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S1ED5

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174 views

S1ED5

Uploaded by

math magic
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© © All Rights Reserved
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@ The normal distribution A continuous random variable can take any one of an unlimited number of values. The probability that a continuous random variable takes any one specific value Is 0, but you can write the probability that it takes values within a given range. For example, when ten coins are flipped: mK Pre 2 ¢ ceil... 3 A=4) O12345678 50 1s 3 Heh em) ‘Acontinuous random variable has a continuous GED ciscrete random variable can probability distribution, This can be shown as ‘take only certain distinct values. The a curve ona graph. ‘sum of the probabilities in a discrete 1 The area under a continuous probability (PEELE SAE DUR IL distribution curve is equal to 1. € Statistics 1 Section 6.1 The continuous variables generally encountered in real life are more likely to take values grouped around a central value than to take extreme values. The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that can be used to model many naturally occurring characteristics that behave in this way. Examples of continuous variables that can be modelled using the normal distribution are: heights of people within a given population ‘© weights of tigers in a jungle ‘© errors in scientific measurements ‘size variations in manufactured objects The histograms below show the distribution of heights of adult males in a particular city. As the class width reduces, the distribution gets smoother. Bos Boa o4 § g § os Gos p03 E02 £2 E02 Zon Zou Zoa z zZ Z 00 00 00 140 150 160 170 180 190200210" 140 150 160 130 180 190200 210" 140150 160 170 180 190 200 210 Height (em) Height (cm) Height (em) The distribution becomes bell-shaped and is, symmetrical about the mean. You can model the heights of adult males in this city using a normal distribution, mean 175m and standard deviation 12cm. = The normal distribution: # has parameters j2, the population mean, and a2, the population variance iedian ode) # is symmetrical (mean # has a bell-shaped curve with asymptotes at each end # has a total area under the curve equal to 1 ¢ has points of inflection at x + o and ju — For a normally distributed variable: © approximately 68% of the data lies within one standard deviation of the mean ‘© 95% of the data lies within two standard deviations of the mean nearly all of the data (99.796) lies within three standard deviations of the mean GE) ED essen CED vis normaly distributed yy density z 2 é random variable, you write ¥~ N(j, 0%) where jis the population mean and a? is the population variance. j= 75em X~N(TS, 12) 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 Height (em) ‘The diameters of a metal pin produced by a particular machine, mm, are modelled as X~N(8, 0.22), Find: a PUY>8) b PU.8 Draw sketch of the distribution. Use the symmetry 70 grams, find . of the distribution and the fact that 95% of the data — lies within 2 standard deviations of the mean, © 7 The masses of the sheep, Mkg, on a farm are modelled as M ~ N(u, °). If 84% of the sheep weigh more than 52kg and 97.5% of the sheep weigh more than 47.5 kg, find y. and © 8 The percentage scores, S, of a group of students in a test are modelled as a normal distribution with mean 45 and standard deviation 15. Find: a P(S> 45) b PGO 2.65) © P(Z<-0.75) d P(-1.201.27) b P(Z>-1.66) © P(Z<-2.28) d P< Z< 1.31) e PUL 084) d P(Z<-0.38) e P(-2.30 2). Whenever possible, this table should be used to find z, given a value for p = P(Z> 2). However, sometimes you will need to use the main table. IF P(Z 0 IF P(Z a) is less than 0.5, then a will be > 0 If P(Z > a) is greater than 0.5, then awill be <0 Find the value of the constant ¢ such that P(Z < a) = 0.7517 TEE wenenerarion LSet [) ETCHED | TERPRETATION Find the value of the constant a such that P(Z >a) = 0.100 GEES) ED worn Find the value of the constant a such that P(Z > a) = 0.0322 beta [s) ETRE INTERPRETATION Find the value of the constant a such that P(Z < a) = 0.1075 GEE) BED worn Use the tables to find P(Z < a) = 0.75 GEES) SED room 1 Find the value of a in the following: a P(Z< a) = 0.3336 b P(Z> a) = 0.6879 1112 d P(-a< Z a) = 0.0314 @ For paris gandh © P(Z>a)= 0.1500 d P(Z> a) = 0.9500 ‘you will need to use the © PO< Z 55) Peli) (2) ES EES PROBLEM-SOLVING The random variable Y ~ N(20, 9). Find the value of such that P(Y > 5) = 0.0485 isc (10) ES CTES> PROBLEM-SOLVING; ANALYSIS The blood pressure of an adult population, SmmEg, is modelled as a normal distribution with mean 127 and standard deviation 16. A medical researcher wants to study adults with blood pressures higher than the 95th percentile. Find the minimum blood pressure for an adult included in her study. 