Water Sources Study of Gecha - Solomon Kenea

SNNPRS
WATER, MINES & ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

BUREAU
Water Supply, Sanitation & Hygiene Project

(Basket Fund, WRDF)
GECHA
TOWN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
PROJECT
DRAFT FEASIBILITY STUDY

WATER SOURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT
November 2019
Ketema Consulting Engineers

SNNPRS
WATER, MINES & ENERGY DEVELOPMENT BUREAU
Basket Fund National Program
Consultancy Service for

Study & Design Review, Construction Supervision and
Contract Administration of Gecha Town Water Supply &
Sanitation project
Feasibility Study
Water Sources Study Report – Draft Version
June 2019
Ketema Consulting Engineers

P.O.Box: 1882 Code 1110
Tel.: +251-911-605070
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Email: ketema@kceconsult.com
Website: www.kceconsult.com
Study and Design Review, Construction Supervision and Contract Administration
Gecha Town WSSP Water Sources Report
List of Contents
Pag
LIST OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................................1
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................................2
ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................................3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................4
1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................6
1.1 BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................................6
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................7
1.2.1 General Objective......................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................7
1.3 METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................7
1.4 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDY DOCUMENTS..............................................................................8
1.5 SCOPE OF THE REPORT..............................................................................................................9
2 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN..........................................................................10
2.1 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY..............................................................................................10
2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND DRAINAGE........................................................................................10
2.3 CLIMATE..................................................................................................................................12
2.3.1 Rainfall and Evapotranspiration.............................................................................12
2.3.2 Temperature............................................................................................................13
2.3.3 Wind Speed, Humidity and Sunshine Fraction.........................................................14
3 EXISTING WATER SOURCES.................................................................................................16
4 GEOLOGY...................................................................................................................................18
4.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY..............................................................................................................18
4.2 LOCAL GEOLOGY....................................................................................................................18
5 HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE AREA.........................................................................................21
5.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................21
5.2 YOKICHICHI SPRING POTENTIAL ZONE...................................................................................21
5.3 SUMMARY OF ALL SPRING POTENTIALS.................................................................................23
5.4 GROUNDWATER FLOW, RECHARGE AND DISCHARGE CONDITIONS.......................................23
5.5 AQUIFER CLASSIFICATION......................................................................................................24
6 HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY........................................................................................................27
6.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................27
6.2 MAJOR ANIONS AND CATIONS................................................................................................27
6.3 OTHER CHEMICAL PARAMETERS............................................................................................29
7 WATER SOURCE EVALUATION............................................................................................30
7.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................30
7.2 EVALUATION OF SPRING SOURCES.........................................................................................30
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................32
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................34
ANNEX 1: WATER QUALITY DATA..............................................................................................35
1
List of Figures
FIG 2-1: LOCATION OF GECHA TOWN.......................................................................................................10
FIG 2-2: GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF GECHA........................................................................................11
FIG 2-3: SLOPE MAP OF GECHA AREA.......................................................................................................12
FIG 2-4: MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION TOTALS OF THE AREA..........................13
FIG 2-5: MONTHLY MEAN OF DAILY TEMPERATURE PATTERN OF GECHA AREA......................................14
FIG 2-6: WIND SPEED OF GECHA AREA.....................................................................................................14
FIG 2-7: HUMIDITY OF GECHA AREA........................................................................................................15
FIG 2-8: SUNSHINE FRACTION OF GECHA AREA........................................................................................15
FIG 3-1: FARANJI SPRING CAPPING AND THE ABANDONED RESERVOIR....................................................16
List of Tables
TABLE 2-1: CLIMATE DATA OF THE PROJECT AREA..................................................................................12
TABLE 5-1: SUMMARY OF EXISTING SPRING POTENTIAL WATER SOURCE IN THE STUDY AREA.............23
2
Abbreviations
BH = Borehole
DEM = Digital Elevation Model
EC = Electrical Conductivity
GIS = Geographical Information System
PET = Potential Evapotranspiration
SWL = Static Water Level
TDS = Total Dissolved Solids
UTM = Universal Transverse Mercator
VES = Vertical Electrical Sounding
WASH = Water, Sanitation & Hygiene
WHO = World Health Organization
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The existing water supply system of Gecha town was constructed in 1986 E.C from spring water
sources commonly named Faranji Spring with current estimated discharge (0.2l/s) located at
upstream periphery of the town. This capped spring is gravitated to the collection reservoir at
downstream from where water is further distributed to the customers via gravity. The existing
system consists of spring capping structure, two service reservoirs (only one is functional), gravity
mains, distribution pipes and 18 public fountains (few of them are operational due to lack of water).
The total daily water production from spring did not cover the water requirements of the current
population. In addition, the current existing water supply system is insufficient to meet the current
demand due to the expansion of the town, smaller sizes of pipe system and service reservoir and
accordingly water is being currently rationed to the users although the majority of the town
residents are still not in access to water from the existing system every day and forced to use
traditional water sources. Added to this, public tap users spent their time in queuing more hours per
day, which otherwise have been used for other development activities. Thus, critical water sources
shortage, and insufficient water distribution system are the major constraints of the town water
supply systems.
From water demand projection, the calculated maximum day demand of stage I and stage II of the
town is 15.0l/s and 27.0l/s respectively. However, the existing spring has yield of about 0.20l/s
which is by far below the required demands. Therefore, it has deemed necessary for clean and
sustainable water sources to be supplied from development of new water sources. Thus, to address
the water supply shortage, exclusive study on water sources has been carried out giving due
attention to geological and hydrogeological situation of the area. Secondary data such water quality
data have also been used to assess future potential that can serve the projected water demand of
Gecha town mainly focusing on spring water sources, Shesi Spring, as main priority.
The geology of the area is characterized by dominant covering by aphanitic basalt in the north and
vesicular basalt in the south. The hydrogeological investigation of the project area identified three
aquifer classes with the main aquifer being extensive aquifer with fracture permeability and high
productivity. This aquifer which is constituted of vesicular aquifer has many high yield springs of
which Shesi Spring is the major spring within close proximity to the town.
Shesi Spring is found in Yokichichi Kebele 14 km south of Gecha Town located at UTM
Coordinate of 0765729 mE and 0826706 mN at an elevation of 1885 m. It is fracture spring that
emanates from scoraceous basalt. The measured discharge of the spring is estimated to 100 l/s. The
spring potential is sufficient for both stages given that there is proper construction being carried out
and the area is protected from deforestation. There is EEPCo power line in the area which can be
used as power source to the pump.
The springs in the area are dependent on the rainfall recharge from the mountainous area. As
4
observed in the area, recently forest clearing and farming on the mountains are common practices.
Eucalyptuses are grown at the expense of the indigenous plants, and they are observed in the
vicinity of the springs. The impact of replacement of the vegetation by eucalyptus and farming is
visible as soil is being eroded and large erosional gullies are being formed. Therefore, protection of
the whole area from deforestation should take due attention.
5
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The existing water supply system of Gecha town was constructed in 1986 E.C from spring water
sources commonly named Faranji Spring with current estimated discharge (0.2l/s) located at
upstream periphery of the town. This capped spring is gravitated to the collection reservoir at
downstream from where water is further distributed to the customers via gravity. The existing
system consists of spring capping structure, two service reservoirs (only one is functional), gravity
mains, distribution pipes and 18 public fountains (few of them are operational due to lack of water).
The total daily water production from spring did not cover the water requirements of the current
population. In addition, the current existing water supply system is insufficient to meet the current
demand due to the expansion of the town, smaller sizes of pipe system and service reservoir and
accordingly water is being currently rationed to the users although the majority of the town residents
are still not in access to water from the existing system every day and forced to use traditional water
sources. Added to this, public tap users spent their time in queuing more hours per day, which
otherwise have been used for other development activities. Thus, critical water sources shortage, and
insufficient water distribution system are the major constraints of the town water supply systems.
To address this problem, the Contract for the provision of the consultancy services “study and
design review, construction supervision and contract administration of Gecha Town Water Supply &
Sanitation project have been signed between the Client, SNNPRS Water, Mines & Energy
Development Bureau, and the Consultant, Ketema Consulting Engineers on 22nd March 2019. The
specific responsibility entrusted to the consultant accordingly is to undertake the consultancy service
for design review, contract administration and construction supervision works of water supply and
sanitation facilities in order to alleviate the prevailing critical potable water supply shortage and
improve the living conditions of inhabitants by rehabilitating existing systems and extending the
water supply system under this envisaged new water supply and sanitation project as well as
providing capacity buildings for town water supply services enterprise including town water board
management. The new scheme will be designed for targeted design periods of stage I (2030) and
stage II (year 2040) starting from planned system commissioning of 2020.
This is the draft feasibility study of Water Sources Study Report for sources confirmation, mainly
focuses on identification of groundwater potential and borehole site selection for Gecha town water
supply that can satisfy in quantity and quality as per WHO or Ethiopian drinking water standard by
integrated analysis and review of previous studies, geological and hydrogeological analysis.
Finally, the study depicts the recommendation of water sources particularly the potential capacity of
the recommended water sources “Shesi Spring” for future water supply sources.
6
1.2 Project Objectives

