Name: Class: Sub:: Harshvardhan Singh Chundawat Xii A

Name: Harshvardhan
singh chundawat
Class: XII A
Sub:Chemistry
INTRODUCTION
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids
like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either
saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one
carboxylic acid group as the functional group. A soap
molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have
different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon
chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in
water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar
carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but
insoluble in oil and grease. Long Hydrocarbon Chain
Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end When soap is shaken
with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in
nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the solution on the
surface and causes foaming. This helps the soap
molecules make a unimolecular film on the surface of
water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end
of a soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards
and surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it).
The short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face
the water away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules
surround or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered
structure called 'micelles', which encircles such particles
and emulsify them. Cleansing action of soaps decreases
in hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and
magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate to
produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty acids.
This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium
Carbonate.

COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
The most popular soap making process today is the cold
process method where fat such as olive oil sector will
strong alkaline solution wild some Soapers use the
historical hot process Handmade soap different from
industrial shopping, usually and I accept that is sometimes
used to consume the alkali and is not removed, leaving a
natural moisturizer soap and detergent emollient search as
search added actress which is the saponification process is
sufficiently advanced that the soap has begun after most of
the oils have saponified So that they remain undirected in
the finished soap.
FAT IN SOAP
Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats
sodium tallowate is derived from fat soap can also be
made of vegetable oils as palm oil and the product is
typically softer. An array of saponification and fats are
used in the process of chest only with coconut Palm oil to
provide different qualities for example only for oil provides
info coconut oil provides lots of leather wild coconut and
farmers provide hardness Sometimes castor oil can also be
used as an event. Unsaponifiable oils and fats that do not
yield so headed for further benefits.

PREPARATIONS OF SOAPS
IN cold Process and hot process soap making it may be
required the cold process of making take place at the
sufficient temperature set of a story the fat big used
process can be used right away because the early and fat
saponified quickly at the higher temperature used in hot
process soap making. Cold process of making required
measurements of alkali and mouse and computing the
ratio using saponification charts to answer that the finished
product is mild and skin friendly.
→IN HOT PROCESS
Hot process in the hot process together at 801000 c
saponification which is the soap maker can determine by
taste or by eye.
→ COLD PROCESS
Cold which is the news to calculate the process soap
makes up the saponification value of the fat used on a
saponification chart appropriate amount of alkali .
Excess unreacted allegory in the shop will result In a very
high PH and can burn are edited skin not enough so far
easy teacher the alkalies dissolved in water that also
heated. Then if the solid at room temperature .Once both
substances to have cooled to approximately 10 degrees
fahrenheit guide this Twister interest there are wearing
levels of traces.
EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken and their
capacity with the next informing capacities said to be
heavy tails capacities in notice sample taken separately
and their foaming capacity is observed best cleaning
capacity the test request to be done with distilled water as
well as with the test of soap on distilled water give the
actual strength of the cleaning capacity request to be done
with distilled water as well as Ca+2 ,Mg+2 capacity.
OBJECTIVE & THEORY
To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps.
THEORY The foaming capacity of soaps upon the nature
of the shop and its concentration this may be compared by
equal having the same concentrations which saves the
same amount of time used during disappears gradually
the time taken to disappear in equal sample is determined
the longer the time take it for the form today disappear
elite sample is determined the longer time taken for the
disappearance of the given sample offshore of greater is
its foaming capacity cleaning action.
REQUIREMENTS
FIVE 100 ml conical flask, 5 test tubes 100 ml measuring
cylinder, test tube stand, weighing machine ,stopwatch .
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
5 different of Soap sample, distilled water , tap water.
Procedure
1. Take 5 100 ml conical flasks add number 1….2345 p put
60 table of water in each flask and add 8 grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of soap solution to 3 ml of
water Repeat the process for each soap solution in
different test.
4. Close the mouths of the test tube and vigorously for a
minute do the same for all test tubes and with equal force.
5. Start the timer immediately and not is the rate of 2 mm
froth.
OBSERVATION
Volume Volume
Test tube of soap of water Time taken for
No solution added disappearance
1.Dove 8ml 16ml 11’42”
2.lux 8ml 16ml 3’28”
3.Tetmosol 8ml 16ml 5’10”
4.Santoor 8ml 16ml 15’32”
5.Cinthol 8ml 16ml 9’40”
RESULT
The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is in the order
SANTOOR>DOVE>CINTHOL>TETMOSOL>LUX From
these experiment we can infer that santoor has the
highest foaming capacity in other words highest
cleaning capacity l Lux on the other hand is found to
be have least amount of time taken disapperance of
the foam Produced and thus is said to be have least
foaming capacity and cleansing capacity test for
handness in water. TEST for Ca+2 and Mg+2 salts in
the water supplied Test for Ca+2 in water . H2O +
NH4Cl +NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3 No precipitate. That show
negative result for the presence of salts Causing
hardness in water.The water used doesn’t contain
salts of Ca+2 and Mg+2 .the tap water provided is soft
and thus the experimental.
BIBILOGRAPHY
1.Together with lab manual
chemistry class xii 2.NCERT books
of chemistry
3.www.yahoo.com
4.www.google.com
5.www.cbse.nic.in
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project has
been made by Harshvardhan Singh Chundawat
of class XII A on the topic FOAMING
CAPACITY OF SOAPS under the
guidence of our chemistry teacher
Mrs.Chandrakala Rathore and HAVE
BEEN completed it sucessfully.
Yours truely.
Harshvardhan singh chundawat

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mrs
Chandrakala Rathore as well as our
principal MR. Dilbahadur singh who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAPS ,
which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and i came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful
to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION
2.COMMERCIAL
PREPARATION
3. EXPERIMENT
4.OBJECTIVE & THEORY
5.PROCEDURE
6.OBSERVATION TABLE
7.RESULT
8.BIBILOGRAPHY
Chemistry
Investigatory
Project
Foaming Capacity
Of
Soaps

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