ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGG. AND COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORK ASSIGNMENT

DERARA KETEMA
ESRON GIRMA
MISEKIR BIRHANU
ABDI DESTA
CHALCHISA TAMIRU
 1. Explain in brief cellular system, how it differ from wireless communication. What is cell
splitting in cellular network explain with example?
cellular system:- Cellular is a networking technology typically associated with a mobile
telephone system that uses short-range radio stations to facilitate mobile device
communication over areas composed of cells and transceivers. The past few years have
witnessed phenomenal growth in the wireless industry, both in terms of mobile
technology and subscribers. Cellular network refers to a mobile network and the idea is to
provide high-capacity coverage over a wide area. so if our phone is not connected to
wireless networks then they use it to connect to the internet by using cellular data
communication.
when we come to the difference between the two types:
Wireless network is primarily a local area networking technology that uses radio waves
to provide high-speed internet access to mobile devices enabled with Wi-Fi. It not only
allows mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets to connect to the internet
but also allows them to communicate with each other wirelessly.
Cellular is a networking technology typically associated with a mobile telephone system
that uses short-range radio stations to facilitate mobile device communication over areas
composed of cells and transceivers. Cellular means there is a cellular plan attached to the
device which uses cellular signal to connect to the internet.
Cell splitting: cell splitting is a technique used to divide each cell in mobile communication
into smaller cells called micro cells. The radius of these small cells is half of the original radius.
Cell splitting technique proves advantages when the traffic of cell phone users increases beyond
the limit of a regular cell. In other words, Cell splitting is the process of dividing a larger cell
into smaller cells so that at the base station the antenna height is reduced as well as the
transmitting power required is also less. We know that the spectrum is limited so in order to
utilize it efficiently we need to go for the frequency reuse concept. It states that the same set of
frequencies can be used in another cell provided that there is no interference in the frequency
between the two cells employing or using the same set of frequencies.

2. Brief explain how traffic routing in wireless mobile network can be done?
The amount of traffic capacity required in a wireless network is highly dependent upon the type
of traffic carried.Some traffic may have an urgent delivery schedule while some may have no
need to be sent in real-time. The type of traffic carried by a network determines the routing
services, protocols, and call handling techniques which must be employed.

Two general routing services are provided by networks

1. Connection oriented services (virtual circuit routing)

2. Connectionless services (datagram services)
Connection-Oriented Routing

● In connection-oriented routing, the communications path between the message source

and destination is fixed for the entire duration of the message, and a call set-up
procedure is required to dedicate network resources to both the called and calling
parties.
● Since the path through the network is fixed, the traffic in connection-oriented routing
arrives at the receiver in the exact order it was transmitted.
● Connection-oriented service relies heavily on error control coding to provide data
protection in case the network connection becomes noisy.
● If coding is not sufficient to protect the traffic, the call is broken, and the entire
message must be retransmitted from the beginning.
Connectionless Routing

Connectionless routing, on the other hand, does not establish a firm connection for the traffic,
and instead relies on packet-based transmissions

● Packets sent using connectionless routing do not necessarily arrive in the order of
transmission and must to be reordered at the receiver.Several packets form a message,
and each individual packet in a connectionless service is routed separately
● Because packets take different routes in a connectionless service, some packets may
be lost due to network or link failure; however others may get through with sufficient
redundancy to enable the entire message to be recreated at the receiver. Thus,
connectionless routing often avoids having to retransmit an entire message, but
requires more overhead information for each packet
● In a connectionless service, a call set-up procedure is not required at the beginning of
a call, and each message burst is treated independently by the network
Circuit Switching:

● Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection (a radio channel between the

base and mobile, and a dedicated phone line between the MSC and the PSTN) for the
entire duration of a call.
● Wireless data networks are not well supported by circuit switching, due to their short,
bursty transmissions which are often followed by periods of inactivity.Circuit
switching is best suited for dedicated voice-only traffic, or for instances where data is
continuously sent over long periods of time
Packet Switching:
 ● Packet switching is also called virtual switching. It is the most common technique
used to implement connectionless services and allows a large number of data users to
remain virtually connected to the same physical channel in the network.
● Packet switching breaks each message into smaller units for transmission and
recovery
● When a message is broken into packets, a certain amount of control information is
added to each packet to provide source and destination identification, as well as error
recovery provisions.Packet switching (also called packet radio when used over a
wireless link) provides excellent channel efficiency for bursty data transmissions of
short length.
● An advantage of packet-switched data is that the channel is utilized only when
sending or receiving bursts of information

3. What is ISDN? Explain its architecture, data transfer mechanism and applications.

ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network:- are a set of communication standards for
simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the
traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. The main feature of ISDN is that it
can integrate speech and data on the same lines, which were not available in the classic telephone
system.
ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, but it also provides access to packet
switched networks that allows digital transmission of voice and data. This results in potentially
better voice or data quality than an analog phone can provide. It provides a packet-switched
connection for data in increments of 64 kilobit/s. It provided a maximum of 128 kbit/s bandwidth
in both upstream and downstream directions. A greater data rate was achieved through channel
bonding. Generally ISDN B-channels of three or four BRIs (six to eight 64 kbit/s channels) are
bonded. ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text transmission between individual
desktop videoconferencing systems and group video conferencing systems.

mechanisms
A single transmission channel for communication is available in the analog network or regular
telephone lines that are provided to us by telephone companies. Therefore only one service can
be carried at a time, i.e. voice, data, video at a single time. Whereas in ISDN lines there the same
pair of telephone lines are logically divided into multiple channels.

There are two types of the channel that are Mostly found within ISDN:-
 ● B or Bearer channels: The bearer channels are used to carry the payload data which
may be a voice and / or data.
● D or Delta channels: The D channels are intended for signaling and control, although it
may also be used for data under some circumstances.
ISDN Architecture

Applications of ISDN
some applications of ISDN are:
1. Video Conferencing

2. Making Couple of Telephone Calls Simultaneously

3. ISDN Video Phones

4. Broadcasting Industry

5. Digital PBX/ IP PBX

6. Back-up Internet Connectivity

7. Bank ATM/ Point of Sale Locations

 4. Provide different steps required when a mobile originates a call in cellular system
shortly:-
Step 1. The MS u1 sends the call origination request to the MSC.
Step 2. The MSC forwards the request to the VLR by sending
MAP_SEND_INFO_FOR_OUTGOING_CALL.
Step 3. The VLR checks the u1’s profile and sends
MAP_SEND_INFO_FOR_OUTGOING_CALL_ack to the MSC to grant the call request.
Step 4. The MSC sets up the trunk according to the standard PSTN call setup procedure.

When we place a cellular phone call, we dial the number and press the send button. A number of
steps then follow:-

● cell phone scans for the nearest base station in order to provide it with the strongest signal
and, in turn, the best possible connection. It checks 21 different control channels to
determine the strongest available signal.

● our cell phone then selects the strongest signal for its use.

● An origination message (a very short message of about second in length) is then sent by
the cellular phone, which includes its MIN (Mobile Identification Number, that is, once
cellular phone number), as well as the ESN (Electronic Serial Number), and the number
that has been dialed.

● Once the cellular service provider verifies that we are among its customers - based on the
sent-out MIN and ESN - the base station sends a channel assignment message to the
cellular phone (another ? of a second in length), telling the phone where the conversation
will be.

● The cell phone then tunes into that assigned channel and the call begins.
All of this has happened by the time we hear the ringing or busy signal on the other end of the
phone.
to represent graphically and in technical words:-
 5. From the following mobile technology concepts which one has shortest battery life
(before call drop) and why?
a. pager,
b. a cellular phone
c. cordless phone,
The ‘pager’ would have the longest and the ‘cellular phone’ would have the shortest battery life.
Because a pager is just a radio receiver and not a radio transmitter. A cell phone or a cordless
phone are both a receiver and a transmitter. A receiver uses much less battery power than a
transmitter does. And because a pager's disposable alkaline battery holds more power than a cell
phone or cordless phone's rechargeable battery. And a cell phone is used for full duplex two-way
radio telecommunications (for both voice and data) over a cellular network of stations known as
cell sites, a pager (also known as a beeper) is used primarily for sending and receiving short
messages. Cell phones are by far the most popular electronic device.

