Designation: E 18 – 00

Standard Test Methods for

Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of
Metallic Materials1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 18; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope B 19 Specification for Cartridge Brass Sheet, Strip, Plate,

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Bar, and Disks (Blanks)4
Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of B 36/B36 M Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, and
metallic materials, including test methods for the verification Rolled Bar4
of machines for Rockwell hardness testing (Part B) and the B 96 Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet,
calibration of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C). Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes and Pressure
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as Vessels4
the standard. SI units are provided for information only. B 97 Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes5
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the B 103/B 103 M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar4
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- B 121/B 121 M Specification for Leaded Brass Plate,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Note 5.) Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar4
B 122/B 122 M Specification for Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloy,
NOTE 1—The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver), and Copper-
maintains the national Rockwell hardness standards for the United States.
Nickel Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar4
In June 1998, NIST released new Rockwell C scale (HRC) test blocks as
Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The blocks were calibrated using B 130 Specification for Commercial Bronze Strip for Bullet
NIST’s primary reference standardizing machine. The major benefit of the Jackets4
NIST standards is that their HRC levels are in line with the other B 134 Specification for Brass Wire4
industrialized countries around the world. The NIST HRC levels establish B 152 Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and
the hardness of materials slightly harder than the historical standards used Rolled Bar4
in the United States for the past 75 years. The revision of E 18 requires B 291 Specification for Copper-Zinc-Manganese Alloy
that all performance verifications of Rockwell hardness indenters and
hardness machines must be made using test blocks calibrated traceable to
(Manganese Brass) Sheet and Strip4
the Rockwell standards maintained by NIST. This can be accomplished B 370 Specification for Copper Sheet and Strip for Building
through the use of commercial test blocks calibrated traceable to the NIST Construction4
standards or by directly using the NIST SRMs. This requirement will E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines6
apply only to the Rockwell scale(s) for which NIST supplies primary E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
reference test blocks Determine Conformance with Specifications7
2. Referenced Documents E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals6
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3. Terminology
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing 3.1 Definitions:
of Steel Products3 3.1.1 calibration—determination of the values of the sig-
nificant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a
reference instrument or by a set of reference standards.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-28 on 3.1.2 Rockwell hardness number, HR—a number derived
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on from the net increase in the depth of indentation as the force on
Indentation Hardness Testing.
Current edition approved May 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally
published as E 18 – 32 T. Last previous edition E 18 – 98.
2 4
In this test method, the term Rockwell refers to an internationally recognized Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.
5
type of indentation hardness test as defined in Section 3, and not to the hardness Discontinued, see 1981 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 6.
6
testing equipment of a particular manufacturer. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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an indenter is increased from a specified preliminary test force 3.1.5 verification—checking or testing to assure conform-
to a specified total test force and then returned to the prelimi- ance with the specification.
nary test force.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Indenters—Indenters for the Rockwell 4. Significance and Use
hardness test include a diamond spheroconical indenter and
steel ball indenters of several specified diameters. 4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation
3.1.2.2 Discussion—Rockwell hardness numbers are al- hardness test. Rockwell hardness tests provide useful informa-
ways quoted with a scale symbol representing the indenter and tion about metallic materials. This information may correlate to
forces used. The hardness number is followed by the symbol tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical
HR and the scale designation. characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in
3.1.2.3 Examples—64 HRC = Rockwell hardness number quality control and selection of materials.
of 64 on Rockwell C scale. 81 HR30N = Rockwell superficial 4.2 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part
hardness number of 81 on Rockwell 30N scale. may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part
3.1.3 Rockwell hardness test—an indentation hardness test or end product.
using a verified machine to force a diamond spheroconical 4.3 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for
indenter (diamond indenter), or hard steel ball indenter under acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been
specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test used extensively in industry for this purpose.
in two operations, and to measure the difference in depth of the
indentation under the specified conditions of preliminary and 4.4 Performance verifications of Rockwell hardness indent-
total test forces (minor and major loads, respectively). ers and hardness machines shall be made using test blocks
3.1.4 Rockwell superficial hardness test—same as the Rock- calibrated traceable to the Rockwell standards maintained by
well hardness test except that smaller preliminary and total test NIST when primary reference test blocks are available from
forces are used. NIST for the specific Rockwell scale.

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR ROCKWELL HARDNESS AND ROCKWELL
SUPERFICIAL HARDNESS TESTS

5. Principles of Test and Apparatus

5.1 General Principles—The general principles of the
Rockwell hardness test are illustrated in Fig. 1 (diamond
indenter) and Fig. 2 (ball indenters) and the accompanying
Table 1 and Table 2. In the case of the Rockwell superficial test
the general principles are illustrated in Fig. 3 (diamond
indenter) and Fig. 4 (ball indenter) and the accompanying
Table 3 and Table 4.
5.1.1 See Equipment Manufacturer’s Instruction Manual
for a description of the machine’s characteristics, limitations,
and respective operating procedures. Typical applications of
the various hardness scales are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
Rockwell hardness values are usually determined and reported
in accordance with one of these standard scales. An indenter FIG. 2 Rockwell Hardness Test with Steel Ball Indenter (Rockwell
B Example) (Table 2)

(diamond cone or steel ball) is forced into the surface of a test

piece in two steps under specified conditions (see Section 7)
and the difference in depth of indentation is measured as e.
5.1.2 The unit measurement for e is 0.002 mm and 0.001
mm for the Rockwell hardness test and Rockwell superficial
hardness test, respectively. From the value of e, a number
known as the Rockwell hardness is derived. There is no
Rockwell hardness value designated by a number alone be-
cause it is necessary to indicate which indenter and force have
been employed in making the test (see Table 5 and Table 6).
5.2 Description of Machine and Method of Test—The tester
for making Rockwell hardness determinations is a machine that
FIG. 1 Rockwell Hardness Test with Diamond Indenter measures hardness by determining the difference in penetration
(Rockwell C Example) (Table 1) depths of an indenter under two specified forces, called

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TABLE 1 Symbols and Designations Associated with Fig. 3
Number Symbol Designation
1 ... Angle at the top of the diamond indenter (120°)
2 ... Radius of curvature at the tip of the cone (0.200
mm)
3 P0 Preliminary Test Force = 10 kgf (98 N)
4 P1 Additional Force = 140 kgf (1373 N)
5 P Total Test Force = P0 + P1 = 10 + 140 = 150 kgf
(1471 N)
6 ... Depth of penetration under preliminary test force
before application of additional force
7 ... Increase in depth of penetration under additional
force
8 e Permanent increase in depth of penetration under
preliminary test force after removal of additional
force, the increase being expressed in units of
0.002 mm
9 xx HRC Rockwell C hardness = 100 − e FIG. 4 Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test with Steel Ball
Indenter (Rockwell 30T Example) (Table 4)

