@ Discrete random variables Arandom variable is a variable whose value Notation ) Great acminERIe Ty ‘depends on the outcome of a random event. eee © The range of values that a random variable ‘ 7 can take is called its sample space. ‘The particular values that the random variable «an take are written using equivalent lower case letters, for example x ory: ‘The probability that the random variable takes a particular value xis written as P(X’ = x). © Avariable can take any of a range of specific values. # The variable is diserete if it can take only certain numerical values. © The variable is random if the outcome is not known until the experiment is carried out. 's the probability of any outcome in the sample space. distribution for a discrete random variable can be described in a number of different ‘ways. For example, take the random variable X= 'score when a fair dice is rolled’. It can be described: © a5 probability function: PUY = x) =}, =1,2,3,4,5,6 © using a table: Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 pxeo | ple le le ele using a diagram: P= 4 1 6 T2345 6 All of these representations show the probability that the random variable takes any given value in its sample space. When all of the probabilities are the same, as in this example, the distribution is known asa discrete uniform distribution Goo Write down whether or not each of the following is a discrete random variable. a The average height of a group of students, b The number of times a coin is tossed before a head appears ¢ The number of months ina year Three fair coins are tossed. a Write down all the possible outcomes when the three coins are tossed. A random variable, is defined as the number of heads that appear when the three coins are tossed. b Write the probability distribution of Yas: iatable ii a probability function,GED ED on me A biased four-sided dice with faces numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 is rolled. The number on the bottom- most face is modelled as a random variable X. a Given that P(X= 19) =, find the value of &. b Write the probability distribution of Yin table form. © Find the probability that: iX>2 il<¥<4 iii Y¥>4 en (4) ETD camican tunwws A fair spinner is spun until it lands on red or has been spun four times in total Find the probability distribution of the random variable S, the number of times the spinner is spun.‘CRITICAL THMUKING; PROBLEM-SOLVING Exercise @)) 1. Write down whether or not each of the following is a discrete random variable, Give a reason for each answer, a The height, Vem, of a seedling chosen randomly from a group of plants b The number of times, R, a six appears when a fair dice is rolled 100 times © The number of days, JY, in a given week 2A fair dice is rolled four times and the number of times it falls with a 6 on the top, Y, is noted, ‘Write down the sample space of ¥. 3. A bag contains two discs with the number 2 on them and two dises with the number 3 on them. A disc is drawn at random from the bag and the number noted. The disc is returned to the bag. A second disc is then drawn from the bag and the number noted. a Write down all the possible outcomes of this experiment. ‘The discrete random variable ¥ is defined as the sum of the two numbers. b Write down the probability distribution of X as: i atable a probability Function, 4A discrete random variable X has the * 1 [2 [34 ‘bability distribution sh the table. i probability distribution shown in the table pase De TG Find the value of k. 5. The random variable X has a probability function PUY =x Show that k = 3 (2 marks) 6 The random variable X has a probability function ky pore where k is a constant. fa Find the value of (2 marks) b Find POX > 1), (2 marks) @®) 7 The discrete random variable ¥ has a probability function {s x P(Y=xy=48 x=0,1 02 x=2 a Find the value of 3. b Construct a table giving the probability distribution of ¥. © Find P(-1 = ¥ <2)A discrete random variable has a probability distribution shown in the table. Find the value of a. ‘The random variable V can take any integer value from | to $0. Given that V has a discrete uniform distribution, find: a R=) b PLY = 28) © PUI3<¥<42) A discrete random variable X’has the : o[1[2 [3 probability distribution shown in ths table. TTT Find: tats a pU 2) (1 mark) AA fair five-sided spinner is