Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Water

    Uploaded by

    Rahul
    19 views26 pages
    Water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds, giving it unique properties like a high boiling point and ability to dissolve other polar substances. The ionization of water establishes its pH scale, and weak acids and bases exist in equilibrium with their conjugate forms which is important for biological processes and buffering pH changes. Buffers resist pH changes by containing both weak acids and their conjugate bases, functioning best near the pKa where concentrations are balanced.

    Original Description:

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds, giving it unique properties like a high boiling point and ability to dissolve other polar substances. The ionization of water establishes its pH scale, and weak acids and bases exist in equilibrium with their conjugate forms which is important for biological processes and buffering pH changes. Buffers resist pH changes by containing both weak acids and their conjugate bases, functioning best near the pKa where concentrations are balanced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views26 pages

    Water

    Uploaded by

    Rahul
    Water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds, giving it unique properties like a high boiling point and ability to dissolve other polar substances. The ionization of water establishes its pH scale, and weak acids and bases exist in equilibrium with their conjugate forms which is important for biological processes and buffering pH changes. Buffers resist pH changes by containing both weak acids and their conjugate bases, functioning best near the pKa where concentrations are balanced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Water

    WHY DO WE NEED TO DO THIS


    AGAIN!!!
    Properties of water

    • Very polar

    • Oxygen is highly electronegative


    • H-bond donor and acceptor
    • High b.p., m.p., heat of vaporization, surface
    tension
    Water dissolves polar
    compounds

    solvation shell
    or
    hydration shell
    Non-polar substances are insoluble in water

    Many lipids are amphipathic


    How detergents work?
    Hydrogen Bonding of Water

    One H2 O m ol
    e cul
    e c a
    n
    associate with 4
    other H2 0m olecules

    • Ice: 4 H-bonds per water molecule


    • Water: 2.3 H-bonds per water molecule

    Crystal lattice of ice


    Biological
    Hydrogen
    Bonds
    non-covalent interactions
    Relative Bond Strengths

    Bond type kJ/mole


    H3C - C
    H 38 8
    H-H 104
    Ionic 40 to 200
    H-bond 2 - 20
    Hydrophobic interaction 3 -10
    van der Waals 0.4 - 4
    Ionization of Water
    Ionization of Water
    H2
    0
    +H
    0
    H
    O+
    +-
    O
    H
    23
    H2
    0H+
    +
    O-
    H
    + - Ke
    =
    1.
    8
    X1-
    1
    6
    0
    M
    Ke=
    q [
    H
    ][
    O
    H] q
    [H2
    O
    ] [H2
    O
    ]
    =5
    5.
    5
    M
    [H2
    O
    ]
    K=+
    [
    H
    ][
    O
    H-
    ]
    e
    q

    (1.8 X 10-16M)(55.5 M ) = [H+] [OH-]


    1.0 X 10-14 M2 = [H+] [OH-] = Kw

    If [H+]=[OH-] then [H+] = 1.0 X 10-7


    pH Scale
     Devised by Sorenson (1902)
     [H+] can range from 1M and 1
    X 10-14M
     using a log scale simplifies notation
     pH = -log [H+]
    Neutral pH = 7.0
    Weak Acids and Bases Equilibria
    •Strong acids / bases – disassociate completely
    •Weak acids / bases – disassociate only partially
    •Enzyme activity sensitive to pH
    • weak acid/bases play important role in
    protein structure/function
    Acid/conjugate base pairs
    HA + H2
    O-
    A+
    +
    H
    O
    3
    HA A- + H+
    HA = acid ( donates H+)(Bronstad Acid)
    A- = Conjugate base (accepts H+)(Bronstad Base)

    +-Ka
    &p
    Kv
    a
    l
    u
    ed
    es
    c
    r
    i
    b
    et
    e
    nd
    e
    n
    c
    yt
    o
    Ka
    =
    [H
    ]
    [A
    ] a
    + l
    o
    o
    se
    H
    [HA]
    large Ka
    =
    st
    r
    o
    ng
    e
    r
    a
    ci
    d
    pKa
    =
    -l
    o
    gKsmall Ka
    =
    we
    a
    ke
    r
    a
    c
    i
    d
    a
    pKa values determined by titration
    Phosphate has three ionizable
    H+ and three pKas
    Buffers

    • Buffers are aqueous systems that resist changes in pH


    when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added.
    • A buffered system consist of a weak acid and its
    conjugate base.
    • The most effective buffering occurs at the region of
    minimum slope on a titration curve
    (i.e. around the pKa).
    • Buffers are effective at pHs that are within +/-1 pH
    unit of the pKa
    Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

    +- HA = weak acid
    1)Ka
    =
    [H
    ]
    [A
    ]
    [HA] A- = Conjugate base
    2) [H+] = Ka [
    HA]
    [A-]
    3) -log[H+] = -log Ka
    -
    l
    og
    [
    HA
    ]
    [A-] * H-H equation describes
    the relationship between
    4) -log[H+] = -log Ka
    +
    l
    og
    [
    A-
    ]pH, pKa and buffer
    concentration
    [HA]
    5) pH = pKa+
    l
    o
    g-
    [
    A]
    [HA]
    Case where 10% acetate ion 90% acetic
    acid

    • pH = pKa
    +
    lo
    g[
    0
    .
    1]
    1
    0
    ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
    [0.9]
    • pH = 4.76 + (-0.95)
    • pH = 3.81
    Case where 50% acetate ion 50% acetic
    acid

    • pH = pKa
    +
    lo
    g[
    0
    .
    5]
    1
    0
    ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
    [0.5]
    • pH = 4.76 + 0
    • pH = 4.76 = pKa
    Case where 90% acetate ion 10% acetic
    acid

    • pH = pKa
    +
    lo
    g[
    0
    .
    9]
    1
    0
    ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
    [0.1]
    • pH = 4.76 + 0.95
    • pH = 5.71
    Cases when buffering fails

    • pH = pKa
    +
    lo
    g[
    0
    .
    9
    9]
    1
    0
    ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
    [0.01]
    • pH = 4.76 + 2.00
    • pH = 6.76

    • pH = pKa
    +
    lo
    g[
    0
    .
    0
    1]
    1
    0
    ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
    [0.99]
    • pH = 4.76 - 2.00
    • pH = 2.76

    You might also like