1.2.1 General Objective
The general objective of the service is to implement the WaSH project motto “increased access to
improved water supply and sanitation services for Gecha town residents”. The implementation
modality of this project can be generally classified in to two steps: 1) Planning and Preparatory and
2) Implementation. Thus, this consultancy service is to assist the Client and the user Town Water
Board, municipality and the utility in design review, capacity building and preparation of business
plan and in contract administration and construction supervision of works, supply and installation of
equipment participating key stakeholders at all stages for effective and efficient implementation of
the envisaged project.
1.2.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objective of this study is to assess groundwater potential of Gecha area to provide
potable town water supply from selected water sources by reviewing of previous studies, analysis of
secondary data, and conducting detailed field survey. The study is therefore comprehensive and
involves an integrated approach of geological map analysis, GIS mapping, analysis of hydrological
historic data and water quality studies. The major specific objective includes, but not limited to:
 Review and appraisal of previous water source investigations around Gecha town
 Evaluate the potential of the spring and groundwater within 15 km of Gecha using secondary
data
 Characterize the hydrogeological condition of the area: recharge and discharge conditions,
groundwater flow, delineate spatial distribution of different aquifers, hydraulic parameters and
water quality of the groundwater.
 Evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the groundwater sources potential of the area and select
potential water sources areas with suitable water quality, with high discharge that can sustain
water supply for the town.
 Recommend the selected water sources for project development.
1.3 Methodology
The study of water sources potential for Gecha town water supply requires systematic and integrated
approach. In order to implement appropriate water sources evaluation, exhaustive groundwater
investigation and assessment has been done through desk study and field investigations. Desk study
includes review of previous works in the area; preparation of base map prior to the field work using
Landsat image, DEM and topographic map where as field works have been conducted in May 2019.
Observation on physical properties of lithological units, geomorphologic set up of these units, and
inventory of water points such as springs, secondary data of boreholes was carried during the field
work. The Woreda Water, Mines and Energy Office and the Utility had been visited for information
on the water resource condition.
7
Based on field data geological and hydrogeological maps have been prepared using Arc Map and
water quality data were analyzed using Aquachem software. Processing, interpretation and analysis
of the various geological, structural, hydrological and hydro-chemical data were done during this
phase. Groundwater potential of the area has been evaluated and priority or promising sites are
selected for development. The methodologies used are listed as follows:
 Conduct office work including collection and analysis of secondary, preparation of base map
prior to the field work.
 Review of previous study conducted by South Design and Construction Supervision Enterprise
 Carry out field work to observe physical properties of lithological units, geomorphologic set up
of these units, and inventory of water points such as springs, boreholes and characterize the
existing rivers in the area.
 Hydrogeological field survey, water point inventory, geological mapping in relation to the
hydrogeology of the area.
 Interpretation and analysis of survey data and report. The hydrogeological report is prepared by
carrying out analysis of secondary and primary data.
 Preparation of different maps such as geomorphological map, slope map, geological map,
hydrogeological map and groundwater potential map using Global Mapper, Arc Map and other
software.
 Select appropriate water source for the different phases (short and long term demand)
considering the environmental impact they have by determining their yield.
 In addition to the hydrogeological report that includes preliminary well design, specification for
borehole drilling and construction is prepared.
1.4 Review of Previous Study Documents

