Instructional Materials for TMHM

20013 –
MACROPERSPECTIVES OF
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

Prepared
1 by:

Dr. Daryl Ace V. Cornell Dr. Emily V. Banzel Ms. Cindy T. Laforteza
 P OLYTECHNIC U NIVERSITY OF THE P HILIPPINES
College of Tourism, Hospitality & Transportation
Management Department of Hospitality Management

COURSETITI E: Macro Perspectives ofTouris111 and Hospitality

CO URSE CODE: TMHM20013
CREDIT UNITS: 3.0 Units;3 lecture hours per week
CO URSE PREREQUISITE: None
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to give a clear and whole overview of Touris111 and Hospitality as an ecosyste111 and goes beyond tire usual closed-concept of
tourism. It introduces tire concepts and tenns that are common through wut tire different sectors It also intends todevelop, update and maintain local
knowledge as well as tourism industry knowledge. It slrows tire structure and scope of tourism as well as tire impact of tourism as an industry 011 the world
economy and society. It also illustrates tire effects of tire convergence of touris111 witlr tire otlrer local industries and lets tire students appreciate its 111ultiplier effect
011 various fronts. It discusses the 111ajor factors that influence tire lristory and future of touris111 in the world and tire Philippine.s It also introduces tire sustainable
goals of tourism and discusses, among otlrers how to develop protective e11viro11111e11ts for clrildren in touris111 destinations; to observe and perform risk mitigation
activities; etc. The students will also le11m to armreciate the key Rlobal orRanizations and tire role tlrey play in i11{1ue11ci11R and mo11itori11R touris111
trends.

I
Institutional Learning Outcomes Pro2ram Ou tcome.s Course Outcomes
1.Creative and Critical Thinking A BSHM Graduate should be able to: At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
Graduates use their imaginative as well as a rational
1. Demonstrate knowledge of tourism products and 1. show the structure and scope of touris m as well as the
thinking abilities to life situations in order push
services indus try, local tourism; impact of tourism as an industry on the world
boundaries, realize possibilities, and deepen their
economy and society.
interdisciplinaryand general understanding of the world. 2. Interpret and apply relevant laws related to tourism
2. illus trate the effects of the convergence of tourism
2.Effecti ve Communication industry
with the other local indu s tries and lets the students
Graduates are proficient in the four macro skills in 3. Observe and perform risk mitigation activities
appreciate its multiplier effect on various fronts.
communication (reading, writing, listening, and speaking) 4. Utilize information technology applications for 3. discuss the major factors that influence the history
and are able to use these skills in solving problems. tourism and Hospitality and future of touris m in the world and the
Making decisions, and articulating thoughts when 5. Manage and market a service-oriented business Philippines.
engaging with people in various circumstances. organization 4. introduce the sustainable goals of tourism and
3.Strong Service Orientation 6. Demonstrate administrative and managerial skills in a discusses, among others how to develop protective
Graduates exemplify the potentialities of an efficient, environments for children in tourism destinations;
service oriented business organization
well-rounded and responsible professiona l deep ly 5. observe and perform risk mitigation activities; etc. ;
7. Prepare and monitor indus try specific financial
committed to service excellence. and
4.Community Engagement transactions and reports
6. learn to appreciate the key global organizations and
Graduates take an active role in the promotion and 8. Perform human capital development functions of a
the role they play in influencing and monitoring
fulfillment of various advocacies (educational, social and tourism oriented organization tourism trends.
9. Utilize various communication channels proficiently
in dealing with guests and colleagues
 environmental) for the advancement of community 10. Plan, implement and monitor tours and sales
welfare . activities
5. Adeptness in the Responsible Use of Technology 11. Resear,ch plan and conduct various tour guiding
Grad uates demonstrate optimized use of digital learning activities
abiliti,es including technical and numerical skills. 12. Develop appropriate marketing programs and arrange
6.Passion to Lifelong Leaming the required travel services
Grad uates are enabled to perform and function in the 13. Plan / organize, implement an d evaluate MICE
society by taking responsibility in their quest to know activi ties
more about the world through lifelong lea rning. 14. Plan, deve lop and evaluate tourism sites and
7.High Level of Leaders hip and OrganizationalSkills attractions
Grad uates are developed to become the best 15. Prod uce food products and services complying
professionals in their respective disciplines by with enterprisestandards
manifesting the appropriateskills and leaderships 16. Apply management skills in F & B service and
qualities. operations.
8.Sense of Personal and Professional Ethics 17. Perform and provide full guest cycle services for
Grad uates show desirable attitudes and behavior either in front office
their personal and professional circumstances. 18. Perform and maintain various housekeeping services
9.Sense of Natio nal and Global Responsiveness for guest and facility operations
19. Plan and implement a risk management program to
Grad uates' deep sense of national compliments the need provide a safeand secure workplace
to live in a global village where one's culture and other 20. Provide food & beverage service and manage the
people culture are respected. operation seamlessly based on industry standards

Course Plan
Week Topic Leaming Outcome.s Methodo l o 2V Resource.s Asse ss me n t
Oass Orientation
Review of the
1. PUP Mission and Vision syllabus, learning State the vision and
1. To imbibe the vision and mission of the
2. CTHTM Mission activ ities, and mission of the
university, college goal and program Student Hand book
Week 1 3. Department of HM Goals assessment university, college goal
objectives. Course Syllabus
and Objectives Getting to know and program objectives.
theactivity
Ice breaker
activity
Cooper, C. (2016). Reflection Paper
Introd uction to Tourism: Essentials of Tour ism,
 1. Travel and Tourism as an 1. Explain the integrated model of touris m. Interactive U,cture Second Edition, Written and Oral Exam
Integrated Discipline Discussion Pearson Education
Week 2 2. Integrated Model of Tourism 2. Distinguish the key elements in Collaborative li mited, pp. 4-31 Case Studies
the integrated model of tourism. Learning Page, S. (2019). Tourism
Multimedia Management. Sixth
Instruction Edition, Routledge, pp.
Graphic 1-72
Organizers Holloway, J.C &
Humphreys, C (2016).
The Business of
Tourism, Tenth Edition,
Pearson Education
li mited, nn. 2-51
Cooper, C. (2016). Reflection Paper
Essentials of Tourism,
Second Edition, Written and Oral
The Meaning of 'Hospita lity", 'Travel,' 1. Discuss theconcept of travel and tour ism Pearson Education
'Tourism' and 'Tourist' 2. Compare and contrast the Discussion li mited, pp. 32-55 Exam Case Studies
1. Concepts of Trave l and Tourism Management Page, S. (2019). Tourism
classifications of tourists. Management. Sixth
2. Definitions of Tourist Games
Week 3-4 3. Explain the tourist code of behavior Edition, Routledge, pp.
literature Review
3. Oassificationsof Tourists and other concern issues. Case Study 1-72
4. Tourist's Codes of Behavior Brainstorming Holloway, J.C &
and Other Concerned Issues Role Play Humphreys, C (2016).
The Business of
Tourism, Tenth Edition,
Pearson Education
li mited, nn. 211-264
GoeldnerC.
History of Tourism Interactive lecture Tourism Principles. Reflection Paper
Week 5-6 1. Make a synthesis of the history of tourism.
Discussion Practic,es Philosophies
00. 35-62

Travel Motivations and Tourist Flows Cooper, C. (2016).