TABLE 2 Symbols and Designations Associated with Fig. 2 TABLE 3 Symbols and Designations Associated with Fig. 3
Number Symbol Designation Number Symbol Designation

1 D Diameter of ball = 1⁄16 in. (1.588 mm) 1 ... Angle at the tip of the diamond indenter (120°)
3 P0 Preliminary Test Force = 10 kgf (98 N) 2 ... Radius of curvature at the tip of the cone (0.200
4 P1 Additional force = 90 kgf (883 N) mm)
5 P Total Test Force = P0 + P1 = 10 + 90 = 100 kgf (981 3 P0 Preliminary Test Force = 3 kgf (29 N)
N) 4 P1 Additional force = 27 kgf (265 N)
6 ... Depth of penetration under preliminary test force 5 P Total Test Force = P0 + P1 = 3 + 27 = 30 kgf (294 N)
before application of additional force 6 ... Depth of penetration under preliminary test force
7 ... Increase in depth of penetration under additional before application of additional force
force 7 ... Increase in depth of penetration under additional
8 e Permanent increase in depth of penetration under force
preliminary test force after removal of the additional 8 e Permanent increase in depth of penetration under
force, the increase being expressed in units of preliminary test force after removal of additional
0.002 mm force, the increase being expressed in units of
9 xx HRB Rockwell B hardness = 130 − e 0.001 mm
9 xx HR30N Rockwell 30N hardness = 100 − e

TABLE 4 Symbols and Designations Associated with Fig. 4

Number Symbol Designation
1 D Diameter of ball = 1⁄16 in. (1.588 mm)
3 P0 Preliminary Test Force = 3 kgf (29 N)
4 P1 Additional force = 27 kgf (265 N)
5 P Total Test Force = P0 + P1 = 3 + 27 = 30 kgf (294 N)
6 ... Depth of penetration under preliminary test force
before application of additional force
7 ... Increase in depth of penetration under additional
force
8 e Permanent increase in depth of penetration under
preliminary test force after removal of the additional
force, the increase being expressed in units of 0.001
mm
9 XXHR30T Rockwell 30T hardness = 100-e
FIG. 3 Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test with Diamond Indenter
(Rockwell 30N Example) (Table 3)
electronic device or by a dial indicator. The hardness value, as
preliminary and total test forces. read from the instrument, is an arbitrary number which is
5.2.1 There are two general classifications of the Rockwell related to the difference in the depths produced by the two
test: the Rockwell hardness test and the Rockwell superficial forces; and since the scales are reversed, the higher the number
hardness test. the harder the material.
5.2.2 In the Rockwell hardness test the preliminary test 5.2.4 In accordance with the operating procedures recom-
force is 10 kgf (98 N). Total test forces are 60 kgf (589 N), 100 mended by the manufacturer of the hardness tester, the test is
kgf (981 N) and 150 kgf (1471 N). In the Rockwell superficial started by applying the preliminary test force causing an initial
hardness test the preliminary test force is 3 kgf (29 N) and total penetration of the specimen. Since measurement of the differ-
test forces are 15 kgf (147 N), 30 kgf (294 N), and 45 kgf (441 ence in depth starts after the preliminary force has been
N). The indenter for either test shall be of a spheroconical or applied, the dial gage pointer is set to zero if the instrument is
spherical configuration. Scales vary by a combination of total a dial indicator model. On a digital readout instrument, the zero
test force and type of indenter. point is captured by the electronics automatically. The instru-
5.2.3 The difference in depth is normally measured by an ment shall be designed to eliminate the effect of impact in

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TABLE 5 Rockwell Hardness Scales
Scale Total Test Dial
Indenter Typical Applications of Scales
Symbol Force, kgf Figures
B ⁄ -in. (1.588-mm) ball
1 16 100 red Copper alloys, soft steels, aluminum alloys, malleable iron, etc.
C diamond 150 black Steel, hard cast irons, pearlitic malleable iron, titanium, deep case hardened steel, and other
materials harder than B100.
A diamond 60 black Cemented carbides, thin steel, and shallow case-hardened steel.
D diamond 100 black Thin steel and medium case hardened steel, and pearlitic malleable iron.
E 1⁄8-in. (3.175-mm) ball 100 red Cast iron, aluminum and magnesium alloys, bearing metals.
F 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) ball 60 red Annealed copper alloys, thin soft sheet metals.
G 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) ball 150 red Malleable irons, copper-nickel-zinc and cupro-nickel alloys. Upper limit G92 to avoid possible
flattening of ball.
H ⁄ -in.
18 (3.175-mm) ball 60 red Aluminum, zinc, lead.
K ⁄ -in.
18 (3.175-mm) ball 150 red
L 1⁄4-in. (6.350-mm) ball 60 red
M 1⁄4-in. (6.350-mm) ball 100 red } Bearing metals and other very soft or thin materials. Use smallest ball and heaviest load that does
P 1⁄4-in. (6.350-mm) ball 150 red not give anvil effect.
R 1⁄2-in. (12.70-mm) ball 60 red
S 1⁄2-in. (12.70-mm) ball 100 red
V 1⁄2-in. (12.70-mm) ball 150 red

TABLE 6 Rockwell Superficial Hardness Scales

Scale Symbols
Total Test Force,
N Scale, Diamond T Scale, 1⁄16-in. W Scale, 1⁄8-in. X Scale, 1⁄4-in. Y Scale, 1⁄2-in.
kgf (N)
Indenter (1.588-mm) Ball (3.175-mm) Ball (6.350-mm) Ball (12.70-mm) Ball
15 (147) 15N 15T 15W 15X 15Y
30 (294) 30N 30T 30W 30X 30Y
45 (441) 45N 45T 45W 45X 45Y

