Statistics and

Probability Quarter 3 –
Module 6: Central Limit
Theorem
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
concepts of the Central Limit Theorem and the skills associated with solving problems related to the
topic.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate the Central Limit Theorem; (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)
2. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit Theorem; and
(M11/12SP-IIIe-3)
3. solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.
(M11/12SP-IIIf-1)

What I Know

Directions: Read and analyze the story below. Write the letter of the correct answer
on your answer sheet.

1. Which sample size gives a smaller standard error of the mean according to Central Limit
theorem?
A. 10 B. 15 C. 25 D. 35

2. The Central Limit Theorem says that the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
approximately normal if .
A. the sample size is large.
B. all possible sample are selected.
C. the standard error of the sampling mean is small.
D. none of the above.

3. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means according to the Central Limit
Theorem is .
A. exactly equal to the population mean.
B. close to the population mean if the sample size is large.
C. equal to the population mean divided by the square of the sample size.
D. cannot be determined.

4. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means according to the Central
Limit Theorem is .
A. exactly equal to the standard deviation.
B. close to the population standard deviation if the sample size is large.
C. equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.
D. cannot be determined

5. Samples of size 25 are selected from a population with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of
7.5. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of sample means?
A. 7.5 B. 8 C. 25 D. 40
6. Samples of size 25 are selected from a population with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of
7.5. What is the standard error of the sampling distribution of sample means?

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A. 0.3 B. 1.5 C. 7.5 D. 8

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7. What happens to the shape of a sampling distribution of sample means as n increases?
A. It becomes narrower and more normal C. It becomes narrower and bimodal
B. It becomes wider and more normal D. It becomes wider and skewed right

8. In a group of 20 randomly selected unicorns, the mean is 1,000 and the standard deviation is 25,
what is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution?
A. 25 B. 5.59 C. 4 D. 1.25

9. A group of 625 students has a mean age of 15.8 years with a standard deviation of 0.6 years. The
ages are normally distributed. What is the probability that a randomly selected students are older
than 16.5 years old?
A. 12.1% B. 86.4% C. 87.9% D. 13.6%

10. If the random samples are large, what is the shape of the sampling distribution of the mean?
A. skewed to the left C. normal
B. skewed to the right D. rectangular

11. These symbols  and  represent the mean and standard deviation for which of the following
choices?
A. The Population C. The Sampling Distribution
B. The Sample D. None of these

For numbers 12-15, refer to the problem below.

The average precipitation for the first 7 months of the year is 19.32 inches with a
standard deviation of 2.4 inches. Assume that the average precipitation is normally
distributed.

12. What is the average precipitation of 5 randomly selected years for the first 7 months?
A. 19.32 in B. 22.4 in C. 20.52 in D. 15.56 in

13. What is the probability that a randomly selected year will have precipitation greater than 18
inches for the first 7 months?
A. 0.7088 B. 0.8523 C. 0.4562 D. 0.1258

14. Compute the z-score for precipitation of 18 inches for 5 randomly selected years for the first 7
months.
A. – 0.55 B. 0.55 C. 1. 23 D. – 1.23

15. What is the probability of 5 randomly selected years will have an average precipitation
greater than 18 inches for the first 7 months?
A. 0.8907 B. 0.2587 C. 0.4156 D. 0.2879

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 Lesson

1 Central Limit Theorem

Statistics is the most commonly used branch of mathematics. We use it almost every day. It is
also a must-have knowledge for a data scientist. Central Limit Theorem is the cornerstone of it.

In statistics, the given data set represents a sample from the entire population. Using this
sample, we try to see the patterns in the data. We then try to generalize the patterns in the sample to
the population while making the predictions. Central limit theorem helps us to make inferences about
the sample and population parameters.

What’s In

The context of Central Limit Theorem is comprised of statistical terms. To test your prior
knowledge of the concepts, let’s see if you have understood the terms listed by answering the activity
on the next page.
Match the definitions in Column A with the corresponding statistical terms in Column B.
Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

Column A Column B

The set that contains all data of Mean

elements, individuals or measurements from your
experimenting space. What’s New Population

It describes the data/population Sample

/sample range and how data is
spread in that range. Distribution

Average value of all data from your population or Standard Deviation

sample.
Sample Size
It is a randomly selected subset from the
population where the sample size is denoted by n. Normal Distribution

It describes how spread the population is.