spun, Given that the spinner is spun five times, write down, in table form, the probability distributions of the following random variables: aX, the number of times red appears bY; the number of times yellow appears ‘The spinner is now spun until it lands on blue, or until it has been spun five times. The random variable Z is defined as the number of spins in this experiment. € Find the probability distribution of Z. Marie says that a random variable ’ has a probability distribution defined by the following probability function PL =xne3 2234 1 Explain how you know that Marie's funetion does not describe 1 probability distribution (2 marks) 1b Given that the correct probability function is in the Form: v=2,3,4 where k is a constant, find the exact value of (marks)GED vend vare EIT The independent random variables Yand Y have probability distributions independent so the CRITICAL 1 value taken by one —_— PX == 33 1, 2,3, 4, 5,6, 7.8 Y=2,3,6 does not affect the probabilities for the Find PUY > Y). other. (©) Finding the cumulative distribution function for a discrete random variable * Ifa particular value of is. the probability that .Vs less than or equal to xis written as F(x). = F(x) is found by adding together all the probabilities for those outcomes that are less than or equal to x. This is written as: F(x) = P(X Sx) = Like a probability distribution, a cumulative distribution function can be written as a table, ‘Two fair coins are tossed. ¥ is the number of heads showing on the two coins. ‘Draw a table to show the cumulative distribution function for X. eT [6) ETE ES@m> REASONING/ARGUMENTATION ‘The discrete random variable X has a cumulative distribution function F(x) defined by: (+k) : a Find the value of k. b Draw the distribution table for the cumulative distribution function. ¢ Write down F(2.6) Find the probability distribution of X. FQ)= x=1,2,35 1 A discrete random variable X has a probability distribution given in the table, x 1]/2];73[4][s][6 px=x | 01 | 041 [0.15 [0.25] 03 [01 a Draw a table showing the cumulative distribution function F(x). b Write down F(5) © Write down F(2.2) 2. A discrete random variable has a cumulative distribution function F(x) given in the table x of[i{[2][3][4]s5]o6 Fa) o | ot | 02 [04s] os [09 | 1 a Show, by drawing a table, the probability distribution of X. b Write down P(X <5) ce Find P(2= ¥<5)3 The random variable ¥ has a probability function P(XY=x)= where k is a constant. a Find the value of k. b Draw a table giving the probability distribution of X, ¢ Find P2< X<5) d Find F(4) e Find F(1.6) 4 The discrete random variable Y has a probability function 0.1 P(Y=x)=) a . 0.30 x=2 a Find the value of a b Draw a table giving the probability distribution of X. ¢ Write down the value of F(0.3) 5 The discrete random variable Y has a probability function P(x) defined by 0 x=0 P(X =x) = a x=1,2,3,4,5 1 x>5 a Find P(Y< 4) b Show that P(X = 4) is { ¢ Find the probability distribution for X. 6 The discrete random variable XY has a cumulative distribution function F(x) defined by 0 x=0 x + ke GAY y= 1,2and3 16 1 x>s FO) = a Find the value of k. b Find the probability distribution for X.@® Expected value of a discrete random variable ™ The expected value of the discrete random variable X is denoted E(X’) and defined as E(X) = ScxP(X = x) a A fair six-sided dice is rolled. The number that appears on the uppermost face is modelled by the random variable Y. a Write down the probability distribution of X. b Use the probability distribution of ¥ to calculate E(X). Example @) amon. rao The random variable X has a probability distribution 5 as shown in the table. Pato)» 1oa |) 02 a Given that E(X) = 3, write down two equations involving p and q. b Find the value of p and the value of q. If Visa discrete random variable, then X? is also a discrete random variable. You can use this rule to determine the expected value of X? = E(X) = PeP(N = 4) ULULD Any function of a random. variable is also a random variable A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution: = 1 2 3 4 pasn = | | a | a Write down the probability distribution for X? b Find E(x?)7 A biased six-sided dice has a } chance of landing on any of the numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4. The probabilities of landing on 5 or 6 are unknown. The