the
solution results in a lower efficiency because of the leak flow through the clearance between
the shaft and the pump housing and because of the friction between the fluid and the shaft.
14
Impeller seal
A leak flow will occur in the gap between the rotating impeller and stationary pump
housing when the pump is operating. The rate of leak flow depends mainly on the design of the
gap and the impeller pressure rise. The leak flow returns to the impeller eye through the gap,
see figure 1.13. Thus, the impeller has to pump both the leak flow and the fluid through the
pump from the inlet flange to the outlet flange. To minimize leak flow, an impeller seal is
mounted. The impeller seal comes in various designs and material combinations. The seal is
typically turned directly in the pump housing or made as retrofitted rings. Impeller seals can
also be made with floating seal rings. Furthermore, there are a range of sealing’s with rubber
rings in particular well-suited for handling fluids with abrasive particles such as sand.
15
Cavities and axial bearing
The volume of the cavities depends on the design of the impeller and the pump
housing, and they affect the flow around the impeller and the pump’s ability to handle sand and
air. The impeller rotation creates two types of flows in the cavities: Primary flows and
secondary flows. Primary flows are vorticies rotating with the impeller in the cavities above
and below the impeller.
Secondary flows are substantially weaker than the primary flows. Primary and
secondary flows influence the pressure distribution on the outside of the impeller hub and
shroud affecting the axial thrust. The axial thrust is the sum of all forces in the axial direction
arising due to the pressure condition in the pump. The main force contribution comes from the
rise in pressure caused by the impeller. The impeller eye is affected by the inlet pressure while
the outer surfaces of the hub and shroud are affected by the outlet pressure. The end of the
shaft is exposed to the atmospheric pressure while the other end is affected by the system
pressure. The pressure is increasing from the center of the shaft and outwards
16
The axial bearing absorbs the entire axial thrust and is therefore exposed to the forces
affecting the impeller. The impeller must be axially balanced if it is not possible to absorb the
entire axial thrust in the axial bearing. There are several possibilities of reducing the thrust on
the shaft and thereby balance the axial bearing. All axial balancing methods result in hydraulic
losses.
17
The Reason for So Large Use of Centrifugal Pump (Advantage):
1. Small in size, space saving & less capital costs

2. Easy for maintenance
3. No danger creates if discharge v/v is closed while starting
4. Deal with large volume
5. Able to work medium to low head
6. Able to work medium to low viscous fluid
The Dangers of Letting Centrifugal Pump Dry:
1. Pump gland & bearing damage due to overheating

2. Shaft misalignment
3. Seal ring damage
4. Wear ring damage
5. Impeller damage
Disadvantage of Centrifugal P/P:
1. Extra priming P/P requires.
2. Cannot be able to work high head.
3. Cannot deal with high viscous fluid.
18
Priming Pump Is Not Provided With All Centrifugal Pumps:
 If the suction head of a centrifugal pump is positive or if the pump is used for circulating
purpose then priming pump is not required.
 When the suction head is positive as soon as opening the suction valve the system
including suction line is filled with water, this water expels the air in suction side.
 When the pump is in use of circulation, there almost the same thing happens, so priming
is not required or has a very effectiveness.
Applications
Agricultural, Municipal, and Recreational

 Amusement park water  Ski resort snow making
slides  High-rise sprinkler
 Cooling tower water systems
circulation  Pressure boosting
 District water supply  Wastewater treatment
 Farm irrigation systems
 Fire fighting systems
Automotive, OEM, and General Manufacturing

 Circulating water  Reverse osmosis /
supply desalinization
 Coatings and spray  Sanitary wash down
paint systems  Sump collection and
 Commercial drain
dishwashers  Turbo machinery lube
 Fluid filtering oil supply
 Large vehicle washers  Ultra high purity water
 Machine coolant wash systems
recovery  Various other
 Parts washers proprietary systems
circulation
19
Chemical Processing and Refining
 Acids and solvents  Liquid sulfur transfer
transfer  Monomer, polymer, and
 Caustic solution transfer resins
 Ethane and polyethane  Off site loading and
 Hot oil applications transfer
 Light hydrocarbon  Phosphoric and sulfuric
transfer acids
Marine
 Air conditioning chilled  Main boiler feed and
water condensate
 Aqueous film-foaming  Main fire fighting
(AFFF)  JP-5 fuel supply to jet
 Bilge transfer fighters
 Distilling plant feed  Portable water supply
systems  Radar system cooling
 Electronics systems  Waste water recycling
cooling
 Main and auxiliary
engine cooling
 Main seawater ballast
Mining, Pulp and Paper and Power Generation

 Acid leaching processes  Ground water
evacuation
 Black, green, and white  NOx water transfer
liquor  Oil lube for rotating
 Boiler feed systems equipment
 Boiler tube cleaning  Raw water supply
 Caustic and chemical  Trash, effluent, and
feed wastewater
 Condensate return  Underground mine
20
 Deaerator circulation dewatering
 Deionized water  Wastewater treatment
transfer
Typical Applications
Diaphragm type centifrugal pumps are used in many applications across the
commercial, industrial, municipal, and scientific fields. They are commonly used as metering
pumps to pump precise volumes of liquid for treating water (e.g., drinking water, waste water,
boiler water, swimming pool water, etc). They are used in process applications where very
high pressures are required, where metering of fluids is needed, or where the sealless nature of
this pump type is an important benefit. AODD pumps are often used to move liquids
containing solids or where electricity is not available.
A common application of the multistage centrifugal pump would be in its deployment as a
boiler feed water pump. For example, a 350 MW unit would require two feed pumps in
parallel. Each feed pump would be a multistage centrifugal pump producing 150 l/s at 21 MPa.
All energy transferred to the fluid is derived from the mechanical energy driving the impeller.
This can be measured at isentropic compression, resulting in a slight temperature increase (in
addition to the pressure increase). Multi-stage centrifugal pumps tend to be used for
applications that require higher pressure or pressure head.
Diaphragm type pumps are generally deployed within the following ranges:
 Flow rate ranges between 20 to 750,000 lpm
 Total head (pressure) ranges between 0.3 to 215 Bar
 Horsepower ranges between 0.3 and 4,500 hp
USE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
The applications of centrifugal pumps are numerous; however, these pumps are most
often used in buildings for the following purposes:
21
Pump the general water supply. This includes both the overhead and pneumatic tank
systems. In general water supply systems where the pump takes off directly from the city
pressure main or where no suction lift is required, a centrifugal pump can be used. When a
centrifugal pump is being used with a suction lift of no more than 15 feet is required, a pump
with an automatic primer or a suction line equipped with a foot valve maybe used.
To provide booster service. In booster service, centrifugal pumps with in-take pressures
from the city main operate only to boost this pressure. They may run continuously or
automatically. When the automatic type is not operating, the water flows by city pressure
through the impellers.
Pump the domestic water supply. In domestic water supply systems, the centrifugal
pump is used in shallow wells (suction lift not over 22 feet), in deep wells.
To support the fire protection systems. Fire pumps usually are the centrifugal type,
either single or multistage. Electricity, steam, or gasoline may drive them. Whatever the power
supply, it must be permanent and, if steam, must have a constant minimum pressure of 50
pounds of steam. The pumps should agree with the specifications of the NFPA. Booster fire
pumps have a low head to boost the pressure of the already available city supply
To provide a hot-water circulating service. Hot-water circulating pumps are centrifugal.

