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    Carbohydrate Metabolism

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    Abhith
    This document summarizes key aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth and small intestine. It then explains the pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily occurring in the liver. Both pathways are regulated by insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels.

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    Carbohydrate Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Abhith
    58 views19 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth and small intestine. It then explains the pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily occurring in the liver. Both pathways are regulated by insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels.

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    Carbohydrate metabolism

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    This document summarizes key aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth and small intestine. It then explains the pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily occurring in the liver. Both pathways are regulated by insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    58 views19 pages

    Carbohydrate Metabolism

    Uploaded by

    Abhith
    This document summarizes key aspects of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth and small intestine. It then explains the pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate with production of ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily occurring in the liver. Both pathways are regulated by insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Carbohydrate metabolism

    Anjana A
    MTech Food Technology
    Carbohydrate
     Most abundant organic molecule
     In plants they are both energy storage and structural
    support
     most common simple sugars are constructed from 5 or 6
    carbons
     Eg. glucose, fructose, galactose
     The 6-carbon glucose is the molecule that serves most
    living things as the source for biochemical energy
    Digestion of carbohydrates
     The principle sites of carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and
    small intestine.
     The dietary carbohydrate consist of :
    • Polysaccharides : Starch, glycogen and cellulose
    • Disaccharides : Sucrose and Lactose
    •Monosaccharides : Mainly glucose and fructose
    monosaccharides need no digestion prior to absorption,
    wherease disaccharides and polysaccharides must be
    hydrolysed to simple sugars before their absorption.
    • Salivary amylase partially digests starch and glycogen to
    dextrin and few maltoses.
    • Pancreatic amylase completely digests starch, glycogen, and
    dextrin with help of splitting enzyme into maltose and few
    glucose. It acts on cooked and uncooked starch. Amylase
    enzyme is hydrolytic enzyme responsible for splitting α 1: 4
    glycosidic link.
    • Maltase, lactase and sucrase are enzymes secreted from
    intestinal mucosa, which hydrolyses the corresponding
    disaccharides to produce glucose, fructose, and galactose.
    • HCl secreted from the stomach can hydrolyse the disaccharides
    and polysaccharides.
    Metabolism
     The entire spectrum of chemical reactions occuring in the
    living system are referred as metabolism

    Anabolic Catabolic Amphibolic

    • Small • Large • Involves


    molecules molecules both
    are are broken anabolic
    assembled down into and
    into larger small ones catabolic
    ones • Energy is pathways
    • Energy is released
    required
    Major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
     Glycolysis (EMP pathway)
     Gluconeogenesis
    Glycolysis
    Salient features
     Takes place in all cells of the body
     Lactate – end product (anaerobic condition)
     Pyruvate – end product (aerobic condition)
     Central metabolic pathway
     Reversal of glycolysis – results in gluconeogenesis
     Glycolysis consists of 10 reactions, occurs in two stages:
    1. Glucose is phosphorylated twice and cleaved to form
    two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P).
    The two ATP molecules consumed during this stage are
    like an investment, because this stage creates the actual
    substrates for oxidation in a form that is trapped inside
    the cell.
    2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate.
    Four ATP and two NADH molecules are produced.
    Because two ATP were consumed in stage 1, the net
    production of ATP per glucose molecule is 2.
    10 reactions in glycolysis
    1. Synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate
    2. Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
    3. The phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate
    4. Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    5. The interconversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and
    dihydroxyacetone phosphate
    6. Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    7. Phosphoryl group transfer
    8. The interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-
    phosphoglycerate
    9. Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate
    10. Synthesis of pyruvate
     Glycolysis is also regulated by the peptide hormones glucagon
    and insulin
     Glucagon, released by pancreatic cells when blood glucose is
    low, activates the phosphatase function of PFK-2, thereby
    reducing the level of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in the cell

     Insulin is a peptide hormone released from pancreatic cells


    when blood glucose levels are high. The effects of insulin on
    glycolysis include activation of the kinase function of PFK-2,
    which increases the level of fructose-2,6bisphosphate in the
    cell, in turn increasing glycolytic flux
    Gluconeogenesis
     The formation of new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate
    precursors
     occurs primarily in the liver
     Precursor molecules include lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain
    keto acids (molecules derived from amino acids).
     Under certain conditions the kidney can make small amounts of new
    glucose(Between meals adequate blood glucose levels are
    maintained by the hydrolysis of liver glycogen)
     When liver glycogen is depleted, the gluconeogenesis pathway
    provides the body with adequate glucose.
     Continous process in rumiants

     Occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low carbohydrate diets


    or intense exercise

    Reactions in gluconeogenesis
     Synthesis of PEP

     Conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

     Formation of glucose from glucose-6-phosphate


    REFERENCES
     Bauman College: Foundations of nutrition text book
     Lehninger Principles of biochemistry, 4th edition
     Text book of biochemistry : Harper, Satyanarayanan, A C
    Deb
    THANK
    YOU

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