The previous feasibility study and design of Gecha town water supply system was prepared by
South Design and Construction Supervision Enterprise in 2016. The system was designed for the
targeted design periods of stage I (year 2016 to 2026) and stage II (year 2026 to 2036) using Shesi
Spring water sources located in Yokichichi Kebele 14 km to south of Gecha Town. From the study,
the scheme was designed for population sizes of 6,540 and 9,137 with its corresponding maximum
day demand of 3.81l/s and 7.96l/s for design period of phase I (2026) and phase II (2036)
respectively.
The enterprise has carried out source selection from surface water and groundwater sources using
several approaches and considerations, and decided that Shesi Spring is the best alternative for
Gecha town water supply. It is found around 14 km south of the town and the measured discharge is
9 lit/s. The spring is located at UTM location of 0765734mE and 0826711mN (Zone 36, Adindan)
with an elevation of 1890 m. Dense vegetation covers the area upstream of the spring. The study
also indicated that there is another spring with an anticipated similar discharge upstream of Shesi
8
Spring at an elevation of 1980m at distance of 850 m in the south direction.
The report described the geological material at the spring locality and accordingly, the Shesi Spring
emanates from within the scoria, and the upslope unit consists of scoracious basalt, while down
slope basalt extends to the lower river beds. The river beds down slope of the spring are entirely
invaded by basalt unit. The scoria unit is generally of high permeability. At site level the spring
originates from fractured and fissured scoria unit.
Based on this report, the water quality of the springs and a borehole were analyzed in which the
results for major anions and cations as well as other physical parameters were attached. It was
indicated that the probable source of the spring is deep groundwater based on the conductance or the
total dissolved solids. Moreover, it was presented in the report that the spring water is safe for
drinking purpose according to the WHO guideline and Ethiopian standard set for drinking water.
1.5 Scope of the Report

This final Water Sources Study Report is aim to overview previous studies conducted in the area,
geological, hydrological and geophysical investigations for water sources development to fulfill the
main objective of the program. The report covers the following areas and topics but not limited to:
Executive Summary, Introduction, Physical Description of the Project Area, Existing Water
Sources, Geology, Hydrogeology, Hydrogeochemistry, Water Source Evaluation, Conclusion and
Recommendations.
9
2 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN

2.1 Location and Accessibility
Gecha is the capital of Anderacha Woreda of Sheka zone, located in Southern Nations Nationalities
and People Regional States (SNNPRS). It is found along Addis Ababa – Bonga – Mizan-Tepi at
distance of 670 from Addis Ababa, 806km from Regional Capital, Hawassa and 40 km from the
Zonal capital Masha. Geographically, the town is bounded in UTM coordinate of within 35.39 0 to
35.430 Longitude and 7.560 to 7.610 Latitude at average altitude of 2,000m above sea level.
Administratively, the town has two Kebele and observed to have high population influx to the area
for living, trade and business activities as it is & major administrative and socioeconomic center of
Anderacha Woreda.
Fig 2-1: Location of Gecha Town
2.2 Geomorphology and Drainage

The geomorphology of Gecha area is situated in the Baro-Akobo Basin on the western boundary
nearby the water divide with Omo-Gibe Basin. The altitude in the area varies from 720 – 2740m in
the area within the radius of about 30 km as shown in Fig 2.2. The area is characterized by rolling
and undulating topography with high altitudinal variation owing to the existence of volcanic
emplacement of geological (rock) material, tectonic structures and river erosional activities over a
period of long time scale. The town is surrounded by mountains in the east and west that are
extending in the northeast and southeast directions.
There are several rivers in Anderacha Woreda that transect the area, all of them originating as
10
springs in the highlands. The rivers form dendritic drainage pattern which is the effect of stream
flow on the hard material. Few of the rivers within the town locality include Wang River, Genji
River, Wanj River, Bag River, Godere River, Gogawem River and Shaki River. Some of the rivers
are also geological structure controlled for instance Genji River flows in the northwest direction,
while Godere River flows in the southeast direction.
Fig 2-2: Geomorphological map of Gecha
As shown in Fig 2.3, Gecha town is lying on an area with the slope from flat to 16.7 o. However, the
surrounding Kebeles lie on an area with slope values ranging from 10 o to 36o within the Woreda,
except on the peripheries and along the river beds. The volcanic ridges (mountains) and river banks
are with high slopes. Generally, the area is dominated by high slopes in the central part of the
Woreda while the topography is gentle sloping to flat on the southeastern, southern and
southwestern peripheries of the Woreda and around Gecha town.
11
Fig 2-3: Slope map of Gecha area

2.3 Climate
Hydrometeorology data are required to characterize the climatic conditions and determine the water
balance of a certain basin for developing and managing its water resources. The most useful
hydrometeorological elements are precipitation, evapotranspiration, sunshine hours, air temperature,
and relative humidity, soil moisture and stream discharge (runoff), etc. There only nearest
meteorological station that could be used for analysis is that of Gore Meteorological Station which is
about 55.9 km away located at 35.4o Longitude and 7.56o Latitude. The climatic data of the area is
shown in Table 2.1, and the detail description of all the parameters are as follows.
Table 2-1: Climate data of the project area

Item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
P
39.00 46.00 98.00 119.00 234.00 327.00 336.00 335.00 337.00 166.00 102.00 37.00
PET
117.80 117.60 136.40 126.00 102.30 87.00 80.60 77.50 90.00 114.70 105.00 108.50
MMT
19.30 20.30 20.20 19.90 18.30 16.90 16.10 16.10 16.60 17.50 18.00 18.70
MMaxT
25.00 25.80 25.90 25.60 23.70 21.50 20.40 20.90 21.60 22.90 23.50 23.90
MMinT
13.80 14.40 14.70 14.60 13.90 12.90 13.10 13.00 13.00 13.30 13.90 14.00
WS (m/s)
1.50 1.60 1.80 1.70 1.70 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.30
WVP (hpa)
12.40 11.70 13.10 13.80 15.70 15.50 15.50 15.50 15.50 14.70 14.40 13.00
SF (%)
0.72 0.67 0.57 0.59 0.38 0.34 0.29 0.19 0.40 0.56 0.62 0.71
2.3.1 Rainfall and Evapotranspiration

The pattern of the monthly precipitation totals of Gecha is unimodal with rainy season starting from
12
April and extending up to October. High rainfall values are in the months from May up to
September with values ranging from 234 mm to 337 mm with the highest from June to September.
However, the dry months on the other hand are from November to April with little rain in the later
months (up to 119 mm).
On the other hand, the monthly totals of potential evapotranspiration is high (greater than the
precipitation) in the dry months indicated above, and it has relation with the high temperature
months (Fig 2-4). The highest evapotranspiration is in March with the value of 136.4 mm; the wind
speed is also high in this month which also has impact on increasing the value of this parameter.
Generally, there is slight variation in the totals of potential evapotranspiration throughout the year
(with standard deviation of about 17.71).
Precipitation and Potential Evpotranspiration Pattern of the Area (Gore Station)