They move water in a closed system and thus usually require only allow head, though the static
pressure in the systems maybe high. The pumps should be selected with attention on to
strength of casing, efficient stuffing box, freedom from air and vapor binding, and
flexible mounting.
To provide sump drainage. Sump pumps are not classified as sewage pumps; however,
they can be used as such. They may be vertical or horizontal centrifugal. The vertical type
sump pump usually has the impeller submerged and the motor mounted above the pit. Units
are equipped with an automatic switch operated by the float and are available in single or
duplex type
22
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1]
In the paper by E.C. Bacharoudis, etal , describes the simulation of the flow into the
impeller of a laboratory pump in a parametric manner. In this study, the performance of
impellers with the same outlet diameter having different outlet blade angles is thoroughly
evaluated. The one-dimensional approach along with empirical equations is adopted for the
design of each impeller. The predicted performance curves result through the calculation of the
internal flow field and a successful correlation of local and global parameters. The numerical
solution of the discretized three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations over an
unstructured grid is accomplished with a commercial CFD finite-volume code. For each
impeller, the flow pattern and the pressure distribution in the blade passages are calculated and
finally the head-capacity curves are compared and discussed.
[2]
In the paper by A. Akhras, etal , This paper provides the results of a detailed flow
investigation within a centrifugal pump equipped with a vaned diffuser. The measurements
made with a laser-Doppler velocimeter were carried out at the impeller design point. In a
previous paper concerning the same machine, El Hajem (1998) found a jet-wake structure
developing at the impeller exit. During the actual study, measurements were obtained in the
impeller and the diffuser at different measuring planes relative to the diffuser vanes. Results
are presented as animations reconstituting a temporal evolution of the flow at the diffuser inlet.
In the paper by Amit Suhane[3], experimental study work carried out on a single stage
diffuser type centrifugal pump. The flow-induced pressure pulsations, mechanical vibrations
and noise has been monitored during the experimentations for five different flow rates by
varying the radial clearance. For each case of radial clearance and flow conditions, overall
levels and frequency spectra, in a wide frequency range, have been examined. Vibration and
noise both are predominantly due to the hydraulic effects. Impeller vane pass component has
generally dominated the spectra. Frequency analysis revealed a good correlation in the overall
vibration level and the overall noise level. In the frequency analysis, pressure pulsations are
dominating at fundamental frequency and the impeller vane passing frequency. Also in the
frequency analysis, level at fundamental frequency dominates the vibration spectra and level at
vane passing frequency dominates the noise spectra. Experimental results show that by
23
increasing the radial clearance between impeller and diffuser, lower pulsations, vibration and
noise levels has been achieved.
In the paper by D. Eckardt [4], a computational study has been conducted to analyze the
performance of a centrifugal compressor under various levels of impeller-diffuser interactions.
The study has been conducted using a low solidity vaned diffuser (LSVD), a conventional
vaned diffuser (VD) and a vaneless diffuser (VLD). The study is carried out using Reynolds-
Averaged Navier- Stokes simulations. A commercial software ANSYS CFX is used for this
purpose. The extent of diffuser influence on impeller flow is studied by keeping the diffuser
vane leading edge at three different radial locations. Detailed flow analysis inside the impeller
passage shows that the strength and location of the wake region at the exit of impeller blade is
heavily depended upon the tip leakage flow and the pressure equalization flow. Above design
flow rate, the diffuser vane affects only the last twenty percent of the impeller flow. However,
below design flow rate, keeping vane closer to the impeller can cause an early stall within the
impeller. Small negative incidence angle at the diffuser vane is helpful in order to reduce the
losses at the impeller exit.
In the paper by M. W Johnson[5], three-dimensional flow, leading to the formation and