1. Travel Motivations - Reasons 1. Elucidate the purposes of travel. Essentials of Tourism,
Interactive U,cture
of Travel/Purposesof Travel 2. Distinguish the typologies of Second Edition, Reflection Paper
Discussion
2. The Importance of Travel travel motivation. Pearson Education
Collaborative
Week 7-8 3. Explain theconcept of tourist flow limited, pp. 409-447 Written and Oral
Motivationsand Its Effects on Learning
and the patterns influencing touris t Page, S. (2019). Tourism
Travel Decisions Multimedia
Management. Sixth Exam Case Studies
3. Typologies of Travel Motivations flows. Instruction Edition, Routledge, pp.
4. Concept of Tourist Flows Graphic 1-72
Organizers
 5. Factors Influencing Patterns of Holloway, J.C &
Tourist Flows Humphreys, C (2016).
The Business of
Tourism, Tenth Edition,
Pearson Education
Limited, oo. 103-132
Cooper, C. (2016).
Essentials of Tourism,
Second Edition,
1. Make a synthesis on the Pearson Education
Tourism Products - Attractions and tourism products. Discussion Limited, pp. 76-97
Destination 2. Discuss the processof planning Management Page, S. (2019). Tourism Reflection Paper
1. Tourism Products the tourism products and Games Management. Sixth
Week 9-10 2. Planning of Tourism Products destinations. Literature Review Edition, Routledge, pp. Written and Oral
and Destinations 3. Explain the carrying capacity of the Case Study 409-447
3. Carrying Capacity Brainstorming Holloway, J.C & Exam Case Studies
tourism attractions and destinations.
Role Play Humphreys, C (2016).
The Business of
Tourism, Tenth Edition,
Pearson Education
Limited, oo. 157-190
MIDTERM EXAMINATIONS
Cooper, C. (2016).
Essentials of Tourism,
Second Edition,
Pearson Education
Different Sectors of the Tourism 1. Differentiate the private and public Interactive Limited, pp. 98-119
Industry and Their Roles sectors of tourism industry. Lecture Page, S. (2019). Tourism Reflection Paper
1. Oassification of Sectors and 2. Explain the classificationsectors and Discussion Management. Sixth
Week 11-13 Their Linkages linkages of tourism industry Collaborative Edition, Routledge, pp. Written and Oral
2. Private Sectors 3. Create plan on how to sustain the Learning 409-447
3. PublicSectors linkages of tourism industry. Multimedia Holloway, J.C & Exam Case Studies
Instruction Humphreys, C (2016).
Graphic The Business of
Organizers Tourism, Tenth Edition,
Pearson Education
Limited, oo. 133-156
The Local Tourism Industry 1. Explicate the vital role of tourism in Discussion Cooper, C. (2016). Reflection Paper
1. The Development of Tourism in the Philippines economy. Management Essentials of Tourism,
Week 14 Games Second Edition, Written and Oral Exam
the Philippines 2. Make a profile of the visitors of
Literature Review Pearson Education
2. Visitor Profile the tourism industry. Case Study Limited, oo. 120-146 Case Studies
 3. Tourism Resources in the 3. Make a synthesis of the Philippine Brainstorming Page, S. (2019). Tourism
Philippines tourism resources and how these can be Role Play Management. Sixth
sustain ed. Edition, Routledge, pp.
409-447
Holloway, J.C &
Humphreys, C (2016).
The Business of
Tourism, Tenth Edition,
Pearson Education
li mited.
Cooper, C. (2016).
Essentials of Tourism,
Second Edition,
1. Explain the economic impacts of Interactive Pearson Education
tourism in the Philippines. Lecture limited, pp. 148-171
Im pacts of Tourism 2. Elucida te the means on how to Discussion Page, S. (2019). Tourism Reflection Paper
1. Socio-cultural Impacts prevent the negative environmen tal Collaborative Management. Sixth
Week 15-16 2. Economic Impacts impacts of tourism. Learning Edition, Routledge, pp. Written and Oral
3. Environmental Impacts 3. Create a planon how to promote tourism Multimedia 293-326
and at the same time protecting the Instruction Holloway, J.C & Exam Case Studies
Graphic Humphreys, C (2016).
Philippine culture.
Organizers The Business of
Tourism, Tenth Edition,
Pearson Education
limited, oo. 265-317
Interacti ve
GoeldnerC.
Lecture
3.Discuss the different career opportunities Tourism Principles.
Week 17 Careers in the Tourism Sector Discussion Written and Oral Exam
in the tourism indus try Practices,
Multimedia
Instruction Philosophies pp. 66-
84
FINAL EXAMINATIONS

Su22es ted Readings and References

Cook, Roy A., et. al. (2017), Tourism : The Business of Hospitality and Travel, Pearson Education limited
Cooper, Chris. (2016). Essentials of Tourism, Second Edition, Pearson Education Limited.
Cruz, Zenaida L. (2020). Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality, First Edition, Rex Book Store
Fletcher, John, et. al (2018). Tourism Principles and Practice, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education limited.
Holloway, J.Christopher & Humphreys, Oaire (2016.)TheBusiness of Tourism, Tenth Edition, Pearson Education limited
Page, Stephen J. (2019). Tourism Management. Sixth Edition, Routledge
Goeldner Charles R. Tourism Principles, Practices, Philosoohies, Twelve Edition, John Wilev & Sons lnc.
Course Gradine; Svstem

Class Standing (CS) (70%)

Regular Class Attendance and Performance
Quizzes
Seatworks
Assignments
Projects
Individual/ Group Activity

Mid term/ Final Examinations (30%)

Midterm Grade/ Last Term Grade= (Class Standing x 2) +Midterm/ Final Examinations
3
Final Grade= Midterm+ Last Term Grade
2

Classroom Polinr

For absences and tardiness the policystated in the PUPStudent Handbook will be applied. Same with thedisciplinaryrulesand regulation
Students are encouraged to participate in the classroom activities.
Good personal hygie,ne proper grooming and wearing of comp lete uniform must beobserve at all times.
Cellphone must ONLY be used before and after theclass.
In activities wherein the students will use the LCD and other equipment, it should be set-up before theclass
star ts. The classshould always start and end on time..
RESPECT during the conduct of the class must be observed at all time.
Must comply with the requirements of the subject. It shoul d be submitted on or before the deadline (foodservice visits, simulation activities, projects, portfol,io etc.)

