Lesson 4

APPLICATION OF DEFINITE
INTEGRALS (Geometrical
Application)
GEOMETRICAL APPLICATIONS

1. Area under a curve

2. Areas between two Curves
3. Area in Polar coordinates
4. Volumes of solids of revolution
5. Volumes of solids with known cross-sections
6. Length of an arc
7. Area of surface of revolution
1. Area under a curve
Taking vertical strip or element
𝒃
𝑨 = 𝒂 𝒚 𝒅𝒙

where : 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = the element of integration. It

represents a variable rectangle
of altitude 𝑦 and base 𝑑𝑥.
𝑏 = the upper limit
𝑎 = the lower limit
Area under a curve
Taking horizontal strip or element
𝒅
𝑨 = 𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒚

where : 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = the element of integration. It

represents a variable rectangle
of altitude d𝑦 and base 𝑥.
𝑑 = the upper limit
𝑐 = the lower limit
Examples:
Find the area under the curve:
1. 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 from 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐

2. 𝐱𝒚 = 1 from 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐

3. 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 from 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟒

4. 𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 from 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 =3
Example 1 : Find the area under the curve
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 from 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 y
x 0 1 2 3
13
y 0 3 12 27
12 2, 12
Taking Vertical Strip: 11
𝒃 10
𝑨= 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 9
𝒂
𝟐 8

𝑨= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 7
𝟏 6
𝟐
5
𝑨=𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2
4
𝟏 1, 3
𝟑 y
𝒙 3
𝑨=𝟑 2 2
𝟑
1
1
𝑨= 𝟐 𝟑
− 𝟏 𝟑 1 dx 2 3 4 5 6 x
0
x=1 x=2
𝑨 = 𝟖 − 𝟏 = 𝟕 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Another method :
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 from 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 y
x 0 1 2 3
𝑦 13
𝑥=± y 0 3 12 27
3 12 2, 12
11
Taking Horizontal Strip: 10

𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 9
𝒅 8
𝑨𝟏 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 7 𝑨𝟐
𝒄
𝟑 6

𝑨𝟏 = 𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 𝒅𝒚 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2
5

𝟎 4
𝟑 1, 3
3
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝑨𝟏 y
2
𝟎
𝑨𝟏 = 𝒚 1

1 dx 2 3 4 5 6 x
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟑 − 𝟎 0
x=1 x=2

𝑨𝟏 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Taking Horizontal Strip:
𝒅
𝑨𝟐 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒄
𝟏𝟐
𝑨𝟐 = 𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 𝒅𝒚 y
𝟑
𝟏𝟐 13
𝒚
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐− 𝒅𝒚 12
𝟎 𝟑 11
𝟑 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝒚𝟐 10
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚 − ∙
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
9

𝟐
𝟏𝟐 7 𝑨𝟐
𝟐
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚 − ∙ 𝒚 𝟑 6
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 4
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 − ∙ 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟑 − ∙ 𝟑 3
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝑨𝟏 y
2
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒 − ∙ 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟔− ∙ 𝟑 𝟑 1
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
1 x
𝟐 0 dx 2 4 5 6
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒 − ∙ 𝟒∙𝟐 𝟑 − 𝟔−𝟐 x=1 x=2
𝟑
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟔 − 𝟐 = 4 sq. unit
Example 2: Find the area under the curve
𝐱𝒚 = 1 from 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
x𝑦 = 1 x 0 1 2 3 0
0 y
y i 1 1/2 1/3
3
𝟏
Taking Vertical Strip: 𝒚=
𝒙
𝒃
𝑨= 𝒚 𝒅𝒙
2
𝒂
𝟐
𝟏
𝑨= 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒙 1, 1
1

2, 1/2
𝑨 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
y
0
𝑨 = ln 2 − ln 1 1 2 x
0 dx 3