the growth of a wake in a centrifugal impeller, has been studied. Results of flow measurements
in a 1 m dia, shrouded, centrifugal compressor impeller running at 500 rpm are presented.
Relative velocities and rotary stagnation pressures (p* = p + 1/2ρW2 − 1/2ρω2 r2 ) were
measured, on five cross-sectional planes between the inlet and outlet of the impeller, using
pressure probes which were traversed within the rotating impeller passage. Particular attention
was given to the convection of low p* fluid by secondary flows and to the formation of the
wake in the shroud/suction-side corner region of the passage.
In the paper by Satoshi Matsumoto [6], the analysis of the passage flow in the centrifugal
impeller using FEM with/without the turbulence model, and compare this result with the
experimental result. The turbulence model is the low Reynolds k-ε model proposed by Chien.
We use the GSMAC method for the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, the Euler
explicit method for the transport equations of the turbulent kinetic energy and the dissipation
rate. All equations are discretized by the Galerkin’s method. At the midpassage of the
centrifugal impeller, the passagewise velocity component tends to increase in the pressure-to-
suction direction, and the other component toward the pressure surface tends to be large in the
region of the middle blade-to-blade to the hub side. The tip leakages appear around the region
of the middle blade-to-blade near the casing together with the secondary flow toward the
suction surface. These phenomena correspond with the experimental result, qualitatively.
24
In the paper by Yashpal Yadav[7], describes how the rotational motion ahead of the
impeller, created by partial bleeding from delivery side to the suction using suitable
arrangements of nozzle units, has allowed the adoption of increased operating discharge
pressures without embarrassingly high net positive suction head (NPSH) requirements.
In the paper by Michalis Dimitrios Mentzos[8], With the aid of computational fluid
dynamics, the complex internal flows in water pump impellers can be well predicted, thus
facilitating the design of pumps. This paper describes the simulation of the flow into the
impeller of an experimental centrifugal pump. The commercial three-dimensional Navier-
Stokes code Fluent, with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model is used to simulate the
problem under examination. In the calculation, the finite-volume method along with a
structured grid system is used for the solution procedure of the discretized governing equations
for this problem. The calculation predicts the flow pattern and the pressure distribution in the
untwisted blade passages and finally the overall performances and the head-capacity curve are
discussed.
In the paper by Baoling Cui[9], to investigate the influence of impeller type on the
performance and inner flow of centrifugal pump, the numerical simulation and experimental
research were carried out on the same centrifugal pump with straight-blade and curved-blade
open impeller. Based on SIMPLEC algorithm, time-averaged N-S equation and the standard k-
ɛ turbulence model, the numerical results are obtained. The pressure distribution in the
different type impellers is uniform, while the low pressure area in straight-blade inlet is larger.
The vortexes in the passage of impeller exist in both cases. Relative to curved-blade impeller,
there are larger vortexes in most of the flow passages except the passage near the tongue in
straight-blade impeller. Also some small backflow regions are found at the blade inlet of two
impellers. The characteristic curves achieved by numerical simulation basically agree with
those by experiment, and straight-blade open impeller centrifugal pump has a better hydraulic
performance.
In the paper by Tahsin Engin[10], Clearance always exists between the rotating impeller
shrouds and the stationary casing covers in shrouded centrifugal pumps, which affects the
pump internal flow and performance. Model tests were conducted for a shrouded centrifugal
pump with back blades on the front shroud, and the performance parameters were obtained for
three different impeller axial positions. Adjusting the impeller axial position can change the
axial size of both the front and back clearances simultaneously. The results show that a tiny
variation of the axial clearance size can substantially change the pump performance. A large
front clearance reduces the pump efficiency and head with little change in the shaft power.
Numerical simulations for a wide range of operating conditions for the three models with
different impeller axial positions using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) with
shear stress transport (SST) k–ω turbulence model agree well with the experimental results.
25
The numerical results show how the clearance flow interferes with the main flow as the axial
clearance is varied. The change in the pump hydraulic efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and
mechanical efficiency was analyzed for various clearances. The hydraulic efficiency is the
lowest one of the three kinds of efficiency and changes dramatically as the flow rate increases;
thus, the hydraulic efficiency plays a decisive role in the pump performance. The volumetric
efficiency is most sensitive to the axial clearance, which obviously decreases as the front
clearance is increased. Therefore, the volumetric efficiency is the key factor for the change of
the gross efficiency as the axial clearance changes. The mechanical loss varies little with
changes in both axial clearance and flow rate so the mechanical efficiency can be regarded as a
constant. The effect of axial clearances on the efficiency of shrouded centrifugal pumps should
be considered to enable more efficient designs.
26
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Conversion of Kinetic Energy to Pressure Energy
The key idea is that the energy created by the centrifugal force is kinetic energy. The
amount of energy given to the liquid is proportional to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of
the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, then the higher will
be the velocity of the liquid at the vane tip and the greater the energy imparted to the liquid.
This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by creating a

resistance to the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that catches
the liquid and slows it down. In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its
velocity is converted to pressure according to Bernoulli’s principle.
Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) developed is approximately

equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller expressed by the following well-
known formula:
Static head pressure

The second force creates the static pressure. If a mass moves radically outward along a
vane of the impeller, its orbit will be a spiral-shaped curve. One can easily calculate its angular
speed. In two dimensions the angular velocity ω is given by
So during its movement the centrifugal force Fc is always present as
27
The centrifugal acceleration increases linearly on the radius of rotation R (variable). In
constant gravitational acceleration g, static pressure of a column of water h is
In the centrifugal acceleration increase linearly from the R1 position to the R2 position
static pressure of a column of water R2 -R1 is
In the case the discharge of the pump is 0, static pressure save its original value. In the
outlet of the pump is open air of static pressure created by the impeller drop to 0 static pressure
transfer all to the dynamic pressure in vector which is highest value.
Head pressure created by straight vanes impeller

Depend on this logic the head pressure created by the straight vane impeller is
The head pressure created by the backward curved vane impeller is
Total pressure difference

The total pressure difference across the pump is calculated on the basis of three
contributions:
where
Δptot = Total pressure difference across the pump [Pa]
Δpstat = Static pressure difference across the pump [Pa]
Δpdyn = Dynamic pressure difference across the pump [Pa]
Δpgeo = Geodetic pressure difference between the pressure sensors [Pa]
28
Dynamic pressure difference
The dynamic pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the pump is found by
the following formula:
In practise, the dynamic pressure and the flow velocity before and after the pump are
not measured during test of pumps. Instead, the dynamic pressure difference can be calculated
if the flow and pipe diameter of the inlet and outlet of the pump are known:
Rotary transfer factor
Fraction rotary angular speed of the flow and rotary angular speed of the impeller call
rotary transfer factor fω=1 for the straight vane impeller fω<1 it variable from 0 to 1 depend on
the discharge of the pump for the backward curved vane impeller
Head pressure created by backward curved vanes impeller
Euler's pump equation
Triangle velocity of a curved backward vanes impeller (a).
29
Triangle velocity of a radial straight vanes impeller (b).
Based on Eq.(1.13) Euler developed the head pressure equation created by the impeller
(1)
(2)
In Eq. (2) the sum of 4 front element number call static pressure, the sum of last 2
element number call velocity pressure look carefully on the Fig 2.2 and the detail equation.
Ht theory head pressure ; g = between 9.78 and 9.82 m/s2 depending on