400.00
350.00
300.00
250.00
Rainfall (mm)
P
200.00 PET
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fig 2-4: Monthly precipitation and Evapotranspiration totals of the area
2.3.2 Temperature
In the study area, as in all other places of Ethiopia, the altitude of the sun is always high, making
solar radiation intense. Temperature is high during the day and is considerably reduced at night
causing the daily range of temperature to be large. Temperature data are the major factor in
computing potential evapotranspiration of the area.
The monthly mean of daily temperature (mean, maximum and minimum) of the town and
surrounding areas was analyzed. The three variables have similar sinusoidal pattern as it is shown in
Fig2.5. Accordingly, high values are in the months of February to April and the low values from
June to September in all cases. The highest monthly mean temperature is 20.3 oC in the month of
March while the lowest value is 16.1 oC in July and August. The other variable, the monthly mean of
daily maximum temperature is highest in March with value of 25.9 oC and it is lowest in July and
November with the value of 20.4oC.
However, the lowest monthly mean of daily minimum temperature is in June with the value of
12.9oC while the highest value is in March with the value of 14.7 oC.
13
Temperature Pattern of the Area (Gore Station)

28.00
25.80 25.90 25.60
25.00
26.00
23.70 23.50 23.90
24.00 22.90
21.50 21.60
22.00 20.30 20.40
20.90
20.20 19.90
19.30
Temp (0C)
20.00 18.30 18.70

18.00
17.50
18.00 16.90 16.60
16.10 16.10
16.00 14.40 14.70 14.60
13.80 13.90 13.90 14.00
13.10 13.00 13.00 13.30
14.00 12.90
12.00
10.00
MMT MMaxT MMinT
Fig 2-5: Monthly mean of daily temperature pattern of Gecha area
2.3.3 Wind Speed, Humidity and Sunshine Fraction

The other climatic factors that determine the evapotranspiration of the area and that have influence
on the water source are wind speed, humidity and sunshine hour. Wind speed with the air
temperature remove water vapor molecules from the air in contact with the water holding surface
and enable evaporation to proceed at maximum rate.
Graph Wind Speed Gecha Area (Gore Station)

2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
Wind Speed (km/h)
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Fig 2-6: Wind speed of Gecha area
The mean wind speed from Gore station is plotted as in Fig 2.6. The wind speed is high from
February to May with the highest wind speed of 1.8 m/s in the month of March. It is low during the
rainy months from June to August as well as in December and the lowest wind speed is 1.3 m/s is in
August and December. There is no visible big difference between the highest and the lowest as the
mountains surrounding the town has the capacity to block wind flow. On the other hand, high water
vapor pressure (humidity) is in the months from May to November with values ranging from 14.4
hpa to 15.7 hpa and it has inverse relation with the wind speed that the water vapor is low when the
14
wind speed is high (Fig 2.7).
Graph of Humidity of Gecha Area (Gore Station)

18.00
16.00
14.00
Water Vapor (hpa)
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Fig 2-7: Humidity of Gecha area
Sunshine duration or sunshine hours is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in

given period (usually, a day or a year) for a given location on Earth, typically expressed as an
averaged value over several years. It is a general indicator of cloudiness of a location, and thus
differs from insolation, which measures the total energy delivered by sunlight over a given period.
Sunshine duration is usually expressed in hours per year, or in (average) hours per day.
For the specific area of study, the sunshine fraction is high in the months from September April with
values ranging from 0.4 to 0.72 (December and January are with the highest values) as shown in Fig
2.8. On the other hand, the lowest are particularly during the rainy season with the minimum value
in August (0.19).
Graph of Sunshine Fraction of Gecha Area (Gore Station)

0.80
0.70
Sunshine Fraction (%)
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Fig 2-8: Sunshine fraction of Gecha area
15
3 EXISTING WATER SOURCES

Gecha town is an old town established in 1911 E.C; but compared to its age it has no sufficient and
sustainable water source that supplies to its residents. The current existing water supply system of
the town is from Faranji Springs located at upstream periphery of the town which was constructed in
1985 E.C before 20 years that cannot support the existing population both in supplying clean and
sufficient water. The capped water from the spring is gravitated to the collection reservoir at
downstream from where water is further distributed to the customers via gravity. Currently, the
existing system consists of one capped spring water source, two service reservoirs, gravity mains,
and distribution network. There are also about 18 public fountains and few of them are operational
due to lack of water.
According to the information from the Woreda Water, Mines and Energy Office, borehole was also
drilled to the depth of 180 m within the town at UTM Coordinate of 0765635 mE and 0836046 mN
and elevation 2048 m which was abandoned due to the claim that it has poor yield. It was also
indicated that drilling tools fell in the borehole hindering the drilling progress, and the reason for
abandonment is not justified. The detail of the available water sources are described below.
(a) Faranji Spring
The existing water supply source for Gecha town is from Faranji spring located at UTM coordinate
0764566m E and 0836609m N at ground elevation of 2065m at upstream of the town.
This spring is found in the northwestern outskirt of the town located at UTM coordinate 0764566m
E and 0836609m N at ground elevation of 2065m at upstream of the town. It emanates from fracture
basalt, and it was developed in 1985 E.C. The associated structures include collection chamber and
25 m3 reservoir. The main line is 2” and the distribution line is 1½”, and it used to feed the town
with gravity flow after filling the reservoir. However, due to the reducing of the yield over time, it
directly flows to the town through the pipes. The estimated discharge was 0.2 l/s.
16
Fig 3-9: Faranji Spring capping and the abandoned reservoir
(b) Addis Ginbata Spring
This is spring developed on marshy area, and the spring type is water table spring. It was indicated
that it dries in dry season, and the purpose for which it was constructed was for domestic purpose.
Disinfection with chlorination is regularly carried out according to the water board head. The
associated structures include 100 m3 reservoir (0764482 mE and 0836686 mN) and 18 water points
of which nine of them are not functional. 4” pipes are used at the outlet and on the overflow.
17
4 GEOLOGY
4.1 Regional Geology
Davidson et al., 1983 conducted reconnaissance study of the geology and geochemistry of the Omo
River Project that includes parts of Ilubabor, Kefa, Gamu Gofa and Sidamo in collaboration of the
then Ministry of Mines.
According to this study, Gecha and its surrounding area within 15 km radius lie on Makonnen Basalt
(POm), Tepi Basalt (Qt) and Biotite and Hornblende Gneiss (Pebh). The Makonnen basalt is
extensive within the study area as indicated in the study it is up to 700 m sub-horizontal flood basalt
that caps the high plateau in the northwest part of the project area. They lie on crystalline basement
as it is at Gecha along Genji, Gogome and Shaki Rivers (Biotite and Hornblende Gneiss, Pebh).
Most of Makonnen basalt flows are columnar and relatively thick; the thickest section nearly 700 m,
is preserved just east of the headwaters of the Genji River.
The Tepi basalt on the other hand is a large shield of basalt flows that lies across the eroded
unconformity between the crystalline basement and the pre-rift volcanic succession in central
Ilubabor. Its relatively unmodified geomorphological expression confirms its recent origin,
particularly as it lies in a region of high rainfall and permanent flowing streams. Bishan Waka
collapse crater and other prominent cinder cones lie along its central east-northeasterly axis.
Although clothed in thick forest, stream canyon exposures are numerous enough to indicate that the
Tepi shield is built exclusively of basaltic rock. Lava has flowed down pre-existing valleys, for
example Genji River valley.
Where exposed the Tepi basalt is seen to form columnar flows, and fine grained parts of flows are
medium grey and have small, irregular intergranular cavities. The basalt is usually porphyritic to
some degree, with small phenocrysts of olivine, augite and plagioclase, among which augite
predominates.
The other rock Biotite and Hornblende Gneiss (Pebh) according to this study lies west of the current
study area. Biotitie, hornblende, or both these minerals are the dominant mafic mineral in this unit;
garnet, epidote and augite are present in small amounts locally.
4.2 Local Geology