applying the preliminary test force. 5.4.2 Flat pieces shall be tested on a flat anvil that has a
5.2.5 The additional force is applied for the required dwell smooth, flat bearing surface whose plane is perpendicular to
time and then removed. The return to the preliminary test force the axis of the indenter.
position holds the indenter at the point of deepest penetration 5.4.3 For thin materials or specimens that are not perfectly
yet allows elastic recovery to occur and the stretch of the frame flat, an anvil having an elevated, flat spot about 1⁄4 in. (6 mm)
to be factored out. The test result is displayed by the testing in diameter shall be used. This spot shall be polished smooth
machine. and flat and shall have a Rockwell hardness of at least 60 HRC.
5.3 Indenters: Very soft material should not be tested on the spot anvil
5.3.1 The standard indenters, as have been mentioned in 3.3, because the applied force may cause the penetration of the
are the diamond spheroconical indenter and steel ball indenters anvil into the under side of the specimen regardless of its
1⁄16, 1⁄8, 1⁄4, and 1⁄2 in. (1.588, 3.175, 6.350, and 12.70 mm) in thickness.
diameter. 5.4.4 When testing thin sheet material with a ball indenter,
5.3.2 The diamond indenter shall conform to the require- it is recommended that a diamond spot anvil be used.
ments prescribed in 13.1.2.1. NOTE 2—Caution: A diamond spot anvil should only be used with a
5.3.3 The steel balls shall conform to the requirements superficial hardness tester and ball indenter. This recommendation should
prescribed in 13.1.2.2. be followed, except when directed otherwise by material specification.
5.3.4 Dust, dirt, grease, and scale shall not be allowed to 5.5 Test Blocks—Test blocks meeting the requirements of
accumulate on the indenter as this will affect the test results. Part C shall be used to periodically verify the hardness tester.
5.4 Anvils—An anvil shall be used that is suitable for the
specimen to be tested. The seating and supporting surfaces of 6. Test Piece
all anvils shall be clean and smooth and shall be free from pits, 6.1 The test shall be carried out on a smooth, even surface
deep scratches, and foreign material. If the provisions of 6.3 on that is free from oxide scale, foreign matter, and, in particular,
thickness of the test piece are complied with, there will be no completely free from lubricants (except for reactive metals,
danger of indenting the anvil, but, if it is so thin that the such as titanium where lubrication such as kerosene is re-
impression shows through on the under side, the anvil may be quired).
damaged. Damage may also occur from accidental contacting 6.2 Preparation shall be carried out in such a way that any
of the anvil by the indenter. If the anvil is damaged from any alteration of the surface hardness (for example, due to heat or
cause, it shall be replaced. Anvils showing the least visible dent cold-working) is minimized.
will give inaccurate results on thin material. 6.3 The thickness of the test piece or of the layer under test
5.4.1 Cylindrical pieces shall be tested with a V-grooved should be as dictated in Tables 7-9, and Table 10 and as
anvil that will support the specimen with the axis of the presented graphically in Figs. 5 and 6. These tables were
V-groove directly under the indenter or on hard, parallel, twin determined from studies on strips of carbon steel and give
cylinders properly positioned and clamped in their base. reliable results. For all other materials it is recommended that

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TABLE 7 A Minimum Thickness Guide for Selection of Scales mens, the accuracy of the test will be seriously affected by
Using the Diamond Indenter (see Fig. 5) alignment of elevating screw, V-anvil, indenters, surface finish,
NOTE 1—For any given thickness, the indicated Rockwell hardness is and the straightness of the cylinder. For diameters between
the minimum value acceptable for testing. For a given hardness, material those given in the tables, correction factors may be derived by
of any greater thickness than that corresponding to that hardness can be linear interpolation. Tests performed on diameters smaller than
tested on the indicated scale. those given in Tables 11-14 are not acceptable.
Rockwell Scale 6.5 Precautions for materials having excessive, time-
Minimum Thickness
A C dependent plasticity (indentation creep): In the case of mate-
Hardness Approximate Hardness rials exhibiting plastic flow after application of the total test
in. mm Dial Reading
Reading C-ScaleA force, the indenter will continue to move. The total test force
0.014 0.36 ... ... ... should be removed after the specified dwell time, and the time
0.016 0.41 86 69 ... recorded after the test results (that is, 65 HRF, 4 s) if longer
0.018 0.46 84 65 ...
0.020 0.51 82 61.5 ... than 3 s. When materials require the use of a dwell time greater
0.022 0.56 79 56 69 than 3 s, this should be specified in the product specification.
0.024 0.61 76 50 67
0.026 0.66 71 41 65 7. Procedure
0.028 0.71 67 32 62
0.030 0.76 60 19 57 7.1 As part of the test procedure, periodic checks shall be
0.032 0.81 ... ... 52 performed. See Section 14 for recommendations.
0.034 0.86 ... ... 45
0.036 0.91 ... ... 37
7.2 The test is normally carried out at ambient temperature
0.038 0.96 ... ... 28 within the limits of 50 to 95°F (10 to 35°C). However, because
0.040 1.02 ... ... 20 temperature variation may affect the results, users of the
A
These approximate hardness numbers are for use in selecting a suitable scale Rockwell test may choose to control the temperature within a
and should not be used as hardness conversions. If necessary to convert test
readings to another scale, refer to Hardness Conversion Tables E 140 (Relation-
tighter range.
ship Between Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell 7.3 The test piece shall be supported rigidly so that no
Superficial Hardness, and Knoop Hardness). effects of displacement occur during the test.
7.4 Bring the indenter into contact with the test surface and
TABLE 8 A Minimum Thickness Guide for Selection of Scales apply the preliminary test force P0 (minor load) of 10 kgf (98
Using the 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) Diameter Ball Indenter (see Fig. 6) N) for the Rockwell hardness test or 3 kgf (29 N) for Rockwell
NOTE 1—For any given thickness, the indicated Rockwell hardness is superficial hardness test in a direction perpendicular to the
the minimum value acceptable for testing. For a given hardness, material surface without shock or vibration. (See Table 15 for tolerances
of any greater thickness than that corresponding to that hardness can be of test forces.) The dwell time for the preliminary test force
tested on the indicated scale. shall not exceed 3 s.
Rockwell Scale 7.5 Establish the reference position (see Manufacturer’s
Minimum Thickness
F B Instruction Manual) and increase the force, without shock or
Approximate vibration, over a period of 1 to 8 s by the value of the additional
Hardness Hardness
in. mm
Reading
Hardness
Reading test force, P1(additional load) needed to obtain the required
B-ScaleA
total test force P for a given hardness scale (see Tables 5 and
0.022 0.56 ... ... ... 6).
0.024 0.61 98 72 94
0.026 0.66 91 60 87 7.6 While maintaining the preliminary test force P0, remove
0.028 0.71 85 49 80 the additional test force P1 in accordance with the following:
0.030 0.76 77 35 71 7.6.1 For materials which, under the conditions of the test,
0.032 0.81 69 21 62
0.034 0.86 ... ... 52 show no time-dependent plasticity, remove P 1 within 3 s after
0.036 0.91 ... ... 40 the total test force is applied.
0.038 0.96 ... ... 28 7.6.2 For materials which, under the conditions of the test,
0.040 1.02 ... ... ...
A
show some time-dependent plasticity, remove P 1 within 5 to 6
These approximate hardness numbers are for use in selecting a suitable scale
and should not be used as hardness conversions. If necessary to convert test
s when using diamond cone indenter and within 6 to 8 s when
readings to another scale refer to Hardness Conversion Tables E 140 (Relation- using steel ball indenter after the application of the total test
ship Between Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell force begins.
Superficial Hardness and Knoop Hardness).
7.6.3 In special cases where the material, under the condi-
tions of the test, shows considerable time-dependent plasticity,
the thickness exceed 10 times the depth of indentation with a remove P1 within 20 to 25 s after the application of the total
diamond indentor and 15 times the depth of indentation with a test force begins.
ball indentor. As a rule, no deformation should be visible on the 7.6.4 When materials require the use of a dwell time greater
back of the test piece after the test although not all such than 3 s, this shall be specified in the product specification, and
marking is indicative of a bad test. the dwell time shall be recorded.
6.4 For tests on convex cylindrical surfaces the corrections 7.7 Throughout the test, the apparatus shall be protected
given in Tables 11-13, and Table 14 shall be applied. Correc- from shock or vibration.
tions for tests on spherical and concave surfaces should be the 7.8 The Rockwell hardness number is derived from the
subject of special agreement. When testing cylindrical speci- differential increase in depth of indentation e and is usually