latitude, conventional standard value of exactly 9.80665 m/s2 barycentric gravitational
acceleration
u2=r2.ω the peripheral circumferential velocity vector
u1=r1.ω the inlet circumferential velocity vector
ω=2π.n angular velocity
w1 inlet relative velocity vector
w2 outlet relative velocity vector
c1 inlet absolute velocity vector
c2 outlet absolute velocity vector
Triangle velocity
The color triangle formed by velocity vector u,c,w called "velocity triangle". This is an
important role in old academic, this rule was helpful to detail Eq.(1) become Eq.(2) and wide
explained how the pump works.
30
Triangle velocity of forward curved vanes impeller ; Fig 2.3 (b) shows triangle velocity
of radial straight vanes impeller. It illustrates rather clearly energy added to the flow (shown in
vector c) inversely change upon flow rate Q (shown in vector c m).
Efficiency factor
Where:
Is the mechanics input power required (W)

Is the fluid density (kg/m3)
Is the standard acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m/s2)
is the energy Head added to the flow (m)
is the flow rate (m3/s)
is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decimal
The head added by the pump ( ) is a sum of the static lift, the head loss due to friction
and any losses due to valves or pipe bends all expressed in meters of fluid. Power is more
commonly expressed as kilowatts (103 W, kW) or horsepower (hp = kW*0.746). The value for
the pump efficiency, , may be stated for the pump itself or as a combined efficiency of
the pump and motor system.
3.1 CALCULATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Diameter of suction pipe d = 80 mm
Diameter of delivery pipe D= 80mm
Impeller inlet width b= 11 mm
Total head H= 14m
Mean height = 25m
Power P = 3HP = 2.2371 KW
Gravity g = 9.81m2/sec
31
Pump speed n = 1800 rpm
Density of liquid 𝞺 = 1000 kg/m3
Discharge = 10.4 l/ sec = 0.01407 m3 /sec
Diameter of impeller D1 = 60𝑘√2𝑔𝐻𝑚

3.14∗𝑛
60∗1∗√2∗9.81∗25
=
3.14∗1800
=129.58mm
Efficiency 𝜂 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
𝑃
1000∗9.81∗0.01407∗14
=
2.2371∗1000
= 86.38 %
Maximum flow rate Qn = π DbV
=3.14x80x11x188.49
=0.52 m3/sec
𝑃∗60
Torque T =
2∗3.141∗𝑛
2.2371∗1000∗60
=
2∗3.14∗188.49
=113.71 N-mm
Vane inlet velocity V m = Km√2𝑔𝐻
=1x√2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 14
=16.5734 m/sec
Inlet peripheral velocity U = 𝜋𝐷𝑁

60
3.14∗129.58∗1800
=
60
=12206.436 mm/sec
32
=12.206436 m/sec
Diameter of shaft = 16∗𝑇 (Ss = 24.5 MPa)

𝜋𝑆𝑠
16∗113.39
=
3.14∗24.5
=23.6495 mm
33
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO CAD
In general, a Computer Aided Design (CAD) package has three components: a) Design,
b) Analysis, and c) Visualization, as shown in the sketch. A brief description of these
components follows.
a) Design: Design refers to geometric modeling, i.e., 2-D and 3-D modeling, including,
drafting, part creation, creation of drawings with various views of the part, assemblies of the
parts, etc.
b) Analysis: Analysis refers to finite element analysis, optimization, and other number
crunching engineering analyses. In general, a geometric model is first created and then the
model is analyzed for loads, stresses, moment of inertia, and volume, etc.
c) Visualization: Visualization refers to computer graphics, which includes: rendering

a model, creation of pie charts, contour plots, shading a model, sizing, animation, etc.
Most commercial CAD packages (software) consist of only a single component: design
or analysis or visualization. However, a few of the vendors have developed an integrated
package that includes not only these three areas, but also includes the manufacturing software
(CAM). Due to the large storage requirement, integrated packages use either an UNIX
workstation or a mainframe platform, and not the popular PC platform. With the improvement
34
in PC computing speed, it’s only a matter of time before we see an integrated package run on a
PC. CAD has revolutionized the modern engineering practice; small and large companies use it
alike, spending several billion dollars for the initial purchase or lease alone. CAD related jobs
are high in demand and the new graduates have advantage over their senior colleagues, as they
are more up to date and more productive.
The concept of CAD and CAM is relatively new. The usage is linked with the
development of computers. The actual application of CAD/CAM in industry, academia and
government is only approximately 30 years old. Formal courses in CAD and Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) were introduced in 1970’s. The major application thrust of CAD came in
1980’s, with the availability of PCs and workstations. In its early stage of usage, very few
engineering companies could afford the expense of mainframe computers; however, PCs and
workstations have evolved into affordable and adequate platform to support comprehensive
CAD packages that initially were designed to run on the mainframe platform. A brief history
of the evolution of CAD/CAM, according to the decade and the major CAD/CAM
developments, is outlined below.
1960’s
• Development in Interactive computer graphics research
• Sketchpad system developed by Ivan Sutherland in 1962
• CAD term coined
• First major commercial CAD/CAM software available: CADAM by Lockheed,
1965
• Bell Telephone’s - Graphics 1 remote display system developed
1970’s
• Application of CAM in government, industry and academia
• National organization formed • Beginning of usage of computer graphics
• Turnkey system available for drafting
• Wireframe and surface modeling software became available
35
• Mass property calculation and FEA software became available
• NC tape generating, verification, and integrated circuit software became available
1980’s
• CAD/CAM used for engineering research and development
• New CAD/CAM theories and algorithms developed
• Integration of CAD/CAM • Solid modeling software became available
• Use of PCs and workstation began
1990’s
• Concept of concurrent engineering developed
• Increased use of CAD/CAM on PCs and worksations
• Improvements in hardware and software Lecture Notes © by R. B. Agarwal Computer Aided