The population is spread perfectly symmetrical

with (σ) standard deviations around the mean
value.

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 Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a
normal distribution, as the sample size increases.

Regardless of the initial shape of the population distribution, if samples of size n are
randomly selected from a population, the sampling distribution of the sampling means will approach a
normal distribution as the sample size n gets larger.

The standard error of the mean measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean
( ) as an estimate of the population mean (). It is also known as the standard deviation of the
�
sampling distribution of the sampling mean, denoted by 𝑥̅.

Formula: ̅𝒙 σ
= √𝒏

where: σ = population standard deviation

n = sample size

Remember that if we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we have to make n
sufficiently large. This fact is stated as a theorem in the Central Limit Theorem.
Now, can you determine the standard error of the mean of the given set of data below? Your
knowledge of the formula and manipulating the given data will be handy in solving this problem.

I know that you can, so let’s do it!

ACTIVITY
Direction: Read the problems below then write your answer on a separate paper.
1. Determine the standard error of the mean for each of the following sample size n given the
population standard deviation of 30. Round off your answer to the nearest hundredths.
a. 𝑛 = 5
b. 𝑛 = 12
c. 𝑛 = 28
d. 𝑛 = 35
e. 𝑛 = 40

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2. Analyze the answers obtained in item number 1. What can you say about the relationship of the
sample size and the standard error?

3. How does this relationship affect the distribution?

4. When do we obtain a good estimate of the mean?

5. When do we say that the mean is a poor estimate?

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 What is It

Central Limit theorem is important because it teaches researchers to use a limited sample to
make intelligent and accurate conclusions about a greater population. It also justifies the use of normal
curve methods for a wide range of problems.

Furthermore, it justifies the use of the formula 𝒛 = 𝑿̅ − 

 when computing

√𝒏
for the probability that 𝑋̅ will take a value within a given range in the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅ .
where: 𝑿̅ = is the sample mean
µ = population mean,
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size

When do you use these formulae?

𝑋̅ − 
 𝑧=

𝑋̅ − 
 𝑧= 
√𝑛

Study the illustrative sample problems below.

1. Assume that the variable is normally distributed, the average time it takes a group of senior high
school students to complete a certain examination is 46.2 minutes while the standard deviation is
8 minutes. What is the probability that a randomly selected senior high school students will
complete the examination in less than 43 minutes? Does it seem reasonable that a senior high
school student would finish the examination in less than 43 minutes?

a. If 50 randomly selected senior high school students take the examination, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the group to complete the test will be less than 43
minutes? Does it seem reasonable that the mean of the 50 senior high school students
could be less than 43 minutes?

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Solution for #1:
Step1: Identify the parts of the problem.
Given:  = 46.2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝜎 = 8 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝑋̅ = 43 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Find: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)

Step 2: Use the formula to find the z-score.

𝑋̅ −  43 − 46.2
𝒛= =
 8
𝒛 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟎

Step 3: Use the z-table to look up the z-score you calculated in step 2.
𝑧 = −0.40 has a corresponding area of 0.1554.

Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the z-score and its corresponding area. Then, shade the part that
you’re looking for: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)
0.155

Since we are – 0.40 ded part

looking for the probability less than 43 minutes, the sha
will be on the lef
t part of – 0.40.
Step 5: Subtract your z-score from 0.500.
𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.500 − 0.1554
𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.3446

Step 6: Convert the decimal in Step 5 to a percentage.

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 34.46%

 Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected senior high school student will
complete the examination in less than 43 minutes is 34.46%. Yes, it is reasonable to finish the exam in
less than 43 minutes since the probability is more than 1.

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Solution for #1.a:
Step1: Identify the parts of the problem.
Given:  = 46.2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝜎 = 8 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝑋̅ = 43 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠; 𝑛 = 50 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Find: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)

Step 2: Use the formula to find the z-score.

𝑋̅ − 
𝒛=  = 43 − 46.2
√𝑛 8
√50
𝒛 = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟑

Step 3: Use the z-table to look up the z-score you calculated in step 2.
𝒛 = −2.83 has a corresponding area of 0.4977

Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the z-score and its corresponding area. Then, shade the part that
you’re looking for: 𝑃(𝑋̅ < 43)

shaded part
0.4977

–2.83

Since we are looking for the probability less than 43 minutes, the shaded part will be on the left
part of – 2.83.