Gecha town is situated at the foot of a mountain and the topography suddenly changes from steep at
the western bounding mountain to gentle slope to flat. The geology of the area is majorly basaltic
which occur in two modes. The northern side towards the town is aphanitic basalt while the southern
side at Yokichichi is vesicular and scoraceous basalt as shown in the Geological Map in Fig 4.3.
The aphanitic basalt is densely fractured and it is found alternatingly with baked rocks and
paleosols forming various lava flow layers. Three sets of fractures characterize the fractures and
18
the fracture openings are poor to few mm whereby at places the fractures have led to the
formation of boulders as shown in Fig 4.1.
Fig 4-1: Aphanitic basalt and paleosols
On the other hand, the scoraceous or vesicular basalt is dominantly found the areas around
Yokichichi kebele extending to the south and east up to Gandochi Mountain. Exposures of this rock
are at several places including at Shesi Spring. In addition, it is found exposed at quarry sites found
along the road to Tepi town (Fig 4.2). This rock is also found along the Genji River course, and it is
a recent lava deposit as it is not cut by faults which have impact the underlying rocks.
Fig 4-2: Scoraceous basalt (road quarry exposure)
Finally, the basement rock (metamorphic) is found overlain by the aphanitc basalt in the northwest
and west of the town forming the areas drained by Genji and Shaki Rivers. The Geological Map of
the area is shown in Fig 4.3.
19
Fig 4-3: Geological map of Gecha area

5 HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE AREA

5.1 General
This section presents the water source potential in and the surrounding areas of Gecha town . Based
on the preliminary study during our inception field work, detail assessment of the Yokichichi Kebele
was carried out on the spring water sources. Accordingly, Shesi spring and other springs in the area
were assessed for their potentiality, and characterization of the springs with respect to their type,
occurrence, and measurement of their yield were conducted. The detail assessment result of the area
with specific emphasis on Yokichichi area and the springs are presented below.
5.2 Yokichichi Spring Potential Zone

The location of Gecha town close to the surface water divide between Baro-Akobo and Omo-Gibe
basins has put the town under water stress as can be judged from occurrence of poor yield springs
and low dry boreholes as well as wet season streams. However, Yokichichi Kebele is special in that
it can be considered “Spring Zone” as the number of springs is abundant and their yields are also
big. What characterize them important are they are perennial with little or no yield change
throughout the year.
The springs are fracture spring types emanating from fractured scoracious or vesicular basalt. The
gently rising topography and geology in the area that extends up to Gandochi Mountain is favorable
for hosting and allowing groundwater movement. That is the geology in that particular locality is
suitable for storage as well as transmissivity both through secondary and primary openings (pores)
having all other factors such as high rainfall, gentle slope, soil type and texture, and dense
vegetation cover that met here.
a) Shesi Spring
Shesi Spring is fracture spring that emanates from fractured and vesiculated basalt (Fig 5.1). The
time of the field work was rainy period, as observed with physical eye from the flow as well as
sample collected in bottle, there is no turbidity implying that the spring has no direct connection
with surface runoff. This also infers that there is continuous undisturbed recharge from the elevated
Gandochi Mountain found east of the site making the water divide. There are several spring eyes
over the distance of 30 m within the same locality with discharges varying from 8 l/s to 40 l/s that
join downstream, and the spring area are characterized by gravels, boulders and blocks. It is densely
vegetated at and surrounding the area.
It is found in Yokichichi Kebele 14 km south of Gecha Town located at UTM Coordinate of

0765729 mE and 0826706 mN at an elevation of 1885 m. Its location with respect to distance and
elevation as well as its yield is an opportunity that the town and community at the spring locality can
enjoy. EEPCo power source is available nearby, and it can be used for future use.
Discharge measurement with a floating method (velocity) was carried out at the point after all the
spring outflows join where the flow is steady and laminar at UTM Coordinate of 0765366 mE and
0827267 mN with an elevation of 1870 m (Fig 5.1). The channel bed is characterized by sand,
gravel and boulder. The depth of water is slightly uniform (rectangular) with values ranging from 7
cm to 10.9 cm, and the discharge was measured over 3 m by 3 m area with a span of 20 cm.
Accordingly, the discharge of the spring is 162 l/s. Considering other factors such as diversion from
the spring channel for irrigation and joining of other springs, the discharge of the spring can be
estimated to 100 l/s.
Fig 5-4: Shesi Spring outlet and discharge measurement
b) Yokichichi Spring
Yokichichi Spring is another spring that is not developed in the Kebele. It is a fracture spring
emanating from fractured vesicular basalt. It is located at UTM Coordinate of 0766432 mE and
0825912 mN at an elevation of 1980 m (Fig 5.2).
Discharge of this spring was also measured using the same method, but the channel cross section is
1 m and a span of 0.5 m was applied. Accordingly, the discharge of this spring is about 25 l/s, based
on the local information there is no variation in discharge with seasonal change. There is another
spring about 70 m downstream of Yokichichi spring.
Fig 5-5: Yokichichi spring flow and discharge measurement
c) Gechi Spring
This spring is found on the left hand side of the road to Tepi town at UTM Coordinate of 0765863
mE and 0826586 mN at an elevation of 1963 m. It was developed for Yokichichi Kebele
community; however it is not yet connected to water points and it is overflowing along the road
ditch (Fig 5.3). People nearby are using for washing clothes on washing basin constructed at the site.
It is also one of the fracture springs that emanates from the fractured vesicular basalt. The estimated
discharge of the spring is 50 l/s.
Fig 5-6: Gechi spring capping and washing basin
d) Twani Spring
There are also few springs that are small in discharge and that decrease their yield in dry season.
Twani Spring is located in the locality of Yokichichi Spring at UTM Coordinate of 0766245 mE and
0825827 mN at an elevation of 1991 m.
5.3 Summary of All Spring Potentials