Consultation Time
TBA
Prepared by: Enhanced by: Reviewed by:

Assoc. Prof. DARYL ACE V. CO RNELL, PHO

Asst. Prof-------MEM Assoc.Prof. JESUSA T. CASTILLO, MPA
Faculty Member from the Main Campus
Faculty Member from the Main Department/Academic Program Head
Note: with signature and dateof signing
Campus Note: with signature and Note: with signature and dateof signing
dateof signing

Asst. Prof. LIZBETTE R. VERG AR,A MEM

Ms.EMILY V. BANZE, L DEM
Depar tment/Academic Program Head
Faculty Member from the Main Campus Note: with signature and dateof signing
Note: with signature and dateof signing

Ms.CINDY T. LAFORTEZA, MBA

Faculty Member from the Main Campus
Note: with signature and dateof signing

Recommending Approval:

Assoc. Prof. MARIETTA D. REYES, PHO

Dean/Branch or Satellite Campuses
Director Note: with signature and dateof
signing

Approved by:

Prof. EMANUEL C. DE G UZMA,N PHO

Vice Presiden t for Academic Affairs
Note: with signature and dateof signing
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Tourism
Tourism is defined as the activity of travelling for pleasure. People around the world are
very interested in travelling for pleasure and they save money in order to achieve their place of
destination. Tourism industry plays an important role in the society and in the economic status
of the country. This chapter discusses the following; (1) Travel and Tourism as an Integrated
Discipline; (2) Integrated Model of Tourism; (3) History of Tourism and; (4) Careers in the
Tourism Sector.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To discuss the introduction to tourism.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises, students
should be able to:

1. Explain the integrated model of tourism.

2. Make a synthesis on the history of tourism
3. Discuss the different careers in tourism sectors.

9
 DETAILED CHAPTER MAP

LESSON 1.1. TRAVEL AND TOURISM AS AN

INTEGRATED DISCIPLINE

INTRODUCTION:

When we think of Tourism, we primarily think of people who are visiting a

particular place for sightseeing, visiting friends, relatives, taking a vacation and having a
good time. They may spend their leisure time engaging in different activities like
sunbathing, riding horses, paragliding, diving, snorkeling, mountaineering or just simply
enjoying the environment. We may also include in our definition of tourism people who
are participating in a convention, a business conference or some other kind of business
or professional activity, as well as those who are taking a study tour or doing some kind
of research study. These visitors use all forms of transportation, car, motorcoach,
camper, train, airplane, cruise ship, they are taking a trip and thus are engaging in
tourism.

The tourism industry is global, it is a big business and will continue to grow.
Meeting this growth with well-planned, environmentally sound development is a
challenge for planning a sustainable tourism.

TOURISM AS AN INTEGRATED DISCIPLINE

 Tourism embraces nearly all aspect of our society;

 Tourism is important to economic changes, human socio-cultural activities and
environmental development and;
 Tourism is so vast, more complex and multifaceted that is why there is a
wide range of subjects related to it.
 Tourism is related to other academic subjects such as geography, economics,
history, languages, psychology, marketing, business and law,
 History and geography help us understand more about the development of the
historical geographical resources of a tourist destination;
 For marketing and business, tourism subject helps understand the promotion and
marketing of tourism products.
 Figure 1.1 shows integrated disciplinary model of tourism studies
 LESSON 1.2.INTEGRATED MODEL OF TOURISM

INTEGRATED MODEL OF TOURISM

 Figure 1.2. shows the integrated model of tourism
 Travelers are the center of the model
 A complex model
KEY ELEMENTS IN THE INTEGRATED MODEL

 Travelers – is at the center of the model where all tourism activities are focused.
 Tourism promoters – they are in the first layer because they in close contact
with the travelers.
 Tourism Service Suppliers – provides services to travelers independently
 External Environment – the interaction of these following forces determines
how closely the individual and organizations work together:
o Societal/Cultural forces
o Political forces
o Environmental forces
o Economic forces
o Technological forces

FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE/PROHIBIT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM

 Social factors– the type of travel and tourism products and services radically
change because of the demographic trends and social changes.
 Political factors – political stability of a country is one major factor for the
development of tourism. Policies implemented helps in the development like
encouraging tourism activities such as investments in tourism infrastructures,
openness in visa travel applications and favorable foreign tourism
investments.
 Economic factors – people tend to spend more on traveling if they under a
favorable economic environment although whether global economic environment
is health or not, it will not affect people‘s intention of travelling to other countries.
 Cultural and Environmental factors – greater environmental awareness has
affected travel and tourism development in the recent years. Green issues such
as the development of eco-tourism, green hotels and conservation of heritage
sites are becoming more and more important which provides basis for
sustainable tourism.
  Technological factors -travel and tourism has always been an industry that has
made extensive use of technological equipment. Computerized Reservation
System (CRS), the use of sophisticated databases is very common for travel
agencies for marketing promotions.
STUDYING TOURISM

UNWTO TOURISM SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

GOALS
 LESSON 1.3. HISTORY OF TOURISM
ROMAN EMPIRE
 From about 27 BC to AD 476
 Travel developed for military, trade and political reasons
 For communication of messages from the central gov‘t to distant territories
 For artisans and architects
 In ancient Greece, people travelled to Olympic games
 Wealthy Romans, travelled to seaside resorts in Greece and Egypt
for sightseeing purpose

MIDDLE AGE PERIOD

 From about AD 500 to 1400
 Growth for travel for religious reasons
 Pilgrims to visit their ―holy land‖
 Travel to holy land such as Muslims to Mecca and Christians to Jerusalem
and Rome

16th CENTURY
 Growth in England‘s trade and commerce
 Rise of a new type of tourists
 Travel to broaden one‘s experience and knowledge

17TH CENTURY
 Sons and daughters of the British aristocracy travelled throughout Europe to
improve their knowledge, usually for 2 to 3 years
 This travel for education is known as the Grand Tour, which is a necessary of
the training of future administrators and political leaders.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
 From about AD 1750 to 1850
 Europe created the base for mass tourism
  Turned most people away from basic agriculture into the town/factory and urban
way of life
 Rapid growth of wealth and education of the middle class
 Increase of leisure time and a demand for holiday tourism activities
 Visit to spa for health travel become important for the rich and fashionable
Europians
 Demand of spa towns and seaside resorts


19TH TO 20TH CENTURY

 Social and technological changes have an immense impact on tourism
 Invention of rapid, safe and cheap form of transportation
 Railways were invented in the 19th century
 Passenger aircrafts were invented in the 20th century
 World War II (AD 1939-1945) was a momentum in the improvement of
communication and air transportation which made travel easier and faster

- 1980s
 It is called as the boom years for the tourism industry
 Business and leisure travel expanded
 Travelers are seeking for more variety of tourism products
 Significant expansion of travel destinations
 The fall of the Berlin Wall in Germany in 1989 ended communism in
Europe, countries such as Russia and Czech Republic became new
tourist destinations both for business and leisure travelers

- 1990s
 It was a high operational cost for the Aviation Industry, which includes oil
prices, wages, handling fee of Central Reservation System (CRS),
landing charge of the aircraft, advertising fee, etc.
 A more sophisticated CRS technology
 Introduction of “ticketless traveling” (electronic ticket)
 Advancement in technology allows airlines and other travel suppliers to
sell through the internet and interactive kiosks in airports.
 Travel information, booking of simple flights became more accessible to
travelers through the internet.

17
 USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism
http://www.tourism.gov.ph/
https://www.global-business-school.org/announcements/15-careers-consider-studying-
tourism-hospitality-management
https://tourismteacher.com/history-of-tourism-2/
http://www.dgt.uns.ac.rs/pannonica/papers/volume15_2_4.pdf

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. Case Problem

Suppose you are to visit your previous school in senior high and you are to propose
to the principal that Tourism should be included in the track, how would you convince
the principal and what argument would you use?

2. What is the meaning of tourism in your own perspective? Explain.

3. At present, tourism serves as a catalyst in accelerating local and international economy.

Explain, why tourism is considered as catalyst?