Step 5: Subtract your z-score from 0.500.

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.500 − 0.4977
𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.0023

Step 6: Convert the decimal in Step 5 to a percentage.

𝑃 (𝑋̅ < 43) = 0.23%

 Therefore, the probability that a randomly selected 50 senior high school students will
complete the examination in less than 43 minutes is 0.23%. No, it’s not reasonable since the
probability is less than 1.

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2. An electrical company claims that the average life of the bulbs it manufactures is 1 200 hours with
a standard deviation of 250 hours. If a random sample of 100 bulbs is chosen, what is the
probability that the sample mean will be between 1150 hours and 1 250 hours?

Solution:
Step1: Identify the parts of the problem.
Given:  = 1200 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠; 𝜎 = 250 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠; 𝑛 = 100 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑋̅ = 1 150 & 1 250 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Unknown: 𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250)

Step 2: Use the formula to find the z-score.

𝑋̅ −  1150 − 1200 1250 − 1200
𝒛=  = 𝒛=
250 250
√𝑛
√100 √100
𝒛 = −𝟐 𝒛= 𝟐

Step 3: Use the z-table to look up the z-score you calculated in step 2.
𝒛 = ±2 has a corresponding area of 0.4772

Step 4: Draw a graph and plot the z-score and its corresponding area. Then, shade the part that
you’re looking for: 𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250)

0.47720.4772

Since we are looking for the probability between 1 150 hours and 1 250 hours, the shaded part
will be between –2 and 2.

Step 5: Add the two z-score values.

𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250) = 0.4772 + 0.4772
𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250) = 0.9544

Step 6: Convert the decimal in Step 5 to a percentage.

𝑃(1150 < 𝑋̅ < 1250) = 95.44%

 Therefore, the probability of randomly selected 100 bulbs to have a sample mean between 1
150 hours and 1 250 hours is 95.44%.

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 What’s More

Let’s see how well you understood our discussion. At this point, I want you to solve the
following problems. Show your complete solution by following the step-by- step procedure.

1. The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice cream is
660 mg, the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally distributed.
a. If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the cholesterol content will
be more than 670 mg?

b. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that the mean of the
sample will be larger than 670 mg?

2. In a study of the life expectancy of 400 people in a certain geographic region, the mean age at
death was 70 years, and the standard deviation was 5.1 years. If a sample of 50 people from this
region is selected, what is the probability that the mean life expectancy will be less than 68 years?

3. The average cholesterol content of a certain canned goods is 215 milligrams, and the standard
deviation is 15 milligrams. Assume that the variable is normally distributed. If a sample of 25
canned goods is selected, what is the probability that the mean of the sample will be greater than
220 milligrams?

4. The average public elementary school has 468 students with a standard deviation of 87. If a
random sample of 38 public elementary schools is selected, what is the probability that the
number of students enrolled is between 445 and 485?

What I Have Learned

This time, I want you to work on the activity below based on your understanding of
the topic by completing each sentence.

I. Supply the missing words/phrase that will make the sentence complete.
1. Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a
as the sample size increases.

2. A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the mean is small or .

3. The mean is a poor estimate if the standard error of the mean is

.

4. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is

to the population mean.

5. The measures the degree of accuracy of the sample

mean as an estimate of the population mean.

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II. In your own understanding, answer the questions below.
1. Do we always add or subtract from 0.50? Explain.

2. When do we add the corresponding area of the z-score to 0.50?

3. When do we add the two corresponding areas of the z-score?

II. Enumerate the steps in solving problem using Central Limit Theorem?

What I Can Do

Directions: Read, analyze, and solve the problems below. Show your complete solutions.
1. There are 250 dogs at a dog show that weigh an average of 12 pounds, with a standard
deviation of 8 pounds. If 4 dogs are chosen at random, what is the probability that the average
weight is greater than 8 pounds?

2. The average number of pages in a novel is 326 with a standard deviation of 24 pages. If a sample
of 50 novels is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the average number of pages in these
books is between 319 and 331?

