MODULE 3 – LEVELING Stadia hair readings

DETERMINING VERTICAL DISTANCES

Elevation

Leveling - is the process of determining the elevation of

a certain point from the point with known elevation.

Elevation - the vertical distance above or below the

some arbitrarily assumed level surface or datum,
usually the mean sea level
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Three-wire leveling
Bench Mark - a definite point on an object of
known elevation which serves as a reference for
leveling work.

Backsight (BS) - a rod reading taken on a point of

known elevation and, is often referred to as plus (+)
sight.

Foresight (FS) - a minus (-) sight or a rod reading

taken on a point of which elevation is to be
determined.

Turning Point (TP) – an intervening point between

two bench marks upon which point foresight and RECIPROCAL LEVELING
backsight rod readings are taken. - the process of determining the relative
elevation of two intervisible points a
Height Of Instrument (HI) – the elevation of the considerable distance apart between which
line of sight of the telescope above a reference points levels cannot be run in the ordinary
datum when the instrument is set up and leveled. manner of leveling
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Reciprocal Leveling
Differential Leveling - is the operation of
determining the elevation of points some distance In leveling across a wide river on Pampanga, a
apart by a series of set-ups of the instrument along reciprocal level readings were taken between
the general route. points B and C as shown in the tabulation.

SAMPLE PROBLEM: Elevation

From the given tabulation below, determine the

elevation BM2.

PROFILE LEVELING
NOTE: - the process of determining the difference in
elevation between points at designated
• HI(first sta.) = Elev (first sta.) + B.S.(first
short measured intervals along an
sta.)
established line to provide data from which
• Elev(next sta.) = HI (first sta.)– F.S.(next
a vertical section of the ground surface can
sta)
be plotted.
THREE-WIRE LEVELING
SAMPLE PROBLEM: Profile Leveling
- the process of determining differences in
elevation where all three horizontal hair
Determine the elevation of the different stations
readings are observed and the mean taken
from the given profile level notes.
as the correct rod reading for each sight.
Determine the difference in elevation between
BM-1 and BM-2
MODULE 4 – TRAVERSE - Deflection angle is always smaller than
180°.
COMPASS SURVEYING
- It is a branch of surveying in which
directions of survey lines are determined
with a compass and lengths of the lines are
measured with a tape or a chain.

In practice, the compass is generally used to run a

traverse. The word traverse means to pass across.
In surveying, a traverse consists of a series of
straight lines connected together to form an open
or closed polygon.

TRAVERSE TYPES

Open traverses
- Define a path from one point to another
• Centerlines of:
Þ Roads
Þ Pipelines ANGULAR CLOSURE FORMULAS: CLOSED
Þ Utilities (sewer, water, TRAVERSE ONLY!!!
power, telephone, cable,
etc.)
Closed traverses
- Enclose an area
• Boundaries of:
Þ Properties
Þ Easements
Þ Rights-of-way (highways, SURVEYING DIRECTIONS: Quadrants
railroads, etc.)

TRAVERSE ANGLES
Open traverse angles cannot be balanced because
they do not add up to a specific number.

Closed traverse angles must add up to a specific

number depending upon type of angles measured
and number of angles.

Interior Angle
- are the inside angle of a closed polygon.

Exterior Angle
- are the outside angle of a closed polygon. SURVEYING DIRECTIONS: Bearings
Note that the sum of the interior and exterior angle BEARING FACTS:
at the same station is 360°. • Always measured from North or South,
never from East or West.
Deflection Angle • Always < 90°.
- Deflection angle are measured clockwise • Always preceded by N or S and followed by
(right or +) or counterclockwise (left or –) E or W.
from an extension of the back line to the
forward station.
 • Lines lying on an axis are listed as DUE
NORTH, DUE SOUTH, DUE EAST, or DUE
WEST.

When conducting measurement, similar to leveling,

we are moving forward to next points during
measurement procedure.

In the context of backsight, the back azimuth of

line AB is sometimes referred. Back azimuth is
taken in a backward direction and is azimuth of BA.

IMPORTANT: BEARINGS ARE NEVER MEASURED

1. For the azimuth of 355°:
FROM THE EAST OR WEST LINES!!!
a. sketch the azimuth showing the North
line
Azimuth - The angles taken in the field have
b. find the azimuth from the other
context within the network of points being
endpoint
measured.
2. Find θ in the following diagram:
They have no
relation to
earth
coordinates.

Azimuths are
computed
clockwise
from
geographic
north.

SURVEYING DIRECTIONS: Azimuths SAMPLE PROBLEM: Azimuth

AZIMUTH FACTS:
• Always measured clockwise from North. Determine the forward and back bearing of
• Can be any size, but normally < 360°. each line of a regular pentagon closed
• Preceded by “az”. traverse. Assume bearing AB is N 28° 20’
W.
Bearing
- Bearing represent one system for
designating directions of one lines by means
of an angle. It is an acute horizontal angle
between a reference meridian and the line.
The angle is measured from either North or
South toward East or West to give a reading
smaller than 90°.

Azimuth
- Azimuth are angles measured clockwise
ADJUSTMENT OF A CLOSED COMPASS TRAVERSE
from any reference meridian.
- In plane surveying, azimuth is generally
Closed Traverse
measured from North
- A series of lines of known lengths and
- In Astronomy, Military and Geodetic
directions which return or close back to the
Surveys uses South as the reference
point of beginning or at points whose
direction.
positions have been fixed by other surveys
of higher precision.
ADJUSTMENT OF AN OPEN COMPASS TRAVERSE
PROBLEM:
Open Traverse
The following are bearing taken on a closed
- A series of lines of known lengths and
compass traverse. Compute the interior angle and
directions which are continuous but do not
correct them for observational errors. Assuming
return to the starting point.
that the observed bearing of line AB is correct,
adjust the bearing of the remaining sides.
PROBLEM:
The table below shown the bearing from an open
compass traverse. Using line CD as the best line,
adjust the bearing of the remaining lines.

PROCEDURE:
A. Compute the interior angle from each
station

PROCEDURE:
To adjust the bearing of an open traverse, from
each station, determine the corrected included
angle then adjust the bearing of each line. It is
better to start from the best line.
Solution:

B. Determine the error of each station

C. Determine the corrected interior angle

 III.
Given the following deflection angle of a closed
traverse. Assume bearing of line AB is S 40° E.

D. Adjust the bearing of each line

• Compute the bearing of each line.

HOMEWORK:
• Compute the azimuth and back azimuth
I.
• Compute the interior and exterior angle of
each station.

COMPUTE THE FF:

1. Interior Angle
2. Exterior Angle
3. Deflection Angle
4. Azimuth Angle

II.
Arrange the following description in the form of
profile level notes to complete the elevation. A
level is setup and a reading of 2.995 m is taken on
a benchmark the elevation of which is 12.135 m. At
the beginning of the line to be profiled, the rod
reading is 2.625 m, 30 m from the beginning it is
1.617 m, at 60 m it is 0.702 m, at 66 m and 81 m,
the rod readings are 1.281 m and 0.762 m
respectively. On a rock that is not on line, the rod
reading is 0.555 m. The level is then removed
ahead setup ad the rod reading of 1.952 m is
observed, the rod still being held on the rock. The
readings along the profile are then resumed: 90 m
from the starting point, the rod reading is 1.159 m,
120 m from the beginning of the line rod reading is
1.434 m, finally 150 m from the beginning of the
line the rod reading is 2.196 m. Determine the
following: (a) Elevation at the point 60 m from the
beginning of the line (b) Elevation of the turning
point (c) Difference in elevation between Station
81 and 150.