x=2
x=1
𝐴 = ln 2 ans.
Example 3 : Find the area under the curve
𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝐱 from 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟒
4
𝑦 = 3 ln 𝑥 x 1 2 3 4 5 𝟏
𝑨=𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
y 0 ln 9 ln 27 Ln 64 Ln 125
𝒙
2
Taking Vertical Strip: 𝑨 = 𝟑 𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒙
𝒃 𝑨 = 𝟑 𝟒 𝒍𝒏 𝟒 − 𝟒 − 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 − 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝑨=𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝟐𝟓𝟔 − 𝟒 − 𝒍𝒏 𝟒 − 𝟐
𝟒
𝑨= 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑨 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝟐𝟓𝟔 − 𝟒 − 𝒍𝒏 𝟒 + 𝟐
𝟐
𝟒 𝑨 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝟐𝟓𝟔 − 𝒍𝒏 𝟒 − 𝟐
𝑨=𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟔
𝑨 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 −𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟐
by parts: 𝟒
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝑨 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝟖𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟑 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝟖 − 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒗=𝒙
𝒙
𝑨 = 𝟔 𝒍𝒏 𝟖 − 𝟏 Ans.
𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
Example 4: Find the area under the curve
𝒚 = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 from 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 =3
𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2 0 y
6
0
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

y -12 -5 0 3 4 3 0 -5 -12 4 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2
3
2
Taking Vertical Strip:
1
𝟑
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 2 3 4 x
𝑨=𝟐 −𝒚 𝒅𝒙 -1 0 1 5 6
-1
𝟐
𝟑 -2
1
𝟐
𝑨=𝟐 − 𝟒 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 -3
𝟐 -4
3
𝒙𝟑 -5
𝑨 = −𝟐 𝟒𝒙 − -6
𝟑
2
8
𝑨 = −2 12 − 9 − 8 − x=3
3 x=-3

16 7 14
𝐴 = −2 3 − = −2 − = ans.
 𝑥 =− 4−𝑦 0
0
Taking Horizontal Strip:
𝟎
7
𝑨 = −𝟐 𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 𝒅𝒚 𝑨 = −2 −
−𝟓
3
𝟎 𝟏
𝑨 = −𝟐 [−𝟑 − 𝟒 − 𝒚 𝟐 ] 𝒅𝒚 14
−𝟓 𝑨= sq. units ans.
𝟑 0
3
𝟒−𝒚 𝟐
𝑨 = −𝟐 −𝟑𝒚 −
𝟑
𝟐 -5
2 3 2 3
𝑨 = −2 0 − 4 2 − 15 − 9 2
3 3

16
𝑨 = −2 − − 15 + 18
3

16
𝑨 = −2 − +3
3
2. Area between two curves
Taking vertical strip or element
𝒃
𝑨 = 𝒂 𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 𝒅𝒙

where : 𝑦𝑢 = 𝑦 at the upper part of the strip.

𝑦𝑙 = 𝑦 at the lower part of the strip.
𝑏 = the upper limit
𝑎 = the lower limit
 Taking horizontal strip or element
𝒅
𝑨 = 𝒄 𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 𝒅𝒚

where : 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝.

𝑥𝑙 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝.
𝑑 = the upper limit
𝑐 = the lower limit
y  2x  1

Examples:
Find the area bounded by the given curves:
1. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
2. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐

3. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 ; 𝒚=𝟕−𝒙 ; 𝒙=𝟖
𝝅 𝝅
4. 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ; 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟒
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝟐

5. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟑 ; 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ; 𝒙=𝒆
6. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 ; 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 ; 𝒙=𝟐
Example 1 : Find the area bounded by the curves
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝑦 = 𝑥2 y

10
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 𝑦 = 𝑥2 3, 9
9
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 8
7
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 6
5
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 y
4
y -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 3
2
dx
Taking Vertical Strip: −1, 1 1
𝒃
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
𝑨= 𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 𝒅𝒙 0
-1
𝒂
𝟑
𝑦 =2x+3 -2
𝑨= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 -3
−𝟏
Continuation…….

Taking Vertical Strip: 𝟏

𝟑 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏 −
𝟑
𝑨= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
−𝟏 𝟑𝟐
𝑨= 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝟑 𝟑
𝑨= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
−𝟏
3
𝟐 𝟑
𝟐𝒙 𝒙
𝑨= + 𝟑𝒙 −
𝟐 𝟑 -1

𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐
−𝟏 𝟑
𝑨= +𝟑 𝟑 − − + 𝟑 −𝟏 −
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

𝟏
𝑨= 𝟗+𝟗−𝟗 − 𝟏−𝟑+
𝟑

𝟏
𝑨= 𝟗+𝟐−
𝟑
 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

Taking Horizontal Strip:

𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 y
𝟏
𝑨𝟏 = 𝒚 − − 𝒚 𝒅𝐲 𝑦 = 𝑥2
10
𝟎 9 3, 9
𝟏 𝟏 8 𝑨𝟐
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝐲 7
𝟎 x
𝟑 1 6
𝒚 𝟐 dy
5
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐
𝟑 4

𝟐 0 3
2
4 3 1 −1, 1 x
1 dy
𝐴1 = 𝑦 2 x
3 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 -1
𝐴1 = 1 − 0 𝑦 =2x+3 -2
𝑨𝟏
3
-3

4
𝐴1 = 3 sq. unit
Continuation…….
𝟓𝟒 𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝑨𝟐 = − + − − +
𝒚−𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
𝒙= 𝒚 ; 𝒙= 𝟐
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝐴2 = − 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟖=
𝟗 𝟑 𝟑
𝒚−𝟑
𝑨𝟐 = 𝒚 − 𝒅𝒚
𝟏 𝟐 𝟓𝟐−𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟖
𝐴2 =
𝟑
=
𝟑
sq. unit
𝟗 𝟗
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝟐 = 𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝐲 − 𝒚 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏

𝟑 9 𝟒 𝟐𝟖 𝟑𝟐
𝑨=𝟑+ = sq. units ans.
𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑨𝟐 = − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 1
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟗 𝟐 𝟗 𝟑 𝟗 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝑨𝟐 = − + − − +
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
Example 2 : Find the area bounded by the curves
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒚 = 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
y
𝑦= 𝑥2 3

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 𝑦 = 𝑥2
0, 2
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 2

𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥2
−1, 1 1
yy 1, 1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -7 -2 1 2 1 -2 -7 -14
dx x
-2 -1 0 1 2
Taking Vertical Strip:
𝒃 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥2
𝑨= 𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 𝒅𝒙 -1
𝒂
𝟏
𝑨= 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
-2
−𝟏
Continuation . . . . .

𝟏
𝑨= 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
−𝟏

𝟏 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒
𝑨=𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑨=
𝟑
−𝟏

1 𝟖
𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝑨 = 𝟑 sq. units ans.
𝑨 = 𝟐𝒙 −
𝟑 -1

𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝑨= 𝟐 𝟏 − − 𝟐 −𝟏 −
𝟑 𝟑

𝟐 𝟐
𝑨= 𝟐− +𝟐−
𝟑 𝟑

𝟒
𝑨= 𝟒−
𝟑
𝑦 = 𝑥2 ; 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥2

Taking Horizontal Strip:

y
𝐝 3

𝑨= 𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 𝒅𝒚 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝒄 0, 2 𝑨𝟐
2
𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐

𝟏 −1, 1 1
yy 1, 1
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝑨𝟏
𝟑 1
𝒚 𝟐 dx x
𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐 -2 -1 0 1 2
𝟑
𝟐 0 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥2
𝟒 -1
𝑨= 𝟏−𝟎
𝟑
𝟒 -2
𝑨 = 𝟑 sq. Units
𝑥 = 𝑥2 ; 𝑥= 2−𝑦

Taking Horizontal Strip:

𝐝
𝑨= 𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 𝒅𝒚 𝟒 𝟒 𝟖
𝒄 𝑨= + = 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝑨 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐

𝟐
𝑨𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏
𝟑 2
𝟐−𝒚 𝟐
𝑨𝟏 = −𝟐
𝟑
𝟐 1
𝟒
𝑨=− 𝟎−𝟏
𝟑
𝟒
𝑨 = 𝟑 sq. Units
Example 3 : Find the area bounded by the curves
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 ; 𝒚 = 𝟕 − 𝒙 ; 𝒙 = 𝟖
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1

x -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y -3 1 5 9 13 17 21 23

𝑦 = 7−𝑥 1, 1

x -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 9 7 5 3 1 -1 -3 -5

Taking Vertical Element :

𝒃
𝑨= 𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
8
𝐴= 2𝑥 + 1 − 7 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
8
𝐴= 3𝑥 − 6 𝑑𝑥
2
 8
𝐴= 3𝑥 − 6 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥2 8
𝐴=3 − 6𝑥
2 2
3 3
𝐴= 8 2−6 8 − 2 2
−6 2
2 2
𝐴 = 96 − 48 − 6 − 12
𝐴 = 48 + 6

𝐴 = 54 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 Ans.

Example 4 : Find the area bounded by the given curves
𝝅 𝝅
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ; 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 =
𝟒 𝟐
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
x 00 300 450 