Design
Mechanical Engineering Applications of CAD
Following is a brief description of the applications of CAD in mechanical engineering.
• Two Dimensional Drafting: This is the most common use of a CAD package. 2-D drawings
are used for manufacturing a product.
• Report Generating: To generate reports and bill of materials. Spreadsheets and word-
processors can be linked to provide a report writing facility.
• 3-D Modeling: To create the wireframe, surface and solid models. The 3-D models are for
concept verification, manufacturing, FEA, etc.
• Finite Element Analysis: FEA package is used for pre-processing, analysis, and post-
analysis of structures. For this application, a CAD package contains both the modeling and
analysis modules.
36
• Manufacturing: manufacturing software is usually called CAM, and contains CAD software
as one of the components. CAM software provides capabilities of carrying out 2 and 3-axes
machining.
INTRODUCTION TO CREO
The flagship application in the PTC Creo Suite, PTC Creo Parametric is the only software you
need for 3D CAD. With PTC Creo Parametric, you can seamlessly combine parametric and
direct modeling; open non-native CAD data and collaborate with almost anyone thanks to
Unite technology; and relax knowing all downstream deliverables will update automatically.
Combine this range of capabilities with ease-of use, and you have a product design accelerator.
3D CAD
From the comprehensive capabilities of PTC Creo Parametric to applications specializing in

direct modeling, PTC Creo has what you need. Whether you need speed and flexibility to meet
a deadline, or are in the initial stages of concept design, direct modeling lets you work with
geometry quickly and easily.
PTC Creo Parametric: Design your entire product using both parametric and direct modeling
PTC Creo Direct: Interact directly with geometry. Suitable for infrequent CAD users.
PTC Creo Options Modeler: Easily create variants of configurable products
PTC Creo Elements/Direct Modeling: Comprehensive direct modeling capabilities
2D CAD
PTC Creo Sketch: Use this free download to capture initial ideas
PTC Creo Layout: Leverage 2D data to produce 3D models that accurately reflect design
intent
PTC Creo Schematics: Create 2D schematic designs of routed systems
PTC Creo Elements/Direct Drafting: Meets the 2D needs of designers and engineers
37
Simulation
Simulate early and often with software that’s easy to set up, use, and run. Now you can resolve
basic design issues in engineering before handing off your product to Analysis.
Visualization
Now colleagues can see your design in the file format that suits them, so design reviews are
more productive and data can be reused. Fewer, better prototypes mean faster design cycles
and more money in your budget.
PTC Creo View MCAD: Intuitive viewer allows non-CAD users to see your design
PTC Creo View ECAD: Allows the entire team to see PCB-related designs
PTC Creo Illustrate: Create powerful 3D interactive technical illustrations
PTC Creo View Mobile: Use your iPad or iPhone to see models created in PTC Creo View.
PTC Creo can help by giving you powerful tools all within one environment as well as choice
and flexibility in how you use them.
The main modules are
Part Design
Assembly
Drawing
38
4.1 3D MODEL OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
ORIGINAL MODEL
Impeller
2-d sketch 3-d part
Sweep profile of blade
39
Six blades to the impeller
Shaping of blades
40
Final part of impeller
Eye of impeller
2-d sketch 3-d part
41
Final assembly
MODIFIED MODEL
Impeller
Sweep profile
42
Number of blades is increased
Final assembly
43
CHAPTER 5
INTRODUCTION TO FEA
Finite Element Analysis is a mathematical representation of a physical system

comprising a part/assembly (model), material properties, and applicable boundary conditions
{collectively referred to as pre-processing}, the solution of that mathematical representation
{solving}, and the study of results of that solution {post-processing}. Simple shapes and
simple problems can be, and often are, done by hand. Most real world parts and assemblies are
far too complex to do accurately, let alone quickly, without use of a computer and appropriate
analysis software.
Pre-Processing
To do this, FEA software typically uses a CAD representation of the physical model
and breaks it down into small pieces called finite “elements” (think of a 3-D puzzle). This
process is called “meshing.” The higher the quality of the mesh (collection of elements), the
better the mathematical representation of the physical model. The primary purpose of an
element is to connect nodes with predictable mathematical equations based on stiffness
between nodes; the type of element used often depends upon the problem to be solved. The
behavior of each element, by itself, is very well understood. By combining the behaviors of
each element using simultaneous equations, one can predict the behavior of shapes that would
otherwise not be understood using basic “closed form” calculations found in typical
engineering handbooks.
Solution
While the pre-processing and post-processing phases of the finite element method are
interactive and time-consuming for the analyst, the solution is often a batch process, and is
demanding of computer resource. The governing equations are assembled into matrix form and
are solved numerically. The assembly process depends not only on the type of analysis (e.g.
static or dynamic), but also on the model's element types and properties, material properties
and boundary conditions.
44
In the case of a linear static structural analysis, the assembled equation is of the form
Kd = r, where K is the system stiffness matrix, d is the nodal degree of freedom (dof)
displacement vector, and r is the applied nodal load vector. To appreciate this equation, one
must begin with the underlying elasticity theory. The strain-displacement relation may be
introduced into the stress-strain relation to express stress in terms of displacement. Under the
assumption of compatibility, the differential equations of equilibrium in concert with the
boundary conditions then determine a unique displacement field solution, which in turn
determines the strain and stress fields. The chances of directly solving these equations are slim
to none for anything but the most trivial geometries, hence the need for approximate numerical
techniques presents itself.
Dynamic analysis for too many analysts means normal modes. Knowledge of the
natural frequencies and mode shapes of a design may be enough in the case of a single-
frequency vibration of an existing product or prototype, with FEA being used to investigate the
effects of mass, stiffness and damping modifications. When investigating a future product, or
an existing design with multiple modes excited, forced response modeling should be used to
apply the expected transient or frequency environment to estimate the displacement and even
dynamic stress at each time step.
FEA basically solves F= Kx {F}=[K]{x} or P= Ma+Bv+Kx for dynamics.
Post-Processing (Interpretation Of Results)
The output of a solver is generally a very substantial quantity of raw data. This quantity
of raw data would normally be difficult and tedious to interpret without the data sorting and
graphical representation referred to as post-processing. Post-processing is used to create
graphical displays that show the distribution of stresses, strains, deformations, temperatures,
and other aspects of the model. Interpretation of these post-processed results is the key to
identifying areas of potential concern (weak areas in a model), areas of material waste (areas of
the model bearing little or no load), or valuable information on other model performance
characteristics (thermal, modal) that otherwise would not be known until a physical model
were built and tested {prototype}.
45
INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS
ANSYS Workbench in and of itself is not a product, rather it is a product development