outcome is modelled as 2 random variable, X. Given that E(Y) = 4.1, find the probability distribution of X. _( marks) A company makes phone covers. One out of every 50 phone covers is faulty, but the company doesn’t know which ones are faulty until a buyer complains. Suppose the company makes a $3 profit on the sale of any working phone cover, but suffers a loss of $8 for every faulty phone cover due to replacement costs, Calculate the expected profit for each phone cover, regardless of whether or not it is faulty. (S marks) Three fair six-sided dice ae rolled. The discrete random variable is defined as the largest value of the three values shown. Find E(X), ince of a discrete random variable @» Ifyou take a set of observations from a discrete random variable, SID the variance you can find the variance of those observations. As the number cD es ‘of observations increases, this value will get closer andl closer tS she standard devition, the variance of the discrete random variable. The variance of Vis usually written as Var(X) and is defined as Var(X) = E((X- E(X))2) The random variable (¥’ - E(X))?is the squared deviation from the expected value of X. Itis large when takes values that are very different to EC). + Sometimes itis easier to calculate the variance using, the formula Var(X) = E(X*) ~ (E(X))? | ss A fair six-sided dice is rolled. The number on the uppermost face is modelled by the random variable Y. Find Var(X)EET wo. soume 1 The random variable X has a probability distribution given by: x =l P(X=x) a Find EW) b Find Var(X) 2. Find the expected value and variance of the random variable X with probability distributions ven by the following tables: aie 1 2 3 box =I 0 1 PX=x) | oF t t P(X =x) > + ix 3. 1 2 px=y) | os | 3s [is |e 3 Given that Y is the score when a single, unbiased, eight-sided dice is rolled, find E() and Var(Y ).© 4 To fat cubical (six-sided) dice ae rolled and $s the sum of their TEP the standard scores, Find deviation of a random a the distribution of S b B(S) variable isthe square ¢ VantS) the standard deviation, root of its variance, © 5 Two fair, tetrahedral (four-sided) dice are rolled and D is the difference between their scores. Find: ‘a the distribution of D b ED) © VanD) © 6 A fair coin is fipped repeatedly until a head appears or three flips have been made. The random variable 7 represents the number of flips of the coin, ‘a Show that the probability distribution of Tis 7 T2735 pr=y | 3 | i [a (marks) bb Find the expected value and variance of 7: (6 marks) 7 The random variable X has a probability distribution given by: x H 3 pxsy | a |b | a@ where « and b are constants. a Write down an expression for E(X) in terms of a and b, (2 marks) b Given that Var(X) = 0.75, find the values of a and 6. (S marks) ©) Expected value and variance of a function of ¥ IF Visa discrete random variable, and g is @ function, then g(X) is also a discrete random variable. You can calculate the expected value of g(X) using the formula: = E(g(X) = Sgte)P(X = 2) This is a more general version of the formula for €(X), For simple functions, such as addition and multiplication by a constant, you can learn the following rules: = If Xis a random variable and a and b are constants, then E(aX + 6) = a€(X) + b # If Xand Yare random variables, then E(X + ¥) = E(X) + E(Y) You can use a similar rule to simplify variance calculations for some functions of random variables: = If Xis a random variable and a and b are constants, then Var(aX + 8) = a?Var(X)Example (11) ESTEE CRITICAL THINKING A discrete random variable ¥ has the probability distribution: = 4 P(X= 2) ja] je] uo a 25 S a Write down the probability distribution for Y, where Y = 2X +1 b Find E(Y) © Compute E(X) and verify that E(Y) = 2E(X) + | EID ec nm A random variable Y has EY) = 4 and Var (X) = 3. Find: a EGX) b E(Y-2) e¢ Var(3X) d Var(¥ — 2) e EX?) RTD carrica. Tankinc; PROBLEM-SOLVING Two fair 10-cent coins are tossed. The random variable Y cents represents the total value of the coins that land heads up. a Find E(X) and Var(X). The random variables S and T are defined as follows: S=X-10and T=3X-5 b Show that E(S) = E(7). © Find Var(S) and Var (7). A large number of observations of Sand 7 are taken. d Comment on any likely differences or similarities.EE vr The random variable ¥ has the