4. Explain travel and tourism as an integrated discipline.

5. Compare and contrast travel and tourism.

6. Give the importance of tourism in (a) culture and society; (b) economy and; (c) politics

7. Explain the inter-relationship of tourism in; (a) history; (b) geography; (c) business and
leisure and; (d) laws

8. How tourism does affect the economy? Give some concrete examples that will support your
answer.

9. Discuss the integrated model of tourism.

10. What are the key elements in the integrated model of tourism? Explain the roles of each
element.

11. In your own experiences, create a model of Philippine tourism. Explain your model.

12. Compare and contrast the integrated model of tourism and your model in question number 7

13. What are the factors that encourage/prohibit the development of tourism industry?
Explain each factor.

18
14. How to manage the factors that prohibit the development of tourism industry?

15. Give some important event in the history of tourism in; (a) Roman empire; (b) middle age
period; (c) 16th century and; (d) 17th century

16. What are some important details in the history of tourism in; (a) industrial revolution; (b) 19th
and 20th century?

17. Explain the importance of studying the history of tourism.

18. Based on the internet sources, what are some additional important events in the history of
tourism?

19. What are some job opportunities in tourism sector? Discuss each job opportunity.

20. Explain the job description of; (a) Travel Consultant; (b) Tour Guide and; (c) Convention and
Exhibition Planner.

21. Low tourists‘ turnout is major current issues that question the survival capability of Philippine
tourism industry. If you have the power/authority to control the said issue, what will be your
best thing to do?

USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism
http://www.tourism.gov.ph/
https://www.global-business-school.org/announcements/15-careers-consider-studying-
tourism-hospitality-management
https://tourismteacher.com/history-of-tourism-2/
http://www.dgt.uns.ac.rs/pannonica/papers/volume15_2_4.pdf
 CHAPTER 2

The Meaning of ‗Travel,‘ ‗Tourism‘

and ‗Tourist‘
Chapter 2 highlights the concepts of travel and tourism, definitions of tourist, classifications of
tourists and tourist‘s codes of behavior and other concerned issues. The meaning of travel,
tourism and tourist are important in studying tourism. It is an accepted reality that travelling
provides many opportunities to the people. Tourists are the travellers and they are fond of
visiting different places with a purpose. Thus, travel and tourist are significant in tourism
industry.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To explore the meaning of ‗Travel‘, ‗Tourism‘ and ‗Tourist‘.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises, students
should be able to:

1. Discuss the concept of travel and tourism

2. Compare and contrast the classifications of tourists.
3. Explain the tourist code of behavior and other concern issues.
 DETAILED CHAPTER MAP

LESSON 2.1. CONCEPTS OF TRAVEL AND

TOURISM

TRAVEL:
 Comprises all journeys from one place to another
 All journeys made by people who enter a country for leisure, to work,
reside, study or who just pass through a country without stopping.

TOURISM:
 The temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places
where they normally live and work, as well as their activities during their stay at-
these destinations
 All tourism should have some travel, but not all travel is tourism
 Comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside
their usual environment for less than a year and whose main purpose of travel is
other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited
 Excluding the trips within the area of usual residence and frequent and regular
trips between the domicile and the workplace and other community trips of a
routine character
 Category of tourism
1. Domestic tourism
2. International tourism

TOP TOURIST DESTINATIONS OF THE WORLD:

 France
 United States
 China
 Spain
 Italy
 United Kingdom
 Turkey
 Germany
 Malaysia
 Mexico

TOP TOURISM SPENDERS OF THE WORLD

 Germany
 United States
 China
 United Kingdom
 France
 Canada
  Japan
 Italy
 Russian Federation
 Australia

LESSON 2.2. DEFINITIONS OF TOURIST

TRAVELLERS:
 Any person who is taking a trip within or outside his/her own country of residence
of the purpose of travel, means of transport used, even though he/she may be
travelling on foot.

TOURIST:
 Overnight visitor
 A person who travels to destinations outside his/her residence and working
place, and stays for at least 24 hours, for the purpose of leisure or business
 Type of tourist
1. International tourist
2. Domestic tourist

EXCURSIONISTS:
 Same-day visitor or day tripper
 A person who temporarily visits a destination and stays for less than 24 hours, for
the purpose of leisure or business, but not for transit.
 Type of excursionists
1. International excursionist
2. Domestic excursionist

VISITORS:
 Any person travelling to a place other than that of his/her usual environment for a
period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other
than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited
 Type of visitors
1. International visitor
2. Domestic visitor

LESSON 2.3.CLASSIFICATIONS OF TOURISTS

COHEN‘S CLASSIFICATION:
 Definition
 The organized mass tourists
 Individual mass tourists
 Explorer
 Drifter
PLOG‘S CLASSIFICATION:
 Definition
 Allocentric Type
 Psychocentric Type
 Mid-centric Type

LESSON 2.4.TOURIST’S CODES OF BEHAVIOR AND

OTHER CONCERNED ISSUES

TOURIST‘S CODES OF BEHAVIOUR:

 Tourist‘s Codes of Behaviour Based on the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism of
the UNWTO
 Behavior of a Responsible Tourist Promoted by Other Scholars

CONCERNED ISSUES WHILE TRAVELING:

 Personal Safety
  Money and Valuables
 Health

TOURISTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

 Very Important Persons (VIP)
 Senior Travelers
 Children
 Disabled
 Religious Travelers
 Pregnant Travelers
 Infant Travelers
 Physical Challenge Travelers/Travelers with Disabilities

LESSON 2.4. THE CONCEPT OF HOSPITALITY

HOSPITALITY DEFINED
 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. In your own experience, give the definition of; (a) travel; (b) tourism and; (c) tourist.

2. Compare and contrast travel and tourism.

3. Explain the concept of; (a) travel; (b) tourism and (c) tourist

4. Differentiate France from China in terms of tourism. Explain why France is better than China
in terms of travel and tourism.

5. What are the top tourist destinations of the world? Give at least five most visited places
in each country.

6. Compare and contrast China and Italy in terms of tourism spenders.

7. Define; (a) travelers; (b) tourist; (c) excursionist and (d) visitor

8. Discuss the difference between travelers and tourist.

9. Compare and contrast the term excursionist and visitor.

10. Enumerate the type of tourist. Discuss each type.

11. Give at least five (5) examples of domestic excursionists.

12. Based on your experience in tourism, give at least five (5) domestic destinations that
you have visited for the past five years. Describe the places that you have visited.

13. Explain the classification of tourists.

14. What is the meaning of Cohen‘s classification? Explain the importance of this classification
in classifying tourists.

15. Discuss the characteristics of; (a) the organized mass tourists; (b) individual mass tourists;
(c) explorer and; (d) drifter

16. What is the meaning of Plog‘s classification?

17. Compare and contrast the Cohen‘s classification and Plog‘s classification of tourists.

18. Explain the Plog‘s classification; (a) Allocentric Type; (b) Psychocentric Type and; (c) Mid-
centric Type

19. Compare Allocentric type from Psychocentric type in Plog‘s classification of tourists.

20. Give at least five (5) Tourist‘s Codes of Behaviour Based on the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism of the UNWTO. Explain each.