The summary of the existing potential spring sources in the project area are summarized in the
following Table 5-1.
Table 5-2: Summary of Existing Spring Potential Water Source in the study area
SN Name ID X Y Elev (m) Q (l/s) Remark
1 Ferenji GC-SP1 76456 836611 2046 0.2
7
2 Addis Ginbata GC-SP2 76445 836979 2105 0 Intermittent
9
3 Shesi GC-SP3 76572 826706 1883 100
9
4 Yokichichi GC-SP4 76643 825912 1980 25
2
5 Twani GC-SP5 76624 825827 1991 5 Discharge lowers
5
6 Gechi GC-SP6 76586 826586 1963 50
3
5.4 Groundwater Flow, Recharge and Discharge Conditions
Groundwater seems to be controlled both by geological structures and topography (i.e. following the
surface drainage networks). There is no sufficient data that spatially covers and well distributed
throughout the area in order to produce piezometric surface of the area. However, as indicated above
the groundwater flows from topographically high ground to low ground based on available spring
data elevation. Although there is no sufficient data, geological structures might have the role in
controlling groundwater flow.
Groundwater recharge is mainly from precipitation through fracture openings, soil deposit and
widely covering porous volcanic materials such as vesicular/scoraceous basalt. Further, there are
several intermittent and perennial rivers in the area including Genji and Sheki which feed the
groundwater through the river bed sediments, fractures and river banks. The springs are also forming
big flows that have the potential to recharge the groundwater.
However, groundwater discharge takes place as flow from springs at several localities mostly
through fracture openings. In addition, the rivers are perennial indicating that there is base flow from
groundwater during the dry period. This may imply that groundwater table might be struck at
shallower depth. To a moderate degree, evapotranspiration from rivers, springs and vegetation are
also other mechanisms of groundwater discharge.
5.5 Aquifer Classification

Lithological units are combined or separated into one or different aquifer (s) and confining units
based on the concept of hydrostratigraphy, which is made depending on the similarity or difference
in hydraulic characteristics of rock(s) or soil(s).
Rocks and sediments exposed and encountered by drilling in the project area have been categorized
into fracture or intergranular aquifers depending on whether the groundwater flow is dominantly via
fracture networks or porous media, respectively. Basalt and other crystalline rock are categorized to
fracture aquifers. The term extensive is used for aquifer extent greater than 100 km 2.
Aquifers in these categories are further classified into high, moderate and low productivity based on
the field yield measurement of springs emanating from the respective rock, characterization of field
secondary and primary porosity, and geomorphological set up as shown in the Hydrogeological Map
(Fig 5.4). Accordingly, three (3) aquifer classes have been identified which are described in detail as
follows.
Extensive Aquifer with Fracture Permeability and High Productivity
Vesicular or scoraceous basalt forms this aquifer. It has an area of 253 km 2 within the bounded area
of interest. There are no boreholes within the study area, and hydraulic characteristics of this aquifer
couldn’t be inferred. However, springs with yields ranging from 25 to 135 lit/sec emanate from the
rocks including at Shesi and Yokichichi springs that are located about 14 km south of Gecha town.
The fractures and primary pores in this rock have given the advantage of acting as storage and
permeable media. This rock extends all the way to the Gandochi Mountain that its morphological set
up has also allowed recharge and storage possible. Groundwater flow in this media is mostly
through fractures and vesicles in the rock that are interconnected.
Extensive Aquifer with Fracture Permeability and Low Productivity
Aphanitic basalt forms this aquifer found in northern and central part of the study area that covers
also the Gecha town and the adjacent elevated areas. It has an area of 275 km2.
As described in the Geology Section, although it is densely fractured, the fracture openings are poor,
and the clay layers alternating the basalt layers act as confining layers and hindering recharges. As a
result it is more of runoff, and there is no storage that can persist or sustain the springs even during
the dry seasons. There are few springs with little discharge ranging up to 0.2 l/s namely Feranji
Spring which is currently serving the water supply of the town.
According to the information from the Woreda Water, Mineral and Energy Office, borehole was
also drilled to the depth of 180 m within the town at UTM Coordinate of 0765635 mE and 0836046
mN and elevation 2048 m which was abandoned due to the claim that it has poor yield. It was also
indicated that drilling tools fell in the borehole hindering the drilling progress, and the reason for
abandonment is not justified.
Localized Aquifers with Fracture and Intergranular Permeability and Low

Productivity (Aquiclude)
The gneiss is that forms this aquifer and it covers an area of about 55 km 2 within the study area. The
fractures are not deep penetrating, and water storage is shallow and it is only restricted to the
weathered top part of the hosting rock.
The Hydrogeological Map of the area is shown in Fig 5.4.