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TABLE 9 A Minimum Thickness Guide for Selection of Scales Using the Diamond Indenter (see Fig. 5)

NOTE 1—For any given thickness, the indicated Rockwell hardness is the minimum value acceptable for testing. For a given hardness, material of any
greater thickness than that corresponding to that hardness can be tested on the indicated scale
Rockwell Superficial Scale
Minimum Thickness
15N 30N 45N
Approximate Approximate Approximate
Hardness Hardness Hardness
in. mm Hardness Hardness Hardness
Reading Reading Reading
C-ScaleA C-ScaleA C-ScaleA
0.006 0.15 92 65 ... ... . .. ...
0.008 0.20 90 60 ... ... ... ...
0.010 0.25 88 55 ... ... ... ...
0.012 0.30 83 45 82 65 77 69.5
0.014 0.36 76 32 78.5 61 74 67
0.016 0.41 68 18 74 56 72 65
0.018 0.46 ... ... 66 47 68 61
0.020 0.51 ... ... 57 37 63 57
0.022 0.56 ... ... 47 26 58 52.5
0.024 0.61 ... ... ... ... 51 47
0.026 0.66 ... ... ... ... 37 35
0.028 0.71 ... ... ... ... 20 20.5
0.030 0.76 ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
These approximate hardness numbers are for use in selecting a suitable scale, and should not be used as hardness conversions. If necessary to convert test readings
to another scale, refer to Hardness Conversion Tables E 140 (Relationship Between Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell Superficial
Hardness and Knoop Hardness).

TABLE 10 A Minimum Thickness Guide for Selection of Scales Using the 1⁄16 in. (1.588 mm) Diameter Ball Indenter (see Fig. 6)

NOTE 1—For any given thickness, the indicated Rockwell hardness is the minimum value acceptable for testing. For a given hardness, material of any
greater thickness than that corresponding to that hardness can be tested on the indicated scale.
Minimum Rockwell Superficial Scale
Thickness 15T 30T 45T
Approximate Approximate Approximate
Hardness Hardness Hardness
in. mm Hardness Hardness Hardness
Reading Reading Reading
B-ScaleA B-ScaleA B-ScaleA
0.010 0.25 91 93 ... ... ... ...
0.012 0.30 86 78 ... ... ... ...
0.014 0.36 81 62 80 96 ... ...
0.016 0.41 75 44 72 84 71 99
0.018 0.46 68 24 64 71 62 90
0.020 0.51 ... ... 55 58 53 80
0.022 0.56 ... ... 45 43 43 70
0.024 0.61 ... ... 34 28 31 58
0.026 0.66 ... ... ... ... 18 45
0.028 0.71 ... ... ... ... 4 32
0.030 0.76 ... ... ... ... ... ...
A
These approximate hardness numbers are for use in selecting a suitable scale, and should not be used as hardness conversions. If necessary to convert test readings
to another scale refer to Hardness Conversion Tables E 140 (Relationship Between Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell Superficial
Hardness and Knoop Hardness).

read directly. The derivation of the Rockwell hardness number 7.11 Unless otherwise specified, all readings are to be
is illustrated in Figs. 1-4. reported to the nearest whole number, rounding in accordance
7.9 After each change, or removal and replacement, of the with Practice E 29.
indenter or the anvil, it shall be ascertained that the indenter (or
the new anvil) is correctly mounted in its housing. 8. Conversion to Other Hardness Scales or Tensile
7.9.1 The first two readings after an indenter or anvil has Strength Values
been mounted shall be disregarded, and the operation of the 8.1 There is no general method of accurately converting the
machine checked with the appropriate standardized hardness Rockwell hardness numbers on one scale to Rockwell hardness
test block. numbers on another scale, or to other types of hardness
NOTE 3—It is recognized that appropriate standardized test blocks are numbers, or to tensile strength values. Such conversions are, at
not available for all geometric shapes, or materials, or both. best, approximations and, therefore, should be avoided except
7.10 The distance between the center of two adjacent for special cases where a reliable basis for the approximate
indentations shall be at least three times the diameter of the conversion has been obtained by comparison tests.
indentation. NOTE 4—The Standard Hardness Conversion Tables E 140, for Metals,
7.10.1 The distance from the center of any indentation to an give approximate conversion values for specific materials such as steel,
edge of the test piece shall be at least two and a half times the austenitic stainless steel, nickel and high-nickel alloys, cartridge brass,
diameter of the indentation. copper alloys, and alloyed white cast irons.

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NOTE 1—Locate a point corresponding to the thickness-hardness combination to be tested. Only scales falling to the left of this point may be used to
test this combination.
FIG. 5 Thickness Limits for Rockwell Hardness Testing Using the Diamond Indenter

NOTE 5—ASTM Specifications giving approximate hardness-tensile 9.1.2 The time of application of the total test force if greater
strength relationships are listed in Appendix X1. than 3 s.
9. Report
10. Precision and Bias
9.1 The report shall include the following information:
9.1.1 The Rockwell hardness number (see 3.1.2). 10.1 Precision—An interlaboratory test program is now in
9.1.1.1 All reports of Rockwell hardness test readings shall progress. When completed, it will be the basis of a statement
indicate the scale used and also the ambient temperature of test on precision.
if it was outside the 50 to 95°F (10 to 35°C) range (see 7.2). 10.2 Bias—There is no basis for defining the bias for this
Unless otherwise specified, all readings are to be reported to method.
the nearest whole number, rounding to be in accordance with
Practice E 29.