21. Give at least five (5) examples of behavior of a responsible tourist promoted by other
scholars.

22. What are the concerned issues while traveling? Explain each.

23. Enumerate the tourists with special needs. Define each.

24. Give at five examples of physical challenge travelers/travelers with disabilities and describe
their needs.

USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

https://www.smartcasualsg.com/which-type-of-tourist-are-you-erik-cohen/
https://scholar.google.com.ph/scholar?q=tourist+behaviour+model&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as
_vis=1&oi=scholart
http://s3.amazonaws.com/nerudahotel/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/10021628/code-of-
conduct.pdf
https://www.accessibletourism.org/?i=enat.en.themes.361&type=4
https://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/matkailu_en.html#:~:text=Tourism%20comprises%20the%2
0activities%20of,leisure%2C%20business%20or%20other%20purposes.
https://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/matkailu_en.html#:~:text=Tourism%20comprises%20the%2
0activities%20of,leisure%2C%20business%20or%20other%20purposes.
 CHAPTER 3

Travel Motivations and Tourist

Flows
Chapter 3 focuses on the; (1) Travel Motivations – Reasons of Travel/Purposes of Travel; (2)
The Importance of Travel Motivations and Its Effects on Travel Decisions; (3) Typologies of
Travel Motivations; (4) Concept of Tourist Flows and; (5) Factors Influencing Patterns of Tourist
Flows. Travel motivations and tourist flows are essential in tourism industry. Motivation is
considered as vital in travel and leisure and within this motivation affects tourism.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To introduce travel motivations and tourist flows.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises, students
should be able to:

1. Elucidate the purposes of travel.

2. Distinguish the typologies of travel motivation.
3. Explain the concept of tourist flow and the patterns influencing tourist flows
 DETAILED CHAPTER MAP

LESSON 3.1.TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS – REASONS OF

TRAVEL/PURPOSES OF TRAVEL

LEISURE/HOLIDAY TOURISM
 Definition
 Relaxation
 Sightseeing

BUSINESS TOURISM:
 Definition
 Characteristics of Business Tourism

CULTURAL TOURISM:
 Definition
 Characteristics of Cultural Tourism

STUDY TOURISM:
 Definition
 Characteristics of Study Tourism

RELIGIOUS PILGRIMAGE:
 Definition
 Characteristics of Religious Pilgrimage

HEALTH TOURISM:
 Definition
 Characteristics of Health Tourism

VISITING FRIENDS AND RELATIVES:

 Definition
 Characteristics

SPORTS TOURISM:
 Definition
 Characteristics

EMERGING TOURISM THEMES

 Refer to this website for a list : https://tourismteacher.com/types-of-tourism-
glossary/
 LESSON 3.2.THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAVEL
MOTIVATIONS AND ITS EFFECTS
ON TRAVEL DECISIONS

DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION:
 Definition
 Essentially Questions about tourists‘ and travel motivations

FORMATION OF TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS:

 Definition
 Characteristics
 Diagram of formation of travel motivations

TRAVEL MOTIVATION TO TRAVEL ACTION

 Theories Related to Travel Motivation
 The Formation of Travel Motivation and Travel Action

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS AND ACTIONS:

 Internal Factors (Individual Factors
 External Factors

LESSON 3.3.TYPOLOGIES OF TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS

COMMON TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS:

 Relaxation, Health
 Exploration, Risk-taking
 Spirit and the Appreciation of Beauty
 Social Interaction
 Religious Faith
 Business Affairs and Official Matters
 Family Responsibilities

VIEW ABOUT THE CONCEPTS OF TRAVEL MOTIVATIONS BY VARIOUS SCHOLARS:

 Maslow – ―Hierarchy of Needs‖
 Hudman‘s Motivations of Travel
 The Push-and Pull Theory

LESSON 3.4.CONCEPT OF TOURIST FLOWS

TOURIST FLOW:
 Definition
 Introduction
 Model of Tourist Flow

LESSON 3.5.FACTORS INFLUENCING PATTERNS OF

TOURIST FLOWS

MACRO FACTORS INFLUENCING PATTERNS OF TOURIST FLOWS:

 Full Factors
 Political Factors

MICRO FACTORS INFLUENCING PATTERNS OF TOURIST FLOWS:

 Push Factors

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. Define the terms travel motivation.

2. What is the reasons of travel? Give at least five reasons and explain each.

3. Explain why we should care about travel motivation

4. Explain the purpose of travel.

5. List down your purpose why you like to travel.

6. Explain why travel motivation is important in tourism.

7. Discuss the characteristics of business tourism and how these characteristics affect
tourism industry in the Philippines.

8. Explain the formation of travel motivation.

9. Create a conceptual framework for travel motivation. Explain the framework.

10. Compare the diagram of formation of travel motivation and your conceptual framework.

11. Explain the statement ―travel motivation to travel action‖.

12. Give at least two (2) theories related to travel motivation. Explain each theory.

13. Give at least five (5) common travel motivation. Explain each.
14. If you were given a chance to travel, what will be your motivations?

15. Explain the; (a) Maslow – ―Hierarchy of Needs‖; (b) Hudman‘s Motivations of Travel; (c) The
Push-and Pull Theory

16. Give at least five examples of push factors in travel motivation.

17. Elucidate the concept of tourist flows.

18. Explain the model of tourist flows.

19. In your town/city, how will you describe the tourist flows? Create a diagram that shows the
tourist flows in your town/city.

20. Discuss the importance of tourist flows in tourism industry.

21. What are the factors influencing the patterns of tourist flows? Explain each factor.

22. Explain how the factors that can affect the patterns of tourist flows.

USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

https://www.slideshare.net/d2jayvee/psychology-of-travel-motivation-of-travel
https://www.academia.edu/2802128/Tourist_flows_and_the_spatial_distribution_of_touri
sts
https://blog.virtuoso.com/tips-and-trends/10-powerful-reasons-why-people-love-to-
travel/
https://travelaudience.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/07/Amadeus_Whitepaper_Travelers_Motivation_201808.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147866/
https://tourismteacher.com/types-of-tourism-glossary/
 CHAPTER 4

Tourism Products – Attractions

and Destination
Chapter 4 discusses tourism products—attractions and destinations, which includes; (1) tourism
products; (2) planning of tourism products and destinations and; (3) carrying capacity.
Apparently, tourism products play an important role in tourism industry and this should be
considered. Every country around the world has tourism products and they make income in their
products.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To introduce the tourism products – attractions and

destinations..

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises, students
should be able to:

1. Make a synthesis on the tourism products.

2. Discuss the process of planning the tourism products and destinations.
3. Explain the carrying capacity of the tourism attractions and destinations.
 DETAILED CHAPTER MAP

LESSON 4.1.TOURISM PRODUCTS

SCOPE OF TOURISM PRODUCTS
 Tourism products

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM PRODUCTS:

 Intangible Nature
 The Inseparability of Production and Consumption
 Differentiation
 Perishability
 Complementarity
 Immobility Ownership

LESSON 4.2.PLANNING OF TOURISM PRODUCTS

AND DESTINATIONS

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE (PLC) AND ITS APPLICATION IN TOURISM:

 Product Life Cycle (PLC)
 Application of PLC – Analyzing a Tourism Product
 Application of PLC – Analyzing a Destination
 Purposes of Analyzing the PLCs of Destinations and Tourism Products

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING IN DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT:

 Role of Planning in Destination Development
 Importance of Planning Destination Development

LESSON 4.3.CARRYING CAPACITY

CARRYING CAPACITY:
 Definition
 Concept

TYPES OF CARRYING CAPACITY:

 Physical Carrying Capacity
 Environmental Carrying Capacity
 Psychological or Perceptual Carrying Capacity
 Economical Carrying Capacity
 Social-Cultural Carrying Capacity
HOW (WHERE) DO CARRYING CAPACITY PROBLEMS HAPPEN?:
 Background
 Problems

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. Define the term tourism products. Give at least ten examples of tourism products that are
available in your town/city.