Fig 5-7: Hydrogeological map of the area

6 HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY
6.1 General
Secondary water quality data of three water points (two springs and one shallow well) namely from
Shesi Spring, Gechi Spring and Aechi Shallow Well evaluated in order to characterize the
composition of groundwater of the area and to understand the suitability of future groundwater
supply sources of Gecha town. Further, sample was collected from Shesi Spring and submitted to
the Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation for laboratory analysis to
confirm its quality and its suitability for domestic water supply. Hydro-chemical data are given in
Annex 1, and the analysis result for the various parameters was presented as follows.
6.2 Major Anions and Cations

Major cations and anions including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate,
carbonate, sulfate, and chloride secondary data of springs and wells are analyzed using Aquachem
4.0 software and interpreted. The analysis result was presented using Stiff, Piper and Schoeller
plots.
The Schoeller plot is semi-logarithmic plots to represent major ion analyses in milliequivalents per
liter and to demonstrate different hydrochemical water types on the same plot. The plot has the
advantage that, unlike trilinear plots, actual parameter concentrations are displayed. It is also useful
for comparing the results of the water sources with WHO and ES 261-2001 (Ethiopian) water
quality standards. Accordingly, the values of the major anions and cations are less than the
standard values indicating the waters are within the permissible limits as shown on Fig 6.1.
Fig 6-8: Schoeller plot of spring and well compared with Eth. Standard and WHO
28
Stiff plot is also constructed by plotting the milliequivalents per liter of three or more anions and
three or more cations. They can be used to evaluate the change in water quality at a single location
over a period of time, or they can be used to evaluate the change in water quality as the water
passes through different geologic formations or different subsurface conditions. It is also used to
deduce the dominating water type. Shesi spring was sampled the second time to confirm its quality
and its suitability for domestic water supply. Accordingly, its water type is Ca-Mg-HCO 3 while the
secondary water quality data shows that it was Na-Ca-HCO 3 type. In the same manner, Gechi
spring is Na-Ca-HCO3 type while Aechi Well is K-HCO 3 type (Fig 6.2). Ca and Mg are the
dominant cations in the case of the new analysis for Shesis Spring, and the other springs according
to the secondary data show that the dominant cation is Na for the springs while it is K for the well;
HCO3 is the dominant anion for all water sources. The source of Na and Ca is probably from albite
or ion exchange.
Fig 6-9: Stiff diagram of water quality data from springs and well
The Piper plot is also used to evaluate the water quality analysis result, and it is useful for showing
multiple samples and trends in major ions. In Piper plots, major ions are plotted as cation and anion
percentages of milliequivalents in two base triangles. The total cations and the total anions in
meq/lit, are set equal to 100%. The data points in the two triangles are then projected onto the
29
diamond grid. The projection reveals certain useful properties of the total ion relationships. Every
sample is represented by three data points; one in each triangle and one in the diamond grid.
The Piper plot allows comparisons between a large numbers of samples. Like all trilinear plots, it
does not portray absolute ion concentrations. The main purpose of Piper plots is to show clustering
of samples. The evolution of the groundwater can be deduced from this diagram such that it is Na-
K-HCO3 water falling in the lower quadrant of the plot which indicates that it is shallow fresh
groundwater with short residence time (Fig 6.3).
Fig 6-10: Piper plot of springs and well in the area
6.3 Other Chemical Parameters
Other chemical parameters analyzed for the boreholes including Nitrate, Fluoride and Chloride are
within the permissible limit for the three water sources according to the Ethiopian Standard ES-
261:2001. In addition, Manganese (found in Trace amount in Shesi Spring) and Fluoride (only 0.11
mg/l) are within the WHO and Ethiopian Standard.
Heavy metals such as Aluminum, Barium, Copper, Chromium, Boron, Zinc, Molybdenum, Nickel
are in Trace amount.
30
7 WATER SOURCE EVALUATION

7.1 General
The population of Gecha town is growing with the current population being 9,400. In order to meet
the water demand of the town for twenty years, sufficient and sustainable water source should be
identified. The projected water demand of the town is 15.0 l/s (Stage I) and 27.5l/s (Stage II) which
requires sustainable water sources for both stages of water demand requirement of the town.
With this base, hydrogeological investigation of the project area that covers a radius of 15 km from
the town was conducted, and based on the lithology, structure, porosity of rock formation and
possible hydraulic characteristics, three groups of aquifer classes have been identified as described
in Section 5.5 and as shown in Fig 5.4 (Hydrogeological Map). Accordingly, the preferred
groundwater potential zone or aquifer that can provide sufficient and sustainable yield is the
Extensive Aquifer with Fracture Permeability and High Productivity.
There are several springs that emanate from this aquifer, namely Shesi Spring, Yokichichi Spring,
Twani Spring and Gechi Spring within short radius of distance from each other. In this section,
detail of the spring potential will be presented for evaluation of the potential of the aquifer with
particular emphasis to the Shesi Spring.
7.2 Evaluation of Spring Sources
Shesi Spring, Yokichichi Spring, Twani Spring and Gechi Spring are fracture springs that emanate
from vesicular or scoraceous basalt and they are undeveloped except Gechi spring which was
capped for the water supply of Yokichichi Kebele. The overall yield from these springs that are
found within 1.5 km area is 215 l/s. As Gechi can serve the surrounding community demand and
the others can be left for sustaining the environment, Shesi spring can be developed for the water
supply of Gecha town.
Shesi Spring is found in Yokichichi Kebele 14 km south of Gecha Town located at UTM
Coordinate of 0765729 mE and 0826706 mN at an elevation of 1885 m. The water is clean even
during rainy period, and there is no turbidity problem implying that the spring has no direct
connection with surface runoff. There are several spring eyes over the distance of 30 m within the
same locality with discharges varying from 8 l/s to 40 l/s that join downstream, and the spring area
are characterized by gravels, boulders and blocks. It is densely vegetated at & surrounding the area.
The discharge measurement with a floating method (velocity) at UTM Coordinate of 0765366 mE
and 0827267 mN with an elevation of 1870 m is 162 l/s. The discharge of the spring is estimated to
100 l/s. The spring potential is sufficient for both stages given that there is proper construction
being carried out and the area is protected from deforestation. There is EEPCo power line in the
area which can be used as power source to the pump.
From the water demand projection, the maximum day demand of Gecha town, for stage I and II are
31
15.0l/s and 27.5l/s respectively. The minimum potential capacity of Shesi spring from our
measurement is about 100l/s. Thus, Shesi spring can sufficiently cover the stage I and stage II
demand under proper monitoring and protecting the upper spring catchment. .
The springs in the area are dependent on the rainfall recharge from the mountainous area. As
observed in the area, recently forest clearing and farming on the mountains are common practices.
Eucalyptuses are grown at the expense of the indigenous plants, and they are observed in the
vicinity of the springs. The impact of replacement of the vegetation by eucalyptus and farming is
visible as soil is being eroded and large erosional gullies are being formed.
32
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Hydrogeological investigation of the project area that covers a radius of 15 km from the town was
conducted, and based on the lithology, structure, porosity of rock formation and possible hydraulic
characteristics, three groups of aquifer classes have been identified namely Extensive aquifer with
fracture permeability and high productivity, Extensive aquifer with fracture permeability and low
productivity, and Localized aquifers with fracture and intergranular permeability and low
productivity (aquiclude). The former is the preferred groundwater potential zone or aquifer that can
provide sufficient and sustainable yield.
Shesi Spring is the major spring in the area that is found in Yokichichi Kebele 14 km south of
Gecha Town located at UTM Coordinate of 0765729 mE and 0826706 mN at an elevation of 1885
m. It is fracture spring that emanates from scoraceous basalt. The measured discharge is estimated
to 100 l/s. There are also other undeveloped springs that have yields of 25 l/s in the area (e.g.
Yokichichi Spring).
The water quality of Shesi Spring was analyzed during this study, and it was found that it is potable
and suitable for domestic water supply of Gecha Town.
The projected stage I and stage II water demand of the town is 15.0l/s and 27.5l/s. Thus, the current
existing springs (Ferenji and Addis Ginbata) are not sufficient to meet the demand of the growing
population of the town. Therefore, it has deemed necessary for clean and sustainable water sources
to be investigated, and Shesi is found to be suitable and sufficient to meet the demand for both
stages based on our current study.
As the springs in the area are dependent on the rainfall recharge from the mountainous area which
is facilitated through the forest dominantly covering the locality, it is recommended that in general
the forest be protected from the recent forest clearing and farming on the mountains observable in
the area and in particular, avoid replacement of the indigenous plants by Eucalyptus in the vicinity
of Shesi and the surrounding springs.
33
34
REFERENCES
Davidson A., 1983: The Omo River Project, Reconnaissance Geology and Geochemistry of parts
of Ilubabor, Kefa, Gemu Gofa and Sidamo, Ethiopia
Gecha Town Water Supply Project Study and Design, 2016: Final Design Report, South Design
and Construction Supervision Enterprise.
Geological Map of Ethiopia, 1996: Second Edition, 1:2000000, Compiled by Mengesha Tefera
et.al. EIGS, published by the Ministry of Mines, Geological Survey of Ethiopia.
Hydrogeological Map of Ethiopia, 1988: 1:2000000, Hydrogeology and Compilation by Tesfaye