7
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NOTE 1—Locate a point corresponding to the thickness-hardness combination to be tested. Only scales falling to the left of this point may be used to
test this combination.
FIG. 6 Thickness Limits for Rockwell Hardness Testing Using the 1⁄16-in. (1.588-mm) Diameter Ball Indenter

B. VERIFICATION OF MACHINES FOR ROCKWELL HARDNESS AND ROCKWELL SUPERFICIAL

HARDNESS TESTING

11. Scope test method shall be used in referee, laboratory, or routine

testing to assure the operator that the machine for Rockwell
11.1 Part B covers two procedures for the verification of
hardness testing is operating properly (see 13.2).
machines for Rockwell hardness and Rockwell superficial
hardness testing and a procedure which is recommended for 12. General Requirements
use to confirm that the machine is operating satisfactorily in the
12.1 Before a Rockwell hardness testing machine is veri-
intervals between the periodical routine checks made by the fied, it shall be checked to ensure that:
user. The two methods of verification are: 12.1.1 The machine is properly set up.
11.1.1 Separate verification of test force, indenter, and the 12.1.2 The indenter-holder is properly seated in the plunger.
depth measuring device followed by a performance test (13.2). 12.1.3 When the indenter is a steel ball, the holder is fitted
This method shall be used for new and rebuilt machines. with a new ball that complies with 13.1.2.2.
11.1.2 Verification by standardized test block method. This 12.1.4 When the indenter is a diamond indenter, it must be

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TABLE 11 Corrections to Be Added to Rockwell C, A, and D Values Obtained on Convex Cylindrical SurfacesA of Various Diameters
Diameters of Convex Cylindrical Surfaces
Dial ⁄ in.
14 ⁄ in.
38 ⁄ in.
12 5⁄8 in. 3⁄4 in. 7⁄8 in. 1 in. 11⁄4 in. 11⁄2 in.
Reading (6.4 mm) (10 mm) (13 mm) (16 mm) (19 mm) (22 mm) (25 mm) (32 mm) (38 mm)
Corrections to be Added to Rockwell C, A, and D ValuesB
20 6.0 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
25 5.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
30 5.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5
35 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5
40 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5
45 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
50 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
55 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
60 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
65 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
70 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
75 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0
80 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0
85 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
90 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A
When testing cylindrical specimens, the accuracy of the test will be seriously affected by alignment of elevating screw, V-anvil, indenters, surface finish, and the
straightness of the cylinder.
B
These corrections are approximate only and represent the averages to the nearest 0.5 Rockwell number, of numerous actual observations.

TABLE 12 Corrections to Be Added to Rockwell B, F, and G Values Obtained on Convex Cylindrical SurfacesA of Various Diameters
Diameters of Convex Cylindrical Surfaces
Hardness 14⁄ in. ⁄ in.
38 ⁄ in.
12 5⁄8 in. 3⁄4 in. 7⁄8 in. 1 in.
Reading (6.4 mm) (10 mm) (13 mm) (16 mm) (19 mm) (22 mm) (25 mm)
Corrections to be Added to Rockwell B, F, and G ValuesB
0 12.5 8.5 6.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 3.0
10 12.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0
20 11.0 7.5 5.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0
30 10.0 6.5 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.0 2.5
40 9.0 6.0 4.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5
50 8.0 5.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0
60 7.0 5.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0
70 6.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5
80 5.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
90 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0
100 3.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5
A
When testing cylindrical specimens, the accuracy of the test will be seriously affected by alignment of elevating screw, V-anvil, indenters, surface finish, and the
straightness of the cylinder.
B
These corrections are approximate only and represent the averages to the nearest 0.5 Rockwell number, of numerous actual observations.

free from defects which may affect the accuracy of the test (See (b) (b) balancing against a force, accurate to 60.25 %
13.1.2.1). applied by means of standardized masses with mechanical
12.1.5 The test force can be applied and removed without advantage.
shock or vibration and in such a manner that the readings are 13.1.1.3 Three readings shall be taken for each force at each
not influenced. position of the plunger. Immediately before each reading is
12.1.6 The readings are not affected by deformations of the taken, the plunger shall have been moved in the same direction
frame. as during testing.
13. Verification 13.1.1.4 Each measurement of the preliminary test force
before application and after removal of the additional test force
13.1 Direct Verification—Direct verification involves veri- and each measurement of the total force shall be within the
fication of the test force, verification of the indenter, and tolerances given in Table 15.
verification of the measuring device.
13.1.2 Verification of the indenter.
13.1.1 Verification of the Test Force:
13.1.1.1 The preliminary test force P0 and each total test 13.1.2.1 Diamond Indenter:
force P used (see Table 15) shall be measured, and this shall be (a) (a) The diamond indenter shall be free from surface
done at not less than three positions of the plunger uniformly defects (cracks, chips, pits, etc.) and polished to such an extent
spaced throughout its range of movement during testing. that no unpolished part of its surface makes contact with the
13.1.1.2 The forces shall be measured by one of the follow- test piece when the indenter penetrates to a depth of 0.3 mm for
ing two methods described in Practices E 4. Rockwell hardness testing and 0.2 mm for Rockwell superficial
(a) (a) Measuring by means of an elastic proving device hardness testing.
previously calibrated to Class A accuracy of 60.25 %, or (b) (b) The verification of the shape of the indenter can be

9
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TABLE 13 Corrections to Be Added to Rockwell Superficial 15N, 30N, and 45N Values Obtained on Convex Cylindrical Surfaces of
Various DiametersA
Diameters of Convex Cylindrical Surfaces
Hardness 18⁄ in. ⁄ in.
14 3⁄8 in. 1⁄2 in. 3⁄4 in. 1 in.
Reading (3.2 mm) (6.4 mm) (10 mm) (13 mm) (19 mm) (25 mm)
Corrections to be Added to Rockwell Superficial 15N, 30N, and 45N ValuesB
20 6.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
25 5.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0
30 5.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0
35 5.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0
40 4.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0
45 4.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
50 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5
55 3.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5
60 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5
65 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
70 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
75 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
80 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
85 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0
90 0 0 0 0 0 0
A
When testing cylindrical specimens the accuracy of the test will be seriously affected by alignment of elevating screw, V-anvil, indenters, surface finish, and the
straightness of the cylinder.
B
These corrections are approximate only and represent the averages, to the nearest 0.5 Rockwell superficial number, of numerous actual observations.