2. Make a synthesis on tourism products.

3. What is the scope of tourism products?

4. What are the characteristics of tourism products?

5. Explain the characteristics of Intangible nature as tourism products; Write at least ten
examples of this product..

6. Discuss the concept of product life cycle in tourism.

7. Explain; (a) Application of PLC – Analyzing a Tourism Product and; (b) Application of PLC –
Analyzing a Destination

8. Given the graph below: Interpret and analyze the business performance of the Disneyland
theme park in terms of its attendance

9. Elucidate the purposes of analyzing the PLCs of destinations and tourism products.

For numbers 10-12. Consider the case study below:

10. According to the figure provided in table 4.1, state whether Ocean Park had a tendency of
‗growth‘ or ‗decline‘ from the period 2002 to 2011.

11. Which fiscal years show a drop in admission income from the period of 2004 to 2011?

12. Which fiscal year shows the most significant increase in admission income from the period of
2000 to 2010?

13. Why planning is important in tourism industry? How do planning helps you to enjoy your
travel destination.

14. Explain why planning in destination is important to; (a) traveler and; (b) tourist

15. Explain the role of planning in destination development.

16. Discuss the importance of planning in destination development.

17. Discuss the process of planning the tourism products and destinations.

18. What is carrying capacity in tourism industry?

19. What are the types of carrying capacity?

20. Explain; (a) Physical Carrying Capacity; (b) Environmental Carrying Capacity; (c)
Psychological or Perceptual Carrying Capacity; (d) Economical Carrying Capacity and; (e)
Social-Cultural Carrying Capacity

21. How do the environmental carrying capacity impacts on tourism industry?\

22. What is the significant of economical carrying capacity in tourism industry

23. Give at least five (5) examples of physical carrying capacity.

24. Explain the carrying capacity of the tourism attractions and destinations.

USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/004728759703600203?journalCode=jtrb
https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/9499
https://ivypanda.com/essays/carrying-capacity-in-relation-to-a-tourist-destination/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/tourism_management/tourism_management_phases_of_
product_development.htm
https://tourismteacher.com/why-tourism-development-planning-is- important/#:~:text=Tourism
%20development%20planning%20enables%20a,increases% 20understanding%20of%20other
%20cultures
 CHAPTER 5

Different Sectors of the Tourism

Industry and Their Roles
Chapter 5 highlights the different sectors within the tourism industry and the interlink between
them. Among the sectors are the private and public sectors. Inclusive of the private sectors are
the hospitality, transportation, intermediaries and other facilities. While in the public sector, the
government agencies at large and within the municipality level.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To introduce the different sectors of the tourism industry and
establish the relationships among the sectors.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises, students
should be able to:

1. Differentiate the private and public sectors of tourism industry.

2. Explain the classification sectors and linkages of tourism industry
3. Create plan on how to sustain the linkages of tourism industry.
 DETAILED CHAPTER MAP

LESSON 5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS AND

THEIR LINKAGES
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTORS
 Private sector
 Public sector
 Different sectors involved in different stages of the tour experience

LESSON 5.2. PRIVATE SECTOR

HOSPITALITY
 Accommodation – hotels, motels, inns, lodges
 Food and Beverage – fine dining, casual dining, fast food, cafes and bars

TRANSPORTATION
 Air – domestic, regional, international
 Water – ferry, cruise
 Road – coach/bus, private car
 Rail – domestic, regional, international

INTERMEDIARIES
 Linkages of intermediaries with customers and supplies
 Types of intermediaries
 Travel agencies

OTHER PRIVATE SECTOR FACILITATORS

 Travel Insurance
 Foreign Exchange
 Credit Cards
 Retail Shops and Restaurants
 Travel Publications
 Internet Solution Providers

LESSON 5.3. PUBLIC SECTOR

MAJOR ROLES OF GOVERNMENT IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
 Planning and Facilitating Tourism
 Control and Supervision of Tourism
 Direct Ownership of Components of Tourism Industry
 Promoting Tourism to Home and Overseas Markets
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS AND PUBLIC TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN
TOURISM
 Passport
 Visa
 Health Requirements
 Customs and Taxes/Duties
 Public Security

THE CASE OF THE PHILIPPINES – ROLE AND WORK OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
AND KEY LOCAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS

 Department of Tourism
 Tourism Promotions Board
 Tourism Industry Board Foundation, Inc.
 Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines
 Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority
 Philippine Retirement Authority

KEY INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS

 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
 Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
 International Air Transport Association (IATA)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. What is the role of government authorities in restoring tourist confidence in the Philippines?

2. List 4 Philippine Tourist Attractions you like to visit and guess which category of tourist
attractions they belong to. (Use the Table format on pp. 138 of the Module of
Macroperspectives of Tourism and Hospitality)

3. Have you gone to Rizal (Luneta) Park? What do you think of this attraction?

4. Enumerate at least five (5) examples of establishments belonging in each of the areas in the
Private Sector.

5. Hayley and her friends will be going to Enchanted Kingdom next week for a whole day. They
live in Sta. Mesa, Manila. Enumerate the different tourism related establishments that they
will encounter and experience and identify what type of establishment is it.

6. Niklaus and Elijah will be travelling abroad to see their mother. They live in Pasig City.
Enumerate the different tourism related establishments that they will encounter and
experience and identify what type of establishment is it.

7. By using Google Scholar, make a Literature Review on the current roles of the different
sectors of tourism industry in the Philippines and in the world.
 USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

http://www.tourism.gov.ph
https://www.gov.ph/web/national-parks-development-committee
https://tieza.gov.ph
https://www.tpb.gov.ph
https://www.main.hrap.org.ph
https://pra.gov.ph
https://www.tourismindustryboard.org
https://www.unwto.org
https://www.pata.org
https://www.iata.org
http://www.apacchrie.org
https://www.chrie.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1
https://ttra.com
 CHAPTER 6

Local Tourism Industry

Chapter 6 highlights the performance of the tourism industry in the Philippines and how
it helped in the economic activities of the country. The tourism industry was boost
through the different factors that facilitates its development.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To distinguish the importance of tourism in the country and it

will be sustained through the different factors that contributes in the development of the
tourism industry.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises,
students should be able to:

1. Appreciate the importance of the tourism industry in the country.

2. Identify the different factors that contributes in the development of the
tourism activities in the Philippines.
3. Distinguish the resources for a sustainable tourism in the country.
 LESSON 6.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Overview of Tourism Performance

The Philippines attracts travelers because of the abundance of island and the bodies of
water surrounding the country. With about 7.641 islands, it is a haven for nature
seekers who would like to experience touched and untouched beaches. There are as
well recreational activities, festival celebrations, and food culture that can be
experienced.

Philippine tourism has come a long way, particularly inbound tourism for the last ten
years. Foreign tourist arrivals back in 2008 were only about 2.9 million, and ten years
later, it reached 65 million arrivals in 20017. Of all foreign source countries of tourist
arrivals, China was one of the leading countries next to South Korea, which accounted
for around 21.7 percent of the total foreign tourists in 2019.
The gross value added generated from the industry is one of the key figures that
determine the Philippine economy Expenditures for internal tourism was valued at
approximately 3.6 trillion Philippine pesos in 2018. Of all the spending on tourism,
percent was accounted for accommodation services, and food and
beverages came second. Within local households, expenditures for
restaurants and hotels amounted to 292.4 billion Philippine pesos in 2019.