platform and user GUI built for analysis needs with the objective of providing elegant next
generation functionality and intelligent automation to the engineering community. Workbench
can be thought of as a “kernel” from which applications are built in a way similar to how solid
modeling kernels such as ACIS or Parasolid are used.
ANSYS Workbench Simulation is the primary application module used in the

Workbench environment and it is available in several product configurations. DesignSpace
V6.0 was the first product built and delivered using Workbench technology in September of
2001. Today, the Workbench Simulation module can invoke any product license available
from ANSYS
DesignSpace through ANSYS Multiphysics; the higher the license level the more
analysis capability exposed. The term “Workbench Simulation” is used throughout this
document and will typically reference the product DesignSpace but may also reference
functionality only available when using an ANSYS Professional or higher-level license.
While other ANSYS Workbench product modules are available (DesignXplorer,

DesignModeler, FE Modeler), this document will focus only on the Simulation module,
regardless of license level used.
ANSYS Workbench Simulation Meshing
ANSYS Workbench Simulation provides 2 forms of automated meshing: Fully

automatic and Manually Directed Automatic. Both forms employ a fault-tolerant philosophy
meaning that, if a problem occurs, at least 12 attempts of automatic trouble-shooting are made
before the mesher fails and tags the area of difficulty with a label. Manually directed means
that the user may specify meshing overrides on specific areas of a part (edge(s), face(s)) or the
baseline mesh density on entire parts that differ from other parts within the assembly, either for
accuracy or efficiency purposes. These changes remain associative.
46
Workbench Simulation Material Data
Structural and thermal material data are defined, modified, and used in Workbench
Simulation for structural and thermal analyses. Material properties include Young's modulus,
Poisson's ratio, density, coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. The latter
quantity, conductivity, can be temperature-dependent.
Workbench Simulation Convection Data
Temperature-dependent film coefficients are defined, modified, and used in Workbench

Simulation for thermal analysis. Many categories of film coefficients can be devised to take
into account laminar, turbulent, forced, and natural convection conditions, as well as various
geometric configurations.
Workbench Simulation Fatigue Material Data
Materials in the Workbench Simulation material library may include a fatigue stress-
life curve populated with data from engineering handbooks. Fatigue data has been pre-
populated for the Structural Steel and Aluminum Alloy material data files from the MIL-SPEC
handbook (MIL-HDBK-5H) (http://analyst.gsfc.nasa.gov/FEMCI/links.html). Since material
data is crucial to accurate fatigue results, Workbench Simulation readily allows the input of
this information to new or existing materials by hand or through load history files. The Fatigue
Tool will then use the information in the stress-life curves for each material in the model when
calculating life, damage, safety factors, etc.
Workbench Simulation Pre-Processing Extensions
Many additional pre-processing capabilities can be realized by using the ANSYS

Preprocessing Command Builder in which the user has greatly expanded capabilities to modify
the analysis. APDL commands can also be added to the command stream to extend capabilities
even further. The ANSYS Preprocessing Command Builder is enabled in Workbench
Simulation when using an ANSYS Professional or higher-level license.
More sophisticated analysis types such as fluid flow, Micro Electro-Mechanical

Systems (MEMS), and transient (time dependent) have many additional environmental and
47
material property considerations, which require additional expertise to properly employ and are
beyond the scope of discussion here.
ANSYS Workbench Solving
ANSYS Workbench employs 3 of the ANSYS solvers and automatically chooses the
most appropriate or efficient solver for the job at hand. In addition to linear/static, ANSYS
Workbench performs Coupled analysis types (thermal-stress, stress-modal, thermal-stress
modal) as well as some limited non-linear analysis types (thermal with temperature-dependent
material properties and convection, geometric/contact with contact supporting lift-off). All
solver settings and iteration propagations from one solve step to the next are performed
automatically.
ANSYS Workbench Post-Processing
A select set of results is available for the user to view and interrogate. The set of results
include fundamental stress, strain, deformation, thermal, shape optimization, mode shape, and
fatigue.
Interrogation involves several options:
· Scoping: Isolating parts from an assembly, or faces from a part and displaying results only on
those areas.
· Slicing: Drawing a slice plane through any results figure then rotating the model so that the
slice can be seen. Multiple slices through any one figure are allowed, as is the ability to drag a
slice through the part.
· Probe: Dynamically display the results at cursor tip. Left mouse button allows for “probe
tags” of results to be displayed on the model.
· Interactive Legend: Allows user to dynamically change color bands for results display.
· Deformed Shape: Several settings from undeformed to 5:1 automatic factor deformation.
The automatic factor is calculated to ensure a visible deformation in the displayed model,
whether the factor is 0.01 or 100.
48
Many additional post-processing plots may be obtained using the ANSYS
Postprocessing Command Builder in which POST1 results are made available. APDL
commands can also be added to the command stream to embed any other desired graph, output,
or POST26 results. The ANSYS Postprocessing Command Builder is enabled in Workbench
Simulation when using an ANSYS Professional or higher-level license.
General Types of Engineering Analysis
Structural analysis will be either linear or non-linear. Linear model analysis assumes that
the material does not plastically deform (permanent deformation). Non-linear models consist
of separating contact conditions (contact with lift-off), when stressing material past its elastic
capabilities into the plastic range, or bending greater than 10% of model length (large
deformation). At this point, material properties change and stresses in the material will vary
with the amount of deformation. Vibrational analysis is used to test a model for its natural,
resonant frequencies (to avoid a rattling muffler during idle conditions, or other failure such as
happened with the Tacoma Narrows bridge) random vibrations, shock, and impact. Each of
these incidences may act on the natural vibrational frequency of the model, which, in turn, may
cause resonance and subsequent failure.
Fatigue analysis helps designers to predict the life of a model by showing the effects of
cyclic loading on the part/assembly. Fatigue is responsible for approximately 80% of all
structural failures.
Heat Transfer analysis shows the conductivity or thermal properties of the model. This
may be either steady state or transient transfer. Steady -state transfer refers to constant thermal
properties that yield linear heat diffusion and where time is not a factor in either the loading of
thermal properties or in reading results at various time increments. Non-linear will usually
involve time, radiation, and/or changing thermal properties in the material or through
convection.
Shape optimization considers the physical load paths through a model and categorizes
elements into 3 load-bearing levels: Significant, Marginal, and Low. If an element carries
significant load, it will not be considered for identification for material removal. Shape
optimization is not based on stress results, though it is analogous to some degree: areas of high
49
stress are likely significant load bearing elements and will not be identified for possible
removal. Results are purely visual and conceptual giving the user intuitive clues on where
material may be reduced in the model through use of his CAD system. Workbench Simulation
does not perform the actual material removal. Modified models should still be run through
Stress analysis for verification.
Vibration analysis consists of several types: fundamental or natural frequencies, with or

