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MTH 30105/MTH 30605

MATHEMATICS
TOPIC 4 – Integration – 3 – Application of
Integration

Prepared by : Tee Lee Hong

Presented by : Afiq Arif Aminuddin Jafry
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Outline:
oApplication of integration
Area of a region
Volume of a solid of revolution
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Area of a region
• The definite integral can be used in finding area under the curve, area
between two curves in x-y planes and volume of solid obtained when revolving
a region about a line.

• Something more about definite integral:

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Area of a region
1) Area of region bounded by a curve 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 , 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 and two lines 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂
and 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒃𝒃.
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Area of a region
• When the curve is below the x-axis, the definite integral is negative:

𝑏𝑏
Or Area = | ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑|
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Area of a region
Consider the curve 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 as shown below:

At 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 𝑐𝑐,
the area is
positive
At 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑐𝑐,
the area is
negative

Area of the bounded region by the curve, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏 is:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = �� 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅� + � 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄
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Area of a region
2) Area of region bounded by curve 𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂, and two lines 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂
and 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒃𝒃.

𝒃𝒃
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = ∫𝒂𝒂 𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
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Area of a region
If the area is to the left hand side of the y-axis or negative:

𝒃𝒃
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = �� 𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅𝒚𝒚�
𝒂𝒂
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Area of a region

The area of the region bounded by curve 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦), 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = � 𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � 𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄
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3) Area between two curves

Say you have 2 curves:
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 & 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)

Area under 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎

Area under 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥
𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎
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3) Area between two curves

Superimposing both the
graphs:

Area bounded by
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 & 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 :

𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎
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Area of a region
Area between two curves - 𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 & 𝑔𝑔 𝑦𝑦 & 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏

𝒃𝒃
𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = � 𝒇𝒇 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒈𝒈 𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂
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Area of a region

Area bounded by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥), 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏:

𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐
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Area of a region

Area bounded by 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦), 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦), 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏:

𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ∫𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
= � 𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑔𝑔 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐
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Example 1
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Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑥𝑥 = 5 and
𝑥𝑥−1
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

Solution:
5 1
Area = ∫2 𝑥𝑥−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5
= ln 𝑥𝑥 − 1 2

= ln 4 − ln 1
= 1.386 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 2
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Example 2
Find the area bounded by the curves 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

Solution:
1) Find the intersecting points between two curves:

Solving simultaneously the two curves:

𝑥𝑥 3 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 6 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 6 − 𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 5 − 1 = 0
𝑥𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥𝑥 = 1
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Example 2 – solution
The area of the region is:

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𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = � 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
1 1
=� 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
3 1
𝑥𝑥 4
2𝑥𝑥 2
= −
3 4 0
2 1
= − −0
3 4
5
= 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 2
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Example 3
The area of the region bounded by the curves 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 2 and 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 6 is shown
in figure below. Evaluate the area of the region.
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Example 3 - Solution
1) Find the point of intersecting between two curves:

𝑦𝑦 2 = 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 6
2𝑦𝑦 2 − 6 = 0
𝑦𝑦 2 = 3
𝑦𝑦 = ± 3

2) The area bounded by the curve, integrating with respect to y:

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𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = � 𝑦𝑦 2 − 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
− 3
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Example 3 - Solution
Since it is symmetry across the x-axis:

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𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 2 � 𝑦𝑦 2 − 3𝑦𝑦 2 − 6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
3
𝑦𝑦 3
=2 − 𝑦𝑦 3 + 6𝑦𝑦
3 0
3
3 3
=2 − 3 +6 3
3
= 13.856 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 2
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Volume of a solid of revolution

• When a region is revolved about a line , we obtain a solid  solid of
revolution

• The line where the region is revolved  axis of revolution

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Volume of a solid of revolution

• Consider a rectangular region with height, b unit and width a-
units:

• When the region of x-y plane is revolved about the x-axis

through 360°, the resulting solid is a cylinder.

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝜋𝜋𝑏𝑏 2 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 – radius
a – height of the cylinder
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Volume of a solid of revolution

• Consider the shaded region which forms a triangle:

• When the region in the x-y plane is revolved about the y-axis through 360°, the
resulting solid is cone.
𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 =
3
a – radius
b – height of the cone
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Volume of a solid of revolution

• Consider a region R, bounded by the curve, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎, 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑥𝑥 −
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

• When the solid is revolved about the x-axis the solid of revolution is shown in
the figure to its right.
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
2 2
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = � 𝜋𝜋 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
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Volume of a solid of revolution – about the axis

a) Region R is revolved about the x-axis:

b) Region R is revolved about the y-axis:

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Example 4
Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating completely the region
bounded by 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 2, x-axis, y-axis about the x-axis.
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Example 4 - Solution
2
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = � 𝜋𝜋𝑦𝑦 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
2
= 𝜋𝜋 � 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
2 − 𝑥𝑥 3 2
= 𝜋𝜋
−3 0
8
= 𝜋𝜋 0 +
3
8𝜋𝜋
= 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 3
3
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