Chernet, Ethiopia Institute of Geological Surveys.
35
Annex 1: Water Quality Data
Shesi Gechi Aechii Shesi

WHO ES 261-2001
Station Spring Spring Well Spring
Station ID GC-SP3 GC-SP6 GC-SW1 GC-SP3 WHO ES 261-2001
X 765729 765863 765729
Y 826706 826586 826706
Elevation 1883 1963 1883
Turbidty (NTU) 3 1 2 Trace
TDS 173 156 216 49 1000 1000
Cond 346 312 432 89.1
PH 6.6 6.9 6.7 6.87 7 7.5
NH3 0.49 0.98 0.54 0.09 1.5
Na 14.8 9.4 3.3 4 200 200
K 4 5.4 65 1.4 1.5
Total hardness 37.89
(CaCO3) 24 24.2 30 300
Ca 7.2 7.2 9.6 7.58 200 75
Mg 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.55 150 50
Fe 0.05 0.1 0.02 0.06 0.3
Mn 0.3 0.1 0.4 Trace 0.1 0.5
F 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.11 1.5 1.5
Cl 0.5 0.5 1.1 9.61 250 250
NO3 11 5.3 4.8 45 50
Alkalinity 30.9
(CaCo3) 40 36 40 200
HCO3 49 44 49 37.7
SO4 0 1 1 1.63 400 250
PO4 8.5 8 0.85 0.99
Al - - - Trace - -
Ba - - - Trace - -
Cu - - - Trace - -
Cr - - - Trace - -
B - - - Trace - -
Zn - - - Trace - -
Mo - - - Trace - -
Ni - - - Trace - -
Silica - - - 9.68 - -
36

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WATER, MINES & ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

Water Supply, Sanitation & Hygiene Project

DRAFT FEASIBILITY STUDY

Ketema Consulting Engineers

Consultancy Service for

Ketema Consulting Engineers

1.2 Project Objectives

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

1.4 Review of Previous Study Documents

Spring at an elevation of 1980m at distance of 850 m in the south direction.

1.5 Scope of the Report

2 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN

Fig 2-1: Location of Gecha Town

2.2 Geomorphology and Drainage

Fig 2-2: Geomorphological map of Gecha

Fig 2-3: Slope map of Gecha area

Table 2-1: Climate data of the project area

2.3.1 Rainfall and Evapotranspiration

Precipitation and Potential Evpotranspiration Pattern of the Area (Gore Station)

Fig 2-4: Monthly precipitation and Evapotranspiration totals of the area

Temperature Pattern of the Area (Gore Station)

20.00 18.30 18.70

MMT MMaxT MMinT

Fig 2-5: Monthly mean of daily temperature pattern of Gecha area

2.3.3 Wind Speed, Humidity and Sunshine Fraction

Graph Wind Speed Gecha Area (Gore Station)

Fig 2-6: Wind speed of Gecha area

wind speed is high (Fig 2.7).

Graph of Humidity of Gecha Area (Gore Station)

Fig 2-7: Humidity of Gecha area

Sunshine duration or sunshine hours is a climatological indicator, measuring duration of sunshine in

Graph of Sunshine Fraction of Gecha Area (Gore Station)

Fig 2-8: Sunshine fraction of Gecha area

3 EXISTING WATER SOURCES

(a) Faranji Spring

Fig 3-9: Faranji Spring capping and the abandoned reservoir

(b) Addis Ginbata Spring

4.2 Local Geology

Fig 4-1: Aphanitic basalt and paleosols

Fig 4-2: Scoraceous basalt (road quarry exposure)

Fig 4-3: Geological map of Gecha area

5 HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE AREA

5.2 Yokichichi Spring Potential Zone

It is found in Yokichichi Kebele 14 km south of Gecha Town located at UTM Coordinate of

Fig 5-4: Shesi Spring outlet and discharge measurement

Fig 5-5: Yokichichi spring flow and discharge measurement

Fig 5-6: Gechi spring capping and washing basin

5.3 Summary of All Spring Potentials

5.5 Aquifer Classification

through fractures and vesicles in the rock that are interconnected.

Extensive Aquifer with Fracture Permeability and Low Productivity

Localized Aquifers with Fracture and Intergranular Permeability and Low

The Hydrogeological Map of the area is shown in Fig 5.4.

Fig 5-7: Hydrogeological map of the area

6.2 Major Anions and Cations

Fig 6-10: Piper plot of springs and well in the area

6.3 Other Chemical Parameters

7 WATER SOURCE EVALUATION

7.2 Evaluation of Spring Sources