following probability distribution: x | 30° | 60° | 90° px=x | 04 | 02 | o1 | 03 Calculate E(sin X).ss 1 The random variable X has a probability distribution given by: x 1[2];3]4 p=» | 01 | 03 [02 [04 a Write down the probability distribution for Y where Y = 2-3 b Find E(Y) ¢ Calculate E(X) and verify that E(2X ~ 3) = 2E(X) ~3 2 The random variable X has a probability distribution given by: x 2 [-1/[ 0 1 2 px=x) | 01 | or | 02 | 04 | 02 a Write down the probability distribution for Y where Y = X? b Calculate E(Y) 3. The random variable V has E(Y) = 1 and Var(¥) = 2. Find: a E(8X) b E(Y+3) © Var(X +3) dVar(3X) e Var(l - 2X) f EC?) 4 The random variable has E() = 3 and E(X?) = 10. Find: a E(Q2X) b EG-4x) ¢ E(?-4X) d Var(X) Var(3X +2) 5. The random variable X has a mean ju and standard deviation o. Find, in terms of pando: a E(4X) b EQX +2) ¢ EQY-2) d Var(2X +2) Var(2X - 2)6 Ina space-themed board game, players roll a fair, six sided dice each time they make it around, the board. The board represents one turn around the galaxy. The score on the dice is modelled as a discrete random variable X. a Write down (X). Players collect 200 points, plus 100 times the score on the dice. The amount of points given to each player is modelled as a discrete random variable Y. b Write Yin terms of ¥. \d the expected number of points a player receives each time they make it around the board. ® 7 Hiroki runs a pizza parlour that sells pizza in three sizes: small (20cm diameter), medium (30cm diameter) and large (40cm diameter). Each pizza base is Lem thick. Hiroki has worked out that co serge estomes ora smal: medium ore pza with probabies 2, and 3 respectively. Calculate the expected amount of pizza dough needed per customer. ‘Two tetrahedral dice are rolled. The random variable X represents the result of subtracting the smaller score from the larger. a Find E(X) and Var(¥). (7 marks) ‘The random variables Yand Z are defined as ¥ = 2" and Z= 443+ b Show that E(Y) = E(Z). (Bmarks) © Find Var(Z). (2 marks) GED vou can assume that Show that E((X— E(N')) = EX) — (ELA)? SESE Ate: ‘ovaron © solving problems involving random variables ‘Suppose you have two random variables: a variable X, and a variable ¥ = g(X). If gis one-to-one, and you know the mean and variance of ¥, then it is possible to deduce the mean and variance of X. EELS) BED ronsssame X isa discrete random variable. The discrete random variable Y is defined as Y. Given that E(’) = 5.1 and Var( ¥) = 2.5, find: a F(X) b Var(X). X= 150ECF) TIED renter scume 1 Visa discrete random variable, The random variable ¥ is defined by Y= 4X - 6 Given that E(Y) = 2 and Var( ¥) = 32, find: a EQ) b Var(X) the standard deviation of ¥. 2. isa discrete random variable. The random variable ¥ is defined by ¥ = Given that E(Y) = —1 and Var(¥) = 9, find: a FO) b Var(x) © EU?) ©® 3 The discrete random variable X has a probability distribution given by: x 1[2][3]4 psy [03 | a | 6 | 02 The random variable Y is defined by ¥ = 2 + 3. Given that E(Y) = 8, find the values of @ and b, GB) 4 The discrete random variable ¥ has a probability distribution given by: x ‘90° | 180° [ 270" paso [a | 6 [03 ‘The random variable Yis defined as ¥ = sin X° a Find the range of possible values of E(). (marks) b Given that E(¥) = 0.2, write down the values of a and b, marks)Using discrete uniform distribution as a model for the probability distribution of the outcomes of certain experiments = The probability distribution for the score Son a single roll of a dice is: 1 i 6 P(S=5) This is an example of a diserete uniform distribution over the set of values (1,2,3,4,5,6).Itis discrete because the values are discrete and it is uniform because all the probabilities are the same. = Conditions for discrete uniform distribution: Adiscrete random variable ¥ is defined over a set of 1 distinct values. Each valu: equally likely, in other words: PUY = = 7 foreach x = In many cases, Vis defined over the set (1, 2,3 given by the following: 1), In such cases, the mean and variance are For a discrete uniform distribution X over the values 1, 2,3... EQ) stn Remember, in order (n+1)(n-1) to use these formulas, the values Var(X) for Xmust be 1, 2,3, ...1. = You do not need to prove these results, but you may find them useful for the examination when answering questions of this