THE SCIENCE OF

HUMAN MOVEMENT
TWO COMPONENTS OF THE BODY THAT Three types of the muscles in the body
CAUSE HUMAN BEING TO MOVE • 1. Skeletal muscles
Voluntary muscles, attached to the bones of
• Skeletal System skeletons
• The skeleton provides a strong, internal • 2. Smooth muscles
framework that supports the body, and Involuntary muscles, hollow organs like small
protection for vital organs. intestines and blood vessels •
• These bones meet at joints, the majority of 3. Cardiac muscles
which are freely movable, making the skeleton Involuntary muscle, heart
flexible and mobile.
Muscles Tissues Properties
Functions of the skeletal system: • Four Properties of Muscle Tissues
• Physiological functions 1. Irritability- is the ability to respond to
1. Provide a site for blood formation stimulus.
2. Serves as storehouse for calcium which are 2. Contractility - is the ability of a muscles to
essential for nerve conduction, blood clotting generate tension and shorten when it receives
and energy formation. sufficient stimulation.
3. Play a role in our immune function 3. Extensibility - is the muscles ability to
lengthen, or stretch beyond the resting length.
Function of the skeletal system: 4. Elasticity - is the ability of the muscles fiber
• Structural functions to return to its resting length after the stretch is
1. Give supports to the body. removed.
2. It protects the delicate organs in the body. 3.
Bones are rigid lever of locomotion. Functions of Muscles
Produce movement
Factors influencing Bone Health • Skeletal movement is created as muscle
• Heredity – heredity is an important actions generate tensions that are transferred
determinant of bone mass density (BMD) This is to the bone. The resulting movements
a limiting factor on the amount of (BMD) an necessary for locomotion and other segmental
individual can attain. manipulations.
• Nutritional status – nutrition is important in Maintain Postures and Positions
maintaining bone health. • Muscle action of a lesser magnitude are used
to maintain postures. This muscle activity is
Muscular System continuous and results in small adjustments as
• Muscles are the exert forces thus are the the head is maintained in position and the body
major contributor to human movement. weight is balanced over the feet.
• Muscles are used to hold a position, to raise
or lower a body part, to slow down a fast Functions of Muscles
moving segment, and to generate great speed • Stabilize Joints
in the body or in an object that is propelled on • Muscle actions also contribute significantly to
the air. stability of the joints. Muscles tensions are
• The muscles only has the ability pull and generated and applied across the joints via the
creates a motion because it crosses a joint. The tendons, providing stability where they cross
tension develop by the muscles applies the joint. In the most joints, especially the
compression to the joints, enhancing their shoulder and the knee, the muscles spanning
stability. In some joint positions, however, the the joint via the tendons are among the primary
tension generated by the muscles can act to pull stabilizers.
the segments apart and create instability.
Other Functions
1. Muscles support and protect the visceral
organs and protect the internal tissues from
injuries.
2. Tension in the muscles tissues can alter and
control pressures within the cavities.
3. Skeletal muscles contributes to the
maintenance of body temperature by producing
heat.
4. The muscles control the entrances and exits
to the body through voluntary control over
swallowing, defecation, and urination.
4.1 Muscle tissue is made up of cells called
fibers that have ability to contract or shorten, in
order to produce a pulling force.
4.2 Muscles are also extensible, and are elastic
so that they can stretched and then recoil and
resume their normal resting length
. 4.3 Muscles are also electrically excitable, so
that they can be stimulated to contract by nerve
impulse.

Skeletal Muscle Distribution

• Upper Extremities
• Arm ( Deltoid, Biceps, Triceps)
• Forearm (Brachioradialis , Pronator,
Supinator)
• Fingers (Thana muscles, Hyposthenia muscles