TABLE 14 Corrections to Be Added to Rockwell Superficial 15T, 30T, and 45T Values Obtained on Convex Cylindrical SurfacesA of
Various Diameters
Diameters of Convex Cylindrical Surfaces
Hardness 18⁄ in. ⁄ in.
14 ⁄ in.
38 1⁄2 in. 5⁄8 in. 3⁄4 in. 1 in.
Reading (3.2 mm) (6.4 mm) (10 mm) (13 mm) (16 mm) (19 mm) (25 mm)
Corrections to be Added to Rockwell Superficial 15T, 30T, and 45T ValuesB
20 13.0 9.0 6.0 4.5 4.5 3.0 2.0
30 11.5 7.5 5.0 3.5 3.5 2.5 2.0
40 10.0 6.5 4.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0
50 8.5 5.5 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
60 6.5 4.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5
70 5.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0
80 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5
90 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
A
When testing cylindrical specimens, the accuracy of the test will be seriously affected by alignment of elevating screw, V-anvil, indenters, surface finish, and the
straightness of the cylinder.
B
These corrections are approximate only and represent the averages, to the nearest 0.5 Rockwell superficial number, of numerous actual observations.

TABLE 15 Tolerances on Applied Forces deviations from a true radius shall not exceed 0.002 mm. The
Load, kgf (N) Tolerance, kgf (N) surfaces of the cone and spherical tip shall blend in a truly
10 (98) 60.20 (61.96) tangential manner.
60 (589) 60.45 (64.41) (f) (f) The hardness values given by the testing machine do
100 (981) 60.65 (64.57)
150 (147) 60.90 (68.83) not depend only on the dimensions given in 13.1.2.1 (c-e), but
3 (29) 60.060 (60.589) also on the surface roughness and the position of the crystal-
15 (147) 60.100 (60.981) lographic axis of the diamond and the seating of the diamond
30 (294) 60.200 (61.961)
45 (441) 60.300 (62.943) in its holder. For this reason, a performance test is considered
necessary. The indenter shall be used in a standardizing
machine in which the test force applied and the measuring
device can be verified by fundamental measurement. Tests
made by direct measurement or by measurement of its projec- shall be made on a minimum of two standardized blocks, that
tion on a screen. The verification shall be made at not less than comply with the requirements of Part C, one from each of the
four approximately equally spaced sections. minimum and maximum ranges specified in Table 16. Three
(c) (c) The diamond indenter shall have an included angle of test impressions shall be made on each of these blocks. The
120° 6 0.35°. mean of these readings shall not differ from the value of the
(d) (d) The angle between the axis of the diamond indenter standardized test block by more than the amount shown in
and the axis of the indenter holder (normal to the seating Table 17.
surface) shall not exceed 0.5°.
13.1.2.2 Steel Balls:
(e) (e) The spherical tip of the diamond cone shall have a
mean radius of 0.200 6 0.010 mm. In each measured section NOTE 6—Caution: Only steel balls should be used. Balls made out of
the radius shall not exceed 0.200 6 0.015 mm and local other hard materials such as tungsten carbide may give different results.

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TABLE 16 Hardness Ranges Used in Verification by TABLE 19 Maximum Mean Diagonal of Vickers Hardness
Standardized Test Block MethodA Indentation on Rockwell Hardness Balls
Rockwell Scale Hardness Ranges Ball Diameters Maximum Mean Diagonal of Indentation on
the Ball Made with Vickers Indenter Under
20 to 30 in. mm 10-kgf (98-N) Load, mm
35 to 55
C $ 59 to 65 ⁄
1 16 1.588 0.141
⁄
18 3.175 0.144
40 to 59 1⁄4 6.350 0.145
60 to 79 1⁄2 12.700 0.147
B $ 80 to 100

40 to 50
55 to 73
30N $ 75 to 80
13.1.3.3 The depth-measuring device shall correctly indi-
cate within 60.5 of Rockwell unit, over each interval. This
43 to 56 corresponds to 60.001 mm for regular Rockwell ranges and
57 to 70 incl
30T $ over 70 to 82
60.0005 mm on Rockwell superficial ranges.
A
13.2 Indirect Verification—Indirect verification may be car-
For scales not listed, use equivalent hardness ranges as those shown; for
example, 20 HRC to 30 HRC corresponds to 69.4 HR 15N to 75.0 HR 15N. ried out by means of standardized blocks calibrated in accor-
dance with Part C.
TABLE 17 Allowable Deviation in Hardness Readings for Verified 13.2.1 Procedure:
Diamond Indenters 13.2.1.1 For indirect verification of a testing machine, the
For Hardness Readings Allowable Deviation, following procedures shall be applied: The testing machine
in Range of: Rockwell Units shall be verified using standardized test blocks in the low,
C 63 60.5 middle, and high hardness ranges for each scale to be used.
C 25 61.0 Commonly used hardness scales and hardness ranges are given
30N 80 60.5
30N 45 61.0 in Table 16. The testing machine shall not be adjusted between
tests made on the three test blocks. The verification is incom-
plete unless the requirements of 13.5 are met.
(a) (a) For the purpose of verifying the size and the hardness 13.2.1.2 In accordance with Part A of this test method, make
of the indenter, it is considered sufficient to test a sample five indentations on each standardized block, distributed uni-
selected at random from a batch. The ball(s) verified for formly over the block’s surface and report the hardness values
hardness shall be discarded. to within 0.2 of a Rockwell unit. Before making these
(b) (b) The ball shall be polished and free from surface indentations, at least two indentations shall be made to ensure
defects. that the machine is workly freely and that the standardized
(c) (c) The user shall either measure the balls to ensure that block, the indenter, and the anvil are seating correctly. The
they meet the following requirements, or he shall obtain balls results of these preliminary indentations shall be ignored.
from a supplier who can certify that the following conditions 13.2.1.3 For each standardized test block, let R1, R2... R5 be
are met. The diameter, when measured at not less than three the hardness readings of the 5 indentations arranged in increas-
positions, shall not differ from the nominal diameter by more ing order of magnitude.
than the tolerance given in Table 18. The hardness shall not be 13.2.2 Repeatability:
less than 746 HV 10. Mean diagonals of Vickers impressions 13.2.2.1 The repeatability of the testing machine under the
corresponding to this hardness level are given in Table 19. particular verification conditions is determined by the follow-
13.1.3 Verification of the Measuring Device: ing quantity:
13.1.3.1 The depth-measuring device shall be verified over R5 2 R 1 (1)
not less than three intervals, including the intervals correspond-
ing to the lowest and highest hardnesses for which the scales 13.2.2.2 The repeatability of the testing machine verified is
are normally used by making known incremental movements considered satisfactory if it satisfies the conditions given in
of the indenter. Table 20.
13.1.3.2 The instrument used to verify the depth measuring 13.2.3 Error:
device shall have an accuracy of 0.0002 mm. 13.2.3.1 The error of the testing machine under the particu-
TABLE 18 Tolerances for Rockwell Hardness Ball Indenters
lar verification conditions is expressed by the following quan-
tity:
Diameter of Ball ToleranceA
in. mm in. mm R̄ 2 R (2)
⁄
1 16 1.588 60.0001 60.0025
⁄
18 3.175 60.0001 60.0025
1⁄4 6.350 60.0001 60.0025
where:
1⁄2 12.700 60.0001 60.0025 R̄ = R1 1 R 2 1 ... R5
5 , and
A
For balls in the range of diameters specified, these tolerances and the R = stated hardness of the standardized test block used.
permissible variation in the diameter of any one ball, as specified in 19.1.3, are met
by Grade 24 steel balls of the Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers’ Association 13.2.3.2 The mean hardness value for the five tests shall not
(ABMA). differ from the mean corresponding to the hardness of the