type. Example ) cauanery Digits are selected at random from a table of random numbers. a Find the mean and standard deviation of a single digit. b Find the probability that a particular digit lies within one standard deviation of the mean.IIE swowroxerrnn 1 Xisa discrete uniform distribution over the numbers 1, 2, 3,4 and 5. Work out the expectation and variance of X. 2 Seven similar balls are placed in a bag. The balls have the numbers | to 7 written on them. A ball is drawn out of the bag at random. The variable X represents the number on the ball. a Find E(X) b Work out Var(X) 3 A fair dice is thrown once and the random variable ¥ represents the value on the upper face. a Find the expectation and variance of Y. b Calculate the probability that is within one standard deviation of the mean. 4 A card is selected at random from a pack of cards containing the even numbers 2, 4, 6 ..., 20, The variable X represents the number on the card a Find P(¥ > 15) b Find the expectation and variance of Y. 5A straight line is drawn ona piece of paper. The line is divided into four equal lengths and the segments are marked 1, 2, 3 and 4. In a party game, a person is blindfolded and asked to mark a point on the line and then the number of the segment is recorded. A discrete uniform distribution over the set (1,2, 3,4) is suggested as a model for this distribution. Comment on this suggestion, 6 The spinner shown is used in « fairground game. It costs 5 cents to have a go on the spinner. The spinner is spun and the player wins the number of cents shown. If Xis the number which comes up on the next spin, a name a suitable model for X b find ECY) © find Var(X) 4 explain why a player should not expect to make money aver a large number of spins.EID orc mesma 1 The random variable X has the following probability function: PY 2,3,4,5 time consuming x = 1 e a Construct a table giving the probability distribution of X. b Find PG 3) (1 mark) Shashi rolls a biased six-sided dice four times, P(six) = j. The random variable T represents the number of times he rolls a six. a Construct a table giving the probability distribution of 7. (3 marks) b Find P(T<3), (2 marks) Shashi rolls the dice again, this time recording the number of rolls required to roll a six. He rolls the dice a maximum of five times. Let the random variable S represent the number of times he rolls the dic. © Construct a table giving the probability distribution of S. (GB marks) Find P(S > 2), (2 marks) The random variable X has the probability function: PLY =) x=1,2,3,4,5,6 a Construct a table giving the probability distribution of . Find: bPQ<"<5) © EY) Vari), fe Var(3 2X) £ EW) The diserete random variable X has the probability distribution given in the table below. x 2[afe[i[2]3 pass [or |o2 fos] + [oi for Find: ar b PCS ¥<2) © EQX+3) a Var(2X+ 3)@*" 16 ‘The random variable X has the probability function: ky P(X=x) = wane {t where k isa constant. a Find the value of k b Find the exact value of E(X). Show that, to 3 significant figures, Var() nd, to I decimal place, Var(3 ~ 2X) ‘The discrete random variable X’has a probability distribution given by: x ayo Tt i2 psx | or | 03 | a | o ‘The random variable ¥ is d a find the values of a and b. b Calculate E(X?) and Var(X) using the values of a and 6 that you found in part a. © Write down the value of Var(¥) d Find P(OY+2>¥) ined as Y = 3X 1. Given that E(Y) = 1.1, (marks) (mark) (2 marks) (mark) (Smarks) (marks) (1 mark) (marks) A discrete random variable is such that each of its values is assumed to be equally likely. a Write down the name of this distribution. b Give an example of such a distribution, A discrete random variable X as defined above can take the values 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Find: © EY) Varycm GED vou can make use of the FEQID Letnbe a positive integer and suppose that Xs a discrete following results nee" fandom variable with P(X'= f) =3, fori=1, Saal Ss Show that E(X) nln + 1)@n +1) 6 Peed 1 For a random variable . particular value of X + P(X'= x) oF P(x) refers to the probability that is equal to a particular value of x 2 For a discrete random variable: the sum of all probabilities must add up to 1. In symbols: P(X =x) =1 3. The cumulative frequency distribution F(x) = PCV

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