• Lower Extremities
• Upper leg (Rectus Femora, Quadriceps,
hamstrings)
• Lower leg (gastrocnemius muscle, tibias
anterior)
• Upper back (trapezius, erectors spine)
• Lower back (gluteal)
 Guidelines For Performing ROM
The body Planes • Start with the head and move down, always
do bilaterally
• Return body part to normal anatomical
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL position
TERMINOLOGIES • Move each joint through full range of motion
• Move to point of resistance not pain
• Superior (Cranial) - closer to the head • Allow for rest periods whenever required
• Inferior (Caudal) - closer to the feet • Note drastic change in vital signs, extreme
fatigue
• posterior (dorsal) - closer to the posterior • Should not disrupt the healing process
surface of the body • Warm water relaxes the muscles and joints
• anterior (ventral) - closer to the anterior
surface of the body ROM TERMINOLOGIES
• Abduction - moving a body part away from
• medial - lying closer to the midline the midline of the body
• lateral - lying further away from the midline • Adduction - moving a body part toward the
midline of the body
• proximal - closer to the origin of a structure • Extension - straightening a body part
• distal - further away from the origin of a • Flexion - bending a body part
structure • Rotation - turning the joint
• Internal rotation - turning the joint inward
The body Planes • External rotation - turning the joint outward
• 1. A coronal or frontal plane divides the body
into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or ROM TERMINOLOGIES
posterior and anterior) portions. • Plantar flexion - bending the foot down at the
• 2. A Transverse plane also known as an axial ankle
plane or crosssection, divides the body into • Pronation - turning the joint downward
cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions. • Supination - turning the joint upward
• 3. A Sagittal Plane divides the body into • Inversion- turning the sole of the foot towards
sinister and dexter (left and right) portions. the midline
• Eversion- turning the sole of the foot away
from the mid line

RANGE OF MOTIONS
Range Of Motion
• The movement of a joint to the extent
possible without causing pain Purposes:
1. Promote and maintain joint mobility
2. Prevent contractures and shortening of
muscles and tendons
3. Increase circulation to extremities.
4. Facilitate comfort for the patient

Types Of ROM
1. Active ROM exercises – Exercises the client is
able to perform independently.
2. Passive ROM exercises – Exercises performed
for the client by someone else.
3. Active assisted ROM exercises – Performed
by a client with some assistance. Client can
move a limb partially through its ROM, but
needs help completing the ROM.
 • Strength- the ability to exert force against
LESSON 2: FITNESS resistance in a short period of time

• Body composition- ideally, a state in which

What is Fitness?
body fat does not exceed 25 percent of the total
• Fitness is defined as the capacity to carry out body composition.
the day's activities without undue fatigue.

• Physical fitness is also considered a measure Physical Fitness Tests

of the body's ability to function efficiently and
effectively in work and leisure activities.
3-minute step test
The Step Test is designed to measure a
person's aerobic fitness. Participants step
up and down, on and off an aerobics- type
step for THREE minutes to increase heart
rate and to evaluate the heart's recovery
rate during the minute immediately
following the step test exercise

SKILL RELATED FITNESS

• Skill related fitness consists of fitness
components that are important to success in
skillful activities and athletic events, and may
not be as crucial to improve health.

Skills-related components
• Agility- the ability to change direction quickly. Standing long-jump
• Balance- the ability to remain stable even The Standing long jump, also called the
Broad Jump, is a common and easy to
when moving.
administer test of explosive leg power.
• Coordination- the ability to use vision, touch Purpose: to measure the explosive power
and muscle sense. of the legs. Equipment required: tape
measure to measure distance jumped, non-
• Power- simply define as the ability to release slip floor for takeoff, and soft landing area
maximum strength. preferred.
• Reaction time- the amount of time it takes to
make a physical response once you see the
need to take an action.
Bent knee curl-up
• Speed- the rate at which one covers distance The bent-knee curlup is a type of crunch
in a short period of time. that is a strength exercise for abdominal
muscles. This is a basic crunch for beginner
Health-related Fitness Components and intermediate exercisers, although you
• Cardiovascular fitness- from the word cardio can add weight to increase the difficulty of
means hearth, the ability to exercise at an the exercise. It targets your abdominal
muscles and does not work any other
elevated hearth rate for a designated time while
muscles in your core, such as the low back.
supplying adequate oxygen to the body.

• Flexibility- the ability to move joint with ease

through the normal range of motion and
muscles to their fullest extent.

• Endurance- the ability to exercise without

tiring in a long period of time.
 50-meter sprint
he test involves running a single maximum
sprint over 50 meters, with the time
recorded.

Sit & reach

The sit and reach test is a common measure
of flexibility, and specifically measures the
flexibility of the lower back and hamstring
muscles. This test is important as because
tightness in this area is implicated in
lumbar lordosis, forward pelvic tilt and
lower back pain.

Push-up
A push-up is a common exercise beginning
from the prone position and raising and
lowering the body using the arms.
• They are also a common form of
punishment used in the