0 1 The random variable ¥ ~ N(20, 4), Find: a PLY < 26) b PUY > 30) © P(X> 17) 2. Given that Y~ N(I8, 10), find the following probabilities: a P(X > 20) b PLY < 15) 3. The random variable Y~ N(24, 3), Find: a P(X < 29) b PLY > 22) © PLY < 16) 4 The random variable ¥ ~ N(30, 25) Find the value of a such that P(Y > a) = 0.30 5 The random variable ¥~ N(15, 9) Find the value of a such that P(Y > a) = 0.15 6 The random variable Y ~ N(100, 225) Find the values of s and r such that: a P(Y> 5) =0.975 b P(Y<=0.10 ¢ Writedown Pis< <9, 7 Given that ~ N(80, #), fa find the values a and 6 when: iP>a) PY 151) d P(140 < ¥< 155) (2) - OG) © 10 a Use the perventage points table to find a value of = such that P(Z>=)= 0.025 (1 mark) b A pilot training programme takes only the top 2.5% of candidates on a test. Given that the scores can be modelled using a normal distribution with mean 80 and standard deviation 4, use your answer to part a to find the score necessary to get on the programme. marks) @© 11 4 Userthe perventage points table to find a vulue of 2 such that PLZ < 2) = 0.15 (1 mark) b A hat manufacturer makes a special “little” hat which should fit 15% of its customers, Given that hat sizes can be modelled using @ normal distribution with mean 37m and standard deviation 2em, use your answer to part a to find the size ofa “little” hat. (2 marks) © 12 a Use the percentage points table to find the values of = that correspond to the 10% to 90% interpercentile range. @ marks) A particular brand of light bulb has a life modelled as a normal distribution with mean 1175 hours and standard deviation 56 hours. The bulb life is considered ‘standard if its life falls into the 10% to 90% interpercentile range. b Use your answer to part a to find the range of life to the nearest hour for a ‘standard’ bulb. (2 marks) @ Finding pando You might need to find an unknown mean or standard deviation for a normally distributed variable. GEES) BED wore ‘The random variable Y~ Nt, 3) iven that P(A > 20) = 0.20, find the value of PROBLEM-SOLVING; ANALYSIS, (eae (22) SKIL A machine makes metal sheets with width, X‘cm, modelled as a normal distribution such that X~N(50, 0°) a. Given that P(¥ < 46) = 0.2119, find the value of a. b Find the 90th percentile of the widths. ea 33) EE Prosiem-sowwnc The random variable ~ NU, 0°) Given that P(X > 35) = 0.025 and P(Y < 15) = 0.1469, find the value of jz and the value of @. GEE) BED rene senses 1 The random variable ¥~ Niji, 5?) and P(X < 18) = 0.9032 Find the value of 1. 2. The random variable ¥~ N(11, 02) and P(¥ > 20) = 0.01 Find the value of o. 3 The random variable ¥~ N(j1, 40) and P(Y < 25) = 0.15, Find the value of js. 4 The random variable ¥~ N(50, 0°) and P(Y > 40) = Find the value of «. 1.6554 @® _§ The random variable ¥~ N(u1, 02). Given that P(< 17) = 0.8159 and P(Y’ < 25) = 0,970, find the value of 1 and the value of o. The random variable ¥~ Ni, 0°). Given that PCY < 25) = 0.10 and P(Y’ > 35) = 0.005, The random variable ¥~ Nie, 0°). a> du Given that PCV >15) = 0.20 and PLY <9) = rece se find the value of and the value of o. the value of jrand the value of The random variable ¥~ N(jt, 02). ‘The lower quartile of is 25 and the upper quartile of X'is 45, Find the value of je and the value of a. The random variable ¥~ N(0, 0°). Given that P(-4 < V'< 4) =0.6, find the value of The random variable V ~ N(2.68, 0°). Given that P(Y> 2a) = 0.2 and P(X < a) = 0.4, find the value of ¢ and the value of a. An automated wheel is used to make bowls. The diameter of the bowls, D mm, is normally distributed with mean jr and standard deviation 5mm. Given that 75% of bowls are greater than 200mm in diameter, find: a the value of y 2 marks) b P(204 < D< 206) (1 mark) Three bowls are chosen at random, © Find the probability that all three bowls are greater than 205mm in diameter, (3 marks) A loom makes tablecloths with an average thickness of 2.5mm. The thickness, Tmm, can be modelled using a normal distribution. Given that 65% of tablecloths are less than 2.55 mm thick, find: the standard deviation of the thickness 2 marks) b the proportion of tablecloths with thickness between 2.4mm and 2.6mm. (1 mark) A tablecloth can be sold if the thickness is between 2.4mm and 2.6mm, A sample of 20 tablecloths is taken. © Find the probability that at least 15 tablecloths can be sold. GB marks) The masses of the penguins on an island are found to be normally distributed with mean j, and standard deviation 0. Given that 10% of the penguins have a mass less than 18 kg and 5% of the penguins have a mass greater than 30kg, a sketch a diagram to represent this information (2 marks) b find the value of and the value of o. (6 marks) 10 penguins are chosen at random, € Find the probability that at least 4 of them have a mass greater than 25 kg. (marks) Gi) 14 The length of an adult Dachshund dog is found to be normally distributed with mean je and standard deviation o. Given that 20% of Dachshunds have a length less than 16 inches and 10% have a length greater than 18 inches, find: the value of and the value of (6 marks) b the interquartile range. (2 marks) Cres EEDA normally distributed random variable X~ Nu, 2°) has interquartile range 4. USS a. Show that a = 0.7424, whore the coofiient of qi correct to 3 5 Explain why It isnot possible to write jin terms of g only. Use of calculators You may be able to find probabilities for a normal distribution using your calculator You will need to refer to the instructions for your particular calculator. These calculators can be used in your $1 examination but you are advised to clearly state the probability you are finding and give your final answer to 3 significant figures. For example, P(Y < 53) =0.5 + 0.27337... = 0.77337... = 0.773 (3 5£) Cee ELITE rroeceu-soume; amysis © _1 The heights of a large group of men are normally distributed with a mean of 178cm and a standard deviation of 4em, A man is selected at random from this group. a Find the probability that he is taller than 185em. (2 marks) b Find the probabil A manufacturer of door frames wants to ensure that fewer than 0,005 men have to bend down to pass through the frame. ¢ On the basis of this group, find the minimum height of a door frame to the nearest centimetre. (2 marks) that three men, selected at random, are all less than 180cm tall. (3 marks) © 2 The weights of steel sheets produced by a factory are known to be normally distributed with ‘mean 32.5 kg and standard deviation 2.2 kg. a Find the percentage of sheets that weigh less than 30 kg. (mark) Bob requires sheets that weigh between 31.6 kg and 34.8kg. b Find the percentage of sheets produced that satisfy Bob's requirements, GB marks) © 3 Thetimea smartphone battry lasts before needing to be recharged is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean of 48 hours and a standard deviation of 8 hours 4a Find the probability that a battery will last for more than 60 hours, (2 marks) b Find the probability that the battery lasts less than 35 hours, (mark) ‘A random sample of 30 smartphone batteries is taken. Find the probability that 3 or fewer last less than 35 hours, (2 marks) @®4 @®5s ‘The random variable X ~ N(24, 0°). Given that P(W’ > 30) = 0.05, find: a the value of o (2 marks) b PLY < 20) (mark) © the value of dso that PLY > d) = 0.01 (2 marks) ‘A machine puts liquid into plastic cups in such a way that the given volume of liquid is normally distributed with a mean of 120ml. The cups have a capacity of 140 ml and the probability that the machine puts in too much liquid so that the cup overflows is 0.01. a Find the standard deviation of the volume of liquid dispensed. marks) b Find the probability that the machine puts in less than 110ml (mark) ‘Ten percent of customers complain that the machine has not given enough liquid ¢ Find the largest volume of liquid, to the nearest millilitre, that will lead to a complaint. (marks) The random variable X ~ N(j1, 02), The lower quartile of is 20 and the upper quartile is 40. a Find and o. marks) b Find the 10% to 90% imterpercentile range. (marks) ‘The heights of seedlings are normally distributed. Given that 10% of the seedlings are taller than 15cm and 5% are shorter than 4cm, find the mean and standard deviation of the heights. (4 marks) A psychologist gives a student two different tests. The first test has a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 10, and the student scores 85. a Find the probability of scoring 85 or more on the first test. (marks) ‘The second test has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, ‘The student scores 105 on the second test. b Find the probability of a score of 105 or more on the second test. (marks) State, giving a reason, which of the student’s two test scores was better. (marks) Jam is sold in jars and the mean weight of the contents is 108 grams. Only 3% of jars have contents weighing less than 100 grams. Assuming that the weight of jam in a jar is normally distributed, find: a the standard deviation of the weight of jam in a jar (2 marks) the proportion of jars where the contents weigh more than 115 grams. (marks) A random sample of 25 jars is taken, ¢ Find the probability that 2 or fewer jars have contents weighing more than 115 grams. (3 marks) ‘The waiting time at a doctor's surgery is assumed to be normally distributed with standard deviation of 3.8 minutes. Given that the probability of waiting ‘more than 15 minutes is 0.0446, find: a the mean waiting time (marks) b the probability of waiting less than 5 minutes, (marks) GB) 11 The thickness of some plastic shelving produced by a factory is normally distributed. AS part of the production process, the shelving is tested with (wo gauges (used for measuring). The first gauge is 7mm thick and 98.61% of the shelving passes through this gauge. The second gauge is 5.2mm thick and only 1.02% of the shelves pass through this gauge Find the mean and standard deviation of the thickness of the shelving, (Amarks) Crs EEE 1 The ifespan of televisions has a normal distribution with a mean of $8 months and a standard deviation cama ‘of 10 months. A company gives a warranty of 36 months to replace any defective television with a new ‘one. Suppose the company makes 2 million televisions per year. How many televisions may be replaced? 2 The times taken by large number of people to travel between two cities can be modelled by @ normal distribution with a mean of 5.2 hours. tis found that 62.5% of the people took more than 4.5 hours to travel between the two cities. 2 Ifa number of extra people are taken into account, all of whom took exactly 52 hours to travel between the two cities, state with reasons what would happen to: 1 themean Hi the variance. b Explain why the distribution would no longer be normal. STL alla coud 1 Total area under the normal distribution curve = 1 2 The normal distribution is perfectly symmetrical, and therefore: P(Z<0)=05 PZ >0)=05 3 P(Z -a) = PZ

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