without pre-stressing forced vibration, noise-vibration-harshness or randomly induced
vibration such as would be experienced in an earthquake. Workbench Simulation helps
determine if a part or structure is susceptible to environmental vibrations, as with might be
experienced with rotating equipment or other induced vibrations (picture an opera singer
breaking a glass, or the Tacoma Narrows bridge collapse).
Harmonic analysis is used to determine the steady-state response of a linear structure to

loads that vary sinusoidally (harmonically) with time. The results encompass the structure’s
response at several frequencies and provide graphs or animations of a response quantity, such
as displacement versus frequency. Harmonic analysis is supported in Workbench Simulation
when using an ANSYS Professional or higher-level license.
50
CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
MATERIAL – STRUCTURAL
STEEL
Open ANSYS>Open work bench 14.5>select static structural >double click on it.
Select engineering data> window will be open in that enter required materialproperties>
update project and return to the project.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR STEEL

Density :7.85g/cc
Youngs modulus: 213GPa

Poisson’s ratio :0.3
51
Select geometry > right click on it >select import geometry> select file>ok
52
Imported model
Select model>right click on it> select edit> window will be open in that select mesh>right
click on it>select generate mesh
Meshed model
53
Select static structural >right click on it >Insert> Displacement> select area> Co-ordinate
system>x-Component=0,y-Component=0,z- Component=0>apply.
Rotational velocity
Deformation
54
Stress
Strain
MATERIAL – ALUMINUM
55
MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR ALUMINIUM
Density: 2.7g/cc
Young’s modulus: 71GPa
Update project and return to the project.
Deformation
56
Stress
Strain
57
MATERIAL – E-GLASS
Select engineering data> window will be open in that enter required material properties>
MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR E-GLASS
Density :-2g/cc
58
Deformation
Stress
59
Strain
60
MATERIAL – CARBON FIBER
MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR CARBON FIBE
Density :1.7g/cc
61
Deformation
Stress
62
Strain
63
MODAL ANALYSIS
MATERIAL – STRUCTURAL STEEL
ANSYS> Work bench 14.5>Double click on Modal.
Right click on Engineering data>edit>apply material properties>return project>Update

project.
Right click on Geometry>Imported Geometry>browse>click on IGS file>Open.
64
Imported model
Right click on Model>Edit>Right click on mesh>sizing>fine>Right click on mesh>generate

mesh.
Meshed model
Right click on Modal>Insert>Displacement>Select faces>apply.
65
Fixed supported
Right click on Solution>Insert>Deformation>Total>Mode1.
Right click on Solution>Insert>Deformation>Total>Mode2…..etc.
Right click on Solution >Solve.
Mode1
66
Mode2
Mode3
67
Mode1
Mode2
68
Mode3
Mode1
69
Mode2
Mode3
70
Mode1
Mode2
71
Mode3
72
MODIFIED MODEL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Imported model
Mesh model
73
Rotational velocity
Deformation
74
Stress
Strain
75
Deformation
Stress
76
Strain
MATERIAL – E GLASS
Deformation
77
Stress
Strain
78
Deformation
Stress
79
Strain
80
MODIFIED DESIGN MODAL ANALYSIS
Imported model
Mesh model
81
Fixed supported
Mode1
82
Mode2
Mode3
83
Mode1
Mode2
84
Mode3
Mode1
85
Mode2
Mode3
86
Mode1
Mode2
87
Mode3
88
CHAPTER 7
RESULTS & TABLES
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ORIGINAL MODEL
CARBON
ALUMINUM E-GLASS
STEEL FIBER
Deformation(mm) 5.0979 5.0669 5.1952 1.987
Stress(MPa) 9.2965 3.2888 2.3685 2.1267
Strain 4.7647e-5 4.7426e-5 4.8558e-5 1.8603e-5
MODIFIED MODEL
CARBON
ALUMINUM E-GLASS
STEEL FIBER
Deformation(mm) 1.9572 1.9454 1.9946 0.36432
Stress(MPa) 7.6091 2.6933 1.9386 1.7419
Strain 3.8305e-5 3.8199e-5 3.9037e-5 7.1602e-6
89
COMPARISON OF DEFORMATION VALUES FOR ORIGINAL
AND MODIFIED FOR ALL MATERIALS
6
DEFORMATION (mm)
5
4
3
original model
2
1 Modified model
0
Steel Aluminum E-glass carbon fiber
MATERIALS
COMPARISON OF STRESS VALUES FOR ORIGINAL AND

MODIFIED FOR ALL MATERIALS
10
8
STRESS (MPa)
4 Orinal model
2 Modified model
0
Steel Aluminum E glass Carbon fiber
MATERIALS
COMPARISON OF STRAIN VALUES FOR ORIGINAL AND