3. The number of driving miles before a certain kind of tire begins to show wear is on the average,
16,800 miles with a standard deviation of 3,300 miles.
a. What is the probability that the 36 tires will have an average of less than 16,000 miles
until the tires begin to wear out?
b. What is the probability that the 36 tires will have an average of more than 18,000 miles
until the tires begin to wear out?

Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze the story below. Write the letter of the correct
answer on your answer sheet.
1. According to Central Limit theorem, which sample size will give a smaller standard error of the
mean?
A. 7 B. 12 C. 23 D. 40

2. If a population is not normally distributed, the distribution of the sample means for a given
sample size n will .
A. be positively skewed.
B. be negatively skewed.
C. take the same shape as the population.
D. approach a normal distribution as n increases.

3. The mean and standard deviation of a population are 75 and 15, respectively. The sample size
is 100. What is the standard error of the mean?
A. 1.5 B. 1.73 C. 0.15 D. 8

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4. The mean and standard deviation of a population are 400 and 40, respectively. Sample size is
25. What is the mean of the sampling distribution?
A. 400 B. 40 C. 25 D. 8

5. What is the standard error of the mean if the sample size is 25 with standard deviation of 16?
A. 6.25 B. 3.2 C. 1.25 D. 0.64

6. The weights of the eggs produced by a certain breed of hen are normally distributed with
mean 65 grams and standard deviation of 5 grams. Which of the following will you use?
A. Normal Distribution C. Discrete Probability Distribution
B. Central Limit Theorem D. Binomial Distribution

7. In a study done on the life expectancy of 500 people in a certain geographic region, the mean age
at death was 72 years and the standard deviation was 5.3 years. If a sample of 50 people from this
region is selected, and the probability that the mean life expectancy will be less than 70 years,
which of the following will you use?
A. Normal Distribution C. Discrete Probability Distribution
B. Central Limit Theorem D. Binomial Distribution
8. The mean and standard deviation of a population are 200 and 20, respectively. What is the
probability of selecting 25 data values with a mean less than 190?
A. 69% B. 31% C. 0.6% D. 99%

9. In a metal fabrication process, metal rods are produced that have an average length of 20.5 meters
with a standard deviation of 2.3 meters. A quality control specialist collects a random sample of
30 rods and measures their lengths. Suppose the resulting sample mean is 19.5 meters. Which of
the following statements is true?
A. This sample mean is 2.38 standard deviations above what we expect.
B. This sample mean is 2.38 standard deviations below what we expect.
C. This sample mean is only 1 standard deviation above the population mean.
D. This sample mean is more than 3 standard deviations away from the population mean.

For number 10-11, refer to the problem below.

Suppose the teenagers that attend public high schools get an average of 5.7 hours of sleep
each night with a standard deviation of 1.7 hours. Assume that the average sleep hour is normally
distributed, and 35 high school students are randomly selected.

10. Compute the z-score for 6 hours of sleep.

A. 1.04 B. 0.18 C. 0.52 D. 0.82

11. What is the probability that a randomly selected group of 35 high school students gets
more than 6 hours of sleep each night?
A. 0.3508 B. 0.1492 C. 0.0714 D. 0.4286

For number 12-14, refer to the problem below.

The amount of fuel used by jumbo jets to take off is normally distributed with a mean of 4,
000 gallons and a standard deviation of 125 gallons. A sample of 40 jumbo jets are randomly
selected.

12. Compute the z-score for 3, 950 gallons.

A. – 0.4 B. 0.4 C. – 2.53 D. 2.53

13. What is the probability that the mean number of gallons of fuel needed to take off for a randomly
selected sample of 40 jumbo jets will be less than 3, 950 gallons? a. 78.1% B. 34.5% C. 2.5%
D. 0.57%

14. What is the probability that the mean number of gallons of fuel needed to take off for a randomly
selected sample of 40 jumbo jets will be more than 3, 950 gallons? b. 0.57% B. 49.43% C.
65.54% D. 99.43%
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15. Researchers found that boys playing high school football recorded an average of 355 hits to the
head with a standard deviation of 80 hits during a season. What is the probability on a randomly
selected team of 48 players that the average number of head hits per player is between 340 and
360?
A. 56.96% B. 43.04% C. 40.32% D. 16.64%

Answer Key

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Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division Learning Resources Managem
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Email Address:

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