11
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TABLE 20 Repeatability of Machines TABLE 21 Tolerance Values for Standardized Test Blocks
Range of Standardized The RepeatabilityA of the Machine Nominal Hardness of Tolerance Values of the Test Block
Hardness Test Blocks Shall Be Not Greater Than: Standardized Test Block Shall Not Be Greater Than
Rockwell C Scale: C Scale A
25 to 30 2.0 60 and Greater 60.5
35 to 55 1.5 Below 60 61.0
59 to 65 1.0 A Scale
Rockwell B Scale: 80 and Greater 60.5
40 to 59 2.5 Below 80 to 60.5, incl 61.0
60 to 79 2.0 15N Scale
80 to 100 2.0 90 and Greater 60.7
Rockwell 30N Scale: Below 90 to 69.4, incl 61.0
40 to 50 2.0 30N Scale
55 to 73 1.5 77.5 and Greater 60.7
75 to 80 1.0 Below 77.5 to 41.5, incl 61.0
Rockwell 30T Scale: 45N Scale
43 to 56 2.5 66.5 and Greater 60.7
57 to 70, incl 2.0 Below 66.5 to 19.6, incl 61.0
Over 70 to 82 2.0 B Scale B
A 45 and Greater 61.0
The repeatability of machines on Rockwell or Rockwell superficial hardness
Below 45 to 1.5, incl 61.5
scales other than those given in Table 20 shall be the equivalent converted
F Scale
difference in hardness for those scales, except for the 15N and 15T scales. In the
99.6 to 57.0, incl 61.0
case of the 15N and 15T scales, the repeatability shall be no greater than 1.0 for
15T Scale
all ranges.
75.3 and Greater 61.0
Example—At C 60, typical readings of a series of indentations might range from
Below 75.3 to 60.5, incl 61.5
59 to 60, 59.5 to 60.5, 60 to 61, etc. Thus, converted A-scale values corresponding
30T Scale
to C 59 to 60 (see Table II of Hardness Conversion Tables E 140) would be A 80.7
46.2 and Greater 61.0
to 81.2 and the repeatability for the A-scale would be 0.5.
Below 46.2 to 15.0, incl 61.5
45T Scale
standardized test block by more than the tolerance of the latter 17.6 and Greater 61.0
Below 17.6 to 1.0, incl 61.5
(shown in Table 21).
A
13.3 It should be understood that hardness test blocks, All other scales on steel blocks of the equivalent converted values are as
follows: 70.0 HRC to 60.0 HRC = 60.5 and 59.9 HRC to 20.0 HRC = 61.0.
diamond indentors, and machine designs vary between manu- B
All other scales on brass blocks of the equivalent converted values are as
facturers and that if all parameters are met under 13.1, it is follows: 100.0 HRB to 1.0 HRB = 61.0.
possible that change of one or more of the parameters may be
needed to meet indirect verification on test blocks. Consult 13.5.1.8 Signature of verifying agency representative.
manufacturer’s instructions on the proper method to make
corrections within the tolerances specified in this test method. 14. Procedure for Periodic Checks by the User
13.4 Time Interval Between Verifications—It is recom- 14.1 Verification by the standardized test block method
mended that testing machines be verified annually or more (13.2) is too lengthy for daily use. Instead, the following is
frequently if required. In no case shall the time interval recommended:
between verifications exceed 18 months. 14.1.1 Make at least one routine check each day that the
13.5 Verification Report: testing machine is used. See Part A of this test method.
13.5.1 The verification report shall include the following 14.1.2 Before making the check, make at least two prelimi-
information: nary indentations to ensure that the hardness testing machine is
13.5.1.1 Reference to this ASTM Test Method, working freely and that the test block, indenter, and anvil are
13.5.1.2 Method of verification (direct or indirect), seated correctly. The results of these preliminary indentations
13.5.1.3 Identification data of the hardness testing machine, should be ignored.
13.5.1.4 Means of verification (test blocks, elastic proving 14.1.3 Make at least three hardness readings on a standard-
devices, etc.) ized hardness test block on the scale and at the hardness level
13.5.1.5 The Rockwell hardness scale(s) verified, at which the machine is being used. If the mean of these values
13.5.1.6 The result obtained, falls within the tolerances marked on the standardized hardness
13.5.1.7 Date of verification and reference to the verifying test block, the machine may be regarded as satisfactory. If not,
agency, and the machine should be verified as described in 13.2.

12
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C. CALIBRATION OF STANDARDIZED TEST BLOCKS FOR MACHINES USED FOR ROCKWELL AND
ROCKWELL SUPERFICIAL HARDNESS TESTING

15. Scope surface) shall not exceed 0.3°.

15.1 Part C specifies a test method for the calibration of 17.1.6 The tip of the diamond indenter shall be spherical
standardized blocks to be used in Rockwell hardness testing with a mean radius of 0.200 60.005 mm. In each measured
machines for the indirect verification of these machines as section the radius shall not exceed 0.200 60.007 mm and local
described in Part B. deviations from a true radius shall not exceed 0.002 mm. The
surface of the cone and spherical tip shall blend in a truly
16. Manufacture tangential manner.
16.1 The attention of the manufacturer of the block is drawn 17.1.7 The diameter of the steel ball shall be within the
to the need to use a manufacturing process which will give the tolerance of 0.001 mm.
necessary homogeneity, stability of structure, and uniformity of 17.1.8 The measuring device shall be capable of accurately
surface hardness. measuring vertical displacements corresponding to 60.1 of a
16.2 Each metal block to be standardized shall be of a regular Rockwell unit and 60.1 for a superficial Rockwell unit.
thickness not less than 0.236 in. (6 mm).
16.3 The area of the test surface of the block shall not be 18. Standardizing Procedure
more than 4 in.2 (2581 mm2). 18.1 The standardized test blocks shall be calibrated in a
16.4 The standardized block shall be free of magnetism. It is standardizing machine as described in Section 17 at a tempera-
recommended that the manufacturer ensure that the blocks, if ture of 73°F 6 5°F (23°C 6 2°C) using the general test
of steel, have been demagnetized at the end of the manufac- procedure described in Part A.
turing process. 18.2 The standardized test blocks shall be calibrated trace-
16.5 The maximum deviation in flatness of the surfaces able to the national Rockwell standards maintained at NIST
shall not exceed 0.0002 in. (0.005 mm). when primary standardized test blocks are available from NIST
16.6 The maximum error in parallelism shall not exceed for the specific Rockwell scale.
0.0002 in. per in. (mm per mm).
16.7 The test surface shall be free from scratches which 19. Number of Indentations
interfere with the measurement of the indentation. The mean 19.1 In accordance with Part A of this test method, make at
surface roughness (Ra) shall not exceed 12 µin. (0.0003 mm) least five indentations on each standardized block, distributed
center line average. uniformly over the block’s surface.
16.8 The bottom surface shall have a fine ground finish.
20. Uniformity of Hardness
16.9 To assure that material is not removed from the test
surface, its thickness at the time of standardization (to the 20.1 Let R1, R 2... R5 be the measured values in Rockwell
nearest6 0.005 in. (0.1 mm)) shall be marked on the block or units arranged in increasing order of magnitude.
an identifying mark shall be made on the test surface. Resur- 20.2 The nonuniformity of the block under the particular
facing of a test block for reuse is not recommended; however, conditions of standardization is characterized by R 5 − R1.
if a standard test block is reconditioned, the new test surface 20.3 The nonuniformity of the block must satisfy the
must be recalibrated in accordance with this section. conditions of Table 22.
17. Standardizing Machine 21. Marking and Certification Requirements
17.1 In addition to fulfilling the general requirements speci- 21.1 Each standardized test block shall be marked with the
fied in Sections 12 and 13, the standardizing machine shall also following:
meet the following requirements: 21.1.1 Arithmetic mean of the hardness values found in the
17.1.1 The machine shall be verified directly. Direct verifi- standardizing test reported to the nearest tenth, for example:
cation involves the following: 66.3 HRC,
17.1.1.1 Verification of the test force (see 13.1.1), 21.1.2 Tolerance value (see Table 21),
17.1.1.2 Verification of the indenter (see 13.1.2), and 21.1.3 Name or mark of the supplier,
17.1.1.3 Verification of the measuring device (see 13.1.3). 21.1.4 Unique serial number,
17.1.2 Each preliminary test force shall be correct to 21.1.5 Name or mark of the calibrating agency if different
within6 0.5 %. Each total test force shall be correct to within from supplier,
60.25 %. 21.1.6 Thickness of the block or an identifying mark on the
17.1.3 The verification of the shape of the indenter can be test surface, and
made by direct measurement or by measurement of its projec- 21.1.7 Year of Calibration. It is sufficient that the year of
tion on a screen. The verification shall be made at not less than calibration be incorporated into the serial number of the block.
eight approximately equally spaced sections. 21.2 All of the markings, except the official mark, should be
17.1.4 The diamond indenter shall have an included angle placed outside of the test area or on the side of the block. When
of 120° 60.1°. the markings are on the side of the block, the markings shall be
17.1.5 The angle between the axis of the diamond indenter upright when the test surface is the upper surface.
and the axis of the indenter holder (normal to the seating 21.3 Each block shall be supplied with a certificate showing

13
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TABLE 22 Maximum Nonuniformity of Standardized Test Blocks 21.3.1 Date of standardization,
Nominal Hardness of Nonuniformity of the Test Block 21.3.2 Serial number of block, and
Standardized Test Block Shall Not Be Greater Than
21.3.3 Name of manufacturer or mark of supplier.
C Scale A
60 and Greater 0.5
Below 60 1.0 22. Keywords
A Scale
80 and Greater 0.5 22.1 metallic; Rockwell Hardness
Below 80 to 60.5, incl 1.0
15N Scale
90 and Greater 0.7
Below 90 to 69.4, incl 1.0
30N Scale
77.5 and Greater 0.7
Below 77.5 to 41.5, incl 1.0
45N Scale
66.5 and Greater 0.7
Below 66.5 to 19.6, incl 1.0
B Scale B
45 and Greater 1.0
Below 45 to 1.5, incl 1.5
F Scale
99.6 to 57.0, incl 1.0
15T Scale
75.3 and Greater 1.0
Below 75.3 to 60.5, incl 1.5
30T Scale
46.2 and Greater 1.0
Below 46.2 to 15.0, incl 1.5
45T Scale
17.6 and Greater 1.0
Below 17.6 to 1.0, incl 1.5
A
All other scales on steel blocks of the equivalent converted values are as
follows: 70.0 HRC to 60.0 HRC = 0.5 and 59.9 HRC to 20.0 HRC = 1.0.
B
All other scales on brass blocks of the equivalent converted values are as
follows: 100.0 HRB to 1.0 HRB = 1.0.

the results of the individual standardizing tests and the arith-

metic mean of those tests, including the following:

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. LIST OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS GIVING HARDNESS VALUES CORRESPONDING TO TENSILE STRENGTH

X1.1 The following ASTM standards give approximate materials covered: Test Methods and Definitions A 370 and
Rockwell hardness or Rockwell superficial hardness values Specifications B 19, B 36, B 96, B 97, B 103, B 121/B 121 M,
corresponding to the tensile strength values specified for the B 122/B 122 M, B 130, B 134, B 152, B 291, and B 370.

The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
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