FACTORS THAT FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN THE

PHILIPPINES
 Environmental – good climate, beautiful scenery, unusual tourist destinations
 Socio-economic – accessibility, accommodation, amenities, ancillary services
 Historical and cultural
 Religious

LESSON 6.2 VISITOR PROFILE

Analyzing Tourism Statistic
Common visitor statistic includes the following:

 Visitor arrivals by major market areas

 Purpose of visit
 Average length of stay
 Places visited
 Total expenditure associated to inbound tourism
 Visitor spending pattern
 Shopping experience
Top 12 Visitor Markets
1. South Korea
2. China
3. United States of America
4. Japan
5. Taiwan
6. Australia
7. Canada
8. United Kingdom
9. Singapore
10. Malaysia
11. India
12. Germany
Top 15 Must-Visit Tourist Spots in the Philippines

1. White Beach, Boracay

2. Chocolate Hills, Bohol
3. Puerto Princesa Underground River, Palawan
4. Cloud 9, Siargao
5. Cebu‘s Beaches and Diving Spots
6. Banaue Rice Terraces, Ifugao
7. Rizal Park, Manila
8. Kayangan Lake, Coron, Palawan
9. Kawasan Falls, Cebu
10. Taal Volcano and Lake, Tagaytay and Batangas
11. Intramuros and Fort Santiago, Manila
12. Mayon Volcano, Legazpi
13. Tubbataha Reef, Palawan
14. Nacpan Beach, El Nido
15. Calle Crisologo, Vigan
 LESSON 6.3 TOURISM RESOURCES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is known for having its rich biodiversity as its main tourist attraction. It‘s
beaches, mountains, rainforests, islands, diving spots, heritage towns and monuments
are among the country‘s most popular tourist destinations. The country‘s rich historical
and cultural heritage, including its festivals and indigenous traditions, are also one of the
attractions of Philippines. The country is also home to one of the New 7 Wonders of
nature, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, and one of the New 7
Wonders Cities, the Heritage City of Vigan. The country is also home to six UNESCO
World Heritage Sites scattered in nine different locations, three UNESCO biosphere
reserves, three UNESCO intangible cultural heritage, four UNESCO memory of the
world documentary heritage, one UNESCO creative city, two UNESCO world heritage
cities, seven Ramsar wetland sites, and eight ASEAN HERITAGE PARKS.
 DISCUSSION, QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES
Matching Local Attractions with Specific Tourist Profile

Compile 6 tourism attractions for Philippine tourist visitors to explore. Th objective of

completing the list is to gain a better understanding of the different types of local tourism
attractions and the different forms of tourism.
Local Attractions Typology of Attractions What types of visiting
purpose are matched with
the attractions
1. Select three tourism resources that you think are the top choices of our
foreign tourist when they visit Philippines, discuss what can you do as an
ordinary people to help our government sustain it.
2. Assuming you are tasked to work for your local tourism office, choose one
tourist attraction in your city/province and discuss how will you balance
environmental awareness and cultural preservation of this attraction.
3. Do you think restrictions in preserving our environment particularly the famous
tourist attractions that are frequently visited by local and foreign tourist will have
a negative impact in the destinations why and why not?
4. Based on your personal experience as a traveler, can you discuss one
tourist attraction that you have visited and give your insights on the following:
a. Purpose of your visit
b. Length of your stay
c. Value of money you spent on accommodation, food and other services

USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

https://guidetothephillipines.ph
https://www.pna.gov.ph
https://tourism.gov.ph
https://en.m.wilipedia.org.wiki
https://whc.unesco.org
https://en.unesco.org
 CHAPTER 7

The Impacts of Tourism

Chapter 7 highlights the different tourism impacts of tourism in the host community and the
tourist themselves. Tourism takes place in the environment, which is made up of both human
and natural features. The human environment comprises economic, social and cultural factors
and processes. The natural environment is made up of plants and animals in their habitat. It is
possible to make a distinction between the human environment and the natural environment
and this is particularly useful when discussing the impacts of tourism. However, it is important to
note that, in a real setting, the human environment and the natural environment are interwoven,
and human activity is both affected by and has effects on the natural environment.

Tourism, as a significant form of human activity, can have major impacts. These impacts are
very visible in the destination region, where tourists interact with the local environment,
economy, culture and society. Hence, it is conventional to consider the impacts of tourism under
the headings of socio-cultural, economic and environmental impacts. This convention is
followed in the three chapters that follow this introduction to tourism impacts. In the real world,
tour- ism issues are generally multi-faceted, often having a combination of economic, social and
environmental dimensions. Therefore, when considering each of the types of impact in turn, it
should be remembered that the impacts are multi- faceted, often problematic and not as easily
compartmentalized as is often por- trayed. In other words, tourism impacts cannot easily be
categorized as solely social, environmental or economic, but tend to have several interrelated
dimensions. It should also be noted that much tourism planning and management is in relation
to tourism impacts in destinations and resorts.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: To introduce an understanding of the various impacts of

tourism and be aware of the different influences on these impacts.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises, students
should be able to:

1. Explain the economic impacts of tourism in the Philippines.

2. Elucidate the means on how to prevent the negative environmental impacts of tourism.
3. Create a plan on how to promote tourism and at the same time protecting the Philippine
culture..
 DETAILED CHAPTER MAP

LESSON 7.1. THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS

OF TOURISM
POSITIVE IMPACTS ON THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS
 Social Aspects
o Improve the Way of Life
 Cultural Aspects
o Encourage Cultural Exchange
o Boost for Cultural Conservation

NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS

 Social Aspects
o Lifestyles
 Congestion
 Transformation of forms and types of occupation
 Health problems
o Moral Issues
 Prostitution and Sex Tourism
 Crime Generation
 Cultural Aspects
o Demonstration Effects
o Commodification of Culture

MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACT

 Doxey‘s Index of Tourist Irritation (IRRIDEX Model)
LESSON 7.2. THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM

POSITIVE IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY

 Creating Jobs
o Direct Employment
o Indirect Employment
 Providing Tax Revenue
o Direct Taxes
o Indirect Taxes
 Improving the Balance of Payments
 Economic Growth and Living Standard
 Generating Income and the Linkage Effect

NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMY

 Hugh Consumer and Land Prices
 Over-dependency on Tourism
 Leakage
o Import Leakage
o Export Leakage

MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC IMPACT

 The Flow of Money – The Phenomenon of Tourism Multiplier
o First Order Effects
o Second Order Effects
o Third Order Effects
o Closing the Cycle

LESSON 7.3. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF

TOURISM
POSITIVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
 Preservation and Conservation of the Environment
 Enhancement of Environment
 Increasing Environmental Awareness

NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

 Environmental Pollution (Impact on abiotic environment)
 o Water Pollution
o Air Pollution
o Soil Pollution
o Noise Pollution
o Visual Pollution
 Ecological Disruption (Impact on biotic environment)
o Vegetation
o Wildlife

MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

 The Importance of Environmental Impact Assessment
 Key Considerations of Environmental Impact Assessment
 OECD Framework in Assessing Tourism and Environment Stress
o Carrying Capacity

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. How did the lecture on the positive and negative impacts of tourism affect your views on
tourism as an activity?

2. To what extent do you agree with the different impacts of tourism?

3. What do you think are the major influences on tourism‘s impacts?

4. In the barangay, municipality or city that you are living in, try to make a simple impact
assessment of a specific tourism activity / establishment in the location. Consider the
following instructions:

a. Make a list of the impacts under the headings ‗positive‘ and ‗negative.‘
b. When complete, consider which if the two types of impacts are more
important in relation to your example. Note: This does not necessarily
correspond to the longer list of the two.
c. Look again at the list and consider your own value position and indicate
which of the impacts could be regarded in a different way, from your own
assessment by another commentator, and how these impacts can be viewed.
d. How important do you believe the nature of tourist activities are in relation to
the impacts of tourism?

USEFUL LINKS AND WEBSITES

https://rappler.com/nation/coronavirus-impact-tourism-worse-boracay-closure
https://rappler.com/nation/batangas-tourism-losses-taal-eruption
https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/14/Tourism-in-Tagaytay,-Taal-affected-.html
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1090910
https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_075558/lang--en/index.htm
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-15199815
 CHAPTER 8

Careers in the Tourism Sector

Chapter 8 highlights the different job opportunities the tourism sector can offer. The World
Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimates that in 2010, there were more than 235.8 million
people worldwide, some 8.1 percent of the total workforce, employed in jobs that exist because
of the demand generated by tourism. Although tourism contributes to gross domestic product
(GDP), capital investment, employment, foreign exchange, and export earnings, it is the job-
creation capacity of tourism that is its most significant feature. According to the WTTC, by 2020,
employment forecasts are that 303.0 million people around the globe will have jobs created by
tourism, accounting for 9.2 percent of total employment, or 1 in every 10.9 jobs.

In brief, tourism is one of the world‘s fastest-growing industries, and some employers are
worried that they will not be able to find enough employees to fill open positions. Tourism is a
growth field that will continue to offer great opportunities.

Are you suited to work in the tourism field? Do you like working with people? Can you provide
leadership? Would you be genuinely concerned for a traveler‘s comfort, needs, and well- being
even if the customer might be rude and obnoxious? If you can answer in the affirmative,
you can find a place in this industry. You have to like jto do things for other people and work
helpfully with them. If not, this is not the industry for you. Courtesy comes easily when
customers are pleasant and gracious. But a great deal of self-discipline is required to serve
every type of person, especially demanding or indecisive ones. In tourism settings, the customer
might often change his or her mind. This requires patience and an unfailingly cheerful
personality.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: Identify the different job opportunities in the tourism and hospitality
sector.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After reading this chapter and completing the discussion questions and exercises, students
should be able to:

1. Evaluate future job opportunities in the tourism field.

2. Learn about the careers available.
3. Discover which careers might match your interests and abilities.
4. Know additional sources of information on careers.
Tourism today is one of the world‘s largest industries. It is made up of many segments, the principal ones
being transportation, accommodations, food service, shopping, travel arrangements, and activities for
tourists, such as history, culture, adventure, sports, recreation, entertainment, and other similar activities.
The businesses that provide these services require knowledgeable and imaginative business managers.

Familiarity with tourism, recreation, business, and leisure equips one to pursue a career in a number of
tourism-related fields. Tourism skills are critically needed, and there are many opportunities available in a
multitude of fields.

Because tourism is diverse and complex and each sector has many job opportunities and career paths, it
is virtually impossible to list and describe all the jobs one might consider in this large field.

An effort has been made in the industry segments to provide a fairly comprehensive list of jobs, including
entry-level jobs requiring few skills. Entry jobs are listed because they are part of the tourism industry and
provide examples of the kinds of jobs managers will have the task of recruiting and supervising.

JOB SECTORS

 Airlines
 Cruise Companies
 Bus Companies
 Railroads
 Rental Car Companies
 Hotels, Motels and Resorts
 Global Distribution System and
Online Companies
 Travel Agencies
 Tour Companies
 Food Service
 Leisure and Recreation
 Meetings, Incentives,
Conventions and Events
 Tourism Education
 Tourism Research
 Travel Communications
 Attractions
 Tourist Offices
 Gaming
 Government
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Food & Beverage Accommodat ions Tour & Travel Tour Amusement Park
Restaurant Owner Hotel Owner Bus Line Owner General Manager
• lndependenee • Independence •
Quallty • Quality
• Flexible • Irregular •
Commitment • Tourism
Work Hours Work Hours •
Work Ethic &
• Financial • Control •
Optimism Tourists
& • Mon<¥ •
People/Employe • Organization
Personal • People es • Attention to Detail
Success • Novelty/Change • Challenge • Flexibillty
• Control • Success • Gr<Wth /
• Novelty/Change • Humor Diversity
• Flexi bility • People
• Organi zation • Creativity
• Workingwit • Business
h Numbers • Irregular
Tour Bus Work Hours
Restaurant Manager Hotel Manager Line Manager
Quallty Directorof PREDOMINANT
Influencing People • Quallty Special Attractions
People Novelty/Cha nge VALUES AND
• Commitment
l eadership Curiosity • Work • Young People INTERESTS
Novelty/Cha nge Competition • People • Professionalism
Nutrition People • Challenge• Work Ethic PEOPLE
• Flexibility • Creativity QUALITY
Problem Solving • Growth • Irregular
Status • Humor Work Hours CHALLENGE
• Variable Work
• Organi zation FLEXIBILIT
• Innovation Environment Y
• Working • Challenge NOVELTY/CHANGE
with • Economic Value
• l eisure/Fun
AssistantExecutive Superintendentof • Analysis
Maitre D' Housekeeper Bus Maintenance
Amusement Park
Customers/ People
People • People and Supervisor
- Quallty
Challenge
Quality
Cost Effectiveness
Their Safety
• Quallty • People
Team Efficiency • Quality
• Vari ety/Novelty
Food Industry
Problem Solving • Machinery• Machinery
Challenge • Problems • Challenge
• Efficiency
• Organi zation
Operations Operations
Ride
Bartender Chambermiad Tour Bus Driver Operator
• People Customers/ People • People • People
• Quallty Neatness • Esteem • Commitment
• Creativity Fun • Power/Control • Initiative
• Flexible Variety • Being Busy • Work
Work Hours Cl eaning • Routine • Teamwork
• Being Busy

Food & Beverage Entry Entry Ride

Server Chambermiad Ticket Agent Operator PEOPLE
People People Fun
People People Helpfulness
Flexibility Cl eanliness Challenge
Work Conditions
Cultural Variety Clerical Tasks
Math
Tr avel
NoveltyNariety

Personal Worth Work

created for theINDUSTRY ANALYSIS and TRAININGINFORMATION BRANCH
DEPARTMENTof CAREER DEVELOPMENT and EMPLOYMENT GOVERNMENT of ALBERTA by CAREER DEVELOPMENTINSTITUTE

•NOTE
The values and interests listed here are samples.
A small sample of
experts was usedin data collection.
 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1. What is the growth potential for tourism jobs?

2. As a career in tourism, what position appeals to you at present?

3. What preparation will be needed for that position?

4. What are its probable rewards?

5. Identify the position‘s advancement opportunities.

6. What criteria would you choose a company for an interview?

7. How important is your salary for your job choice?

8. What will tourism be like in the year 2030? What position might you visualize yourself to
be in by that date?

INTERNET EXERCISE