6. List and discuss performance criteria of cellular mobile networks?

7. Briefly explain the concept of GPRS and the two new network elements introduced by it.

GPRS is expanded as General Packet Radio Service, and it is employed in 2G or 3G cellular

communications. It was developed in European Telecommunication Institute with the influence
of i-mode packet and CDPD technologies which the third generation Partner Project now
manages. It is used for mobile communication widely. Generally, it is sold with considering the
bulk volume of information exchanged at billing time along with circuit switching data that is
managed by computing the connection time. By considering all the utilities, the GPRS bundle of
data cap is charged based on MB, operating speed, and the signed policies.

Why do we use GPRS?

The technology of GPRS is based on unused segments of GSM bandwidth to transfer and accept
the data packets. The difference between GPRS and the conventional connection is based on the
quality level. It can be implemented in many ways, where the higher data rate can be accessed in
minimum times.

In the general GSM mobile, the configuration is lengthy, and data permission is limited to
9.6kbits per second. When offered in practice, the establishment of session time is decreased by
one second, and the data rate of the ISDN-line is limited to many 10kbits per second. The packet
transmission of GPRS makes the system simple and user-friendly that is provided by circuit-
switched devices. The services offered by circuits are dependent on the connection duration.

It is not applicable for congested traffic, and the user should make payment for the entire
connection time, even for the idle situation where no packet is transmitted. But with packet-
switched devices, the billing is dependent on several data transmitted. The user gets beneficiaries
even though he is online for a prolonged time, but the billing will be based on data volume
transferred.

GPRS network elements:-

Following two new components, called Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) and, Serving
GPRS Support Node (SGSN) are added:

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN):- The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface
and a router to external networks. It contains routing information for GPRS mobiles, which is
used to tunnel packets through the IP based internal backbone to the correct Serving GPRS
Support Node. The GGSN also collects charging information connected to the use of the external
data networks and can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic.

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN):-The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsible for
authentication of GPRS mobiles, registration of mobiles in the network, mobility management,
and collecting information on charging for the use of the air interface.

8. Briefly describe the concept of frequency reuse in mobile wireless network.

Frequency Reuse is the scheme in which allocation and reuse of channels throughout a coverage
region is done. Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels or Frequency
sub-bands to be used within a small geographic area known as a cell. The shape of the cell is
Hexagonal. The process of selecting and allocating the frequency sub-bands for all of the cellular
base stations within a system is called Frequency reuse or Frequency Planning.
Salient Features of using Frequency Reuse:
● Frequency reuse improves the spectral efficiency and signal Quality (QoS).
● Frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for GSM systems offers protection against
interference.
● The number of times a frequency can be reused depends on the tolerance capacity of the
radio channel from the nearby transmitter that is using the same frequencies.
● In Frequency Reuse scheme, total bandwidth is divided into different sub-bands that are
used by cells.
● Frequency reuse schemes allow WiMax system operators to reuse the same frequencies at
different cell sites.

9. Discusses the Basic Methods of signal propagation in a mobile communication system,

and which propagation method is preferable in today’s technology
10. Mr X suspected by illegal drug selling in USA and the police search this person for a
years to identify his exact location. ,but this searching is not effective due to Mr X
switch off his phone and change his pervious location . But one day Mr X open his phone
and call to Miss Z who share similar network to Mr. X. Fortunately the police arrested
Mr X and bring him in front of law. Discusses how Police get the exact location of Mr X
during investigation.

Submission date Wednesday May 5, 2021

Through Gmail: fanayechala2014@gmail.com

Notice some questions from this assignment may be a part of final exam

Your final exam will be on Friday may 7 morning 2:30