6.00E-05
5.00E-05
4.00E-05
STRAIN
3.00E-05
original model
2.00E-05 Modified model
1.00E-05
0.00E+00
MATERIALS
90
MODAL ANALYSIS ORIGINAL MODEL
CARBON
STEEL ALUMINUM E-GLASS
FIBER
MODE Frequency(Hz) 872.09 882.03 863.88 1412.7

1 Deformation(mm) 57.299 87.398 113.52 106.65

2 Deformation(mm) 54.055 86.043 107.09 105.88

3 Deformation(mm) 56.716 72.161 112.36 86.083
MODIFIED MODEL
CARBON
STEEL ALUMINUM E-GLASS
FIBER

1 Deformation(mm) 50.233 89.775 99.521 116.39
MODE Frequency(Hz) 1343.7 1357.4 1331 2230.5

2 Deformation(mm) 56.738 95.515 112.41 121.98

3 Deformation(mm) 52.794 92.839 104.59 120.19
91
COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY AT MODE1 FOR ORIGINAL
2500
2000
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1500
Original model
1000
Modified model
500
0
MATERIALS
COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY AT MODE2 FOR ORIGINAL

2500
2000
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1500
original model
1000
modified model
500
0
steel aluminum eglass carbon fiber
MATERIALS
92
COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY AT MODE3 FOR ORIGINAL AND
2500
2000
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1500
original model
1000
modified model
500
0
MATERIALS
COMPARISON OF DEFORMATION AT MODE1 FOR

ORIGINAL AND MODIFIED FOR ALL MATERIALS
140
120
DEFORMATION (mm)
100
80
60 Orinal model
Modified model
40
20
0
MATERIALS
93
140
120
DEFORMATION (mm)
100
80
60 original model
modified model
40
20
0
Steel aluminum eglass carbon fiber
MATERIALS

140
120
DEFORMATION (mm)
100
80
60 original model
modified model
40
20
0
MATERIALS
94
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
In this , the original model has 6 number of vanes, it is changed to 10 vanes and also
the trajectory of the teeth profile of the original modle is changed and compared with that of
existing design to improve efficiency. The mono block centrifugal pump impeller is designed
using theoretical calculations. The existing design and the modified design is done in
Pro/Engineer.
Materials used are steel, aluminum and composite materials E – Glass and Carbon
Fiber. Structural analysis, modal analysis is performed on both existing and modified design.
By observing the structural analysis results, the displacement, stress are less for
modified model than original model and they are less for Carbon Fiber.
By observing the modal analysis results, the frequency and deformation values are
more for modified model than original model, so the vibrations of the pump increases for the
modified model. When comparing for materials, they are less for E – Glass.
FUTURE SCOPE
The main advantage of using composite materials is their high strength to weight ratio.
In this thesis, use of composite materials for centrifugal pump is better when checked
analytically. But analytically only some properties of the materials are considered so more
experiments need to be done for using composite materials considering more properties and
also practical operating conditions.
95
CHAPTER 9
REFERENCES
1. Parametric Study of a Centrifugal Pump Impeller by Varying the Outlet Blade Angle
by E.C. Bacharoudis, A.E. Filios, M.D. Mentzos and D.P. Margaris, The Open
Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2008, 2, 75-83
2. The Internal Flow Investigation of a Centrifugal Pump by Akhras, M. El Hajem, R.
Morel, J.Y. Champagne
3. Experimental Study on Centrifugal Pump to Determine the Effect of Radial Clearance
on Pressure Pulsations, Vibrations and Noise by Amit Suhane (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-
9622, Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1823-1829
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8. CFD predictions of flow through a centrifugal pump impeller by Michalis Dimitrios
Mentzos, Andronikos Filios, Dionissios P. Margaris, Dimitrios G. Papanikas, 1st
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9. Research on performance of centrifugal pump with different-type open impeller,
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A

MAIN PROJECT REPORT

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF HEAT PUMP

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

We express our deep sense of heartfelt thanks to Mr. A. ANJANEYULU, head of

department of Mechanical Engineering of this institute affiliated to JNTU-HYDERABAD for

7.2 MODEL ANALYSIS 96

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

Lobe pump internals

Positive displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive displacement types

Rotary positive displacement pumps

Rotary vane pump

Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into three main types:

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps

Simple hand pump

Typical reciprocating pumps are:

Radial piston pumps

Rotary lobe pump

WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Use of the Casing

4) Propeller – Used for pumping high volumes of water at low heads

6) Closed Channel Impeller – Used for pumping sewage and wastewater

8) Semi-Open Impeller – Used for trash and debris laden liquids

Coupling and drive

1. Small in size, space saving & less capital costs

1. Pump gland & bearing damage due to overheating

Agricultural, Municipal, and Recreational

Automotive, OEM, and General Manufacturing

Mining, Pulp and Paper and Power Generation

 Flow rate ranges between 20 to 750,000 lpm

 Total head (pressure) ranges between 0.3 to 215 Bar

 Horsepower ranges between 0.3 and 4,500 hp

USE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

To provide a hot-water circulating service. Hot-water circulating pumps are centrifugal.

In the paper by M. W Johnson[5], three-dimensional flow, leading to the formation and

Conversion of Kinetic Energy to Pressure Energy

This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by creating a

Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) developed is approximately

Static head pressure

So during its movement the centrifugal force Fc is always present as

Head pressure created by straight vanes impeller

The head pressure created by the backward curved vane impeller is

Total pressure difference

Δpgeo = Geodetic pressure difference between the pressure sensors [Pa]

Rotary transfer factor

Head pressure created by backward curved vanes impeller

Euler's pump equation

Triangle velocity of a curved backward vanes impeller (a).

Ht theory head pressure ; g = between 9.78 and 9.82 m/s2 depending on

u2=r2.ω the peripheral circumferential velocity vector

u1=r1.ω the inlet circumferential velocity vector

ω=2π.n angular velocity

w1 inlet relative velocity vector

w2 outlet relative velocity vector

c1 inlet absolute velocity vector

c2 outlet absolute velocity vector

Is the mechanics input power required (W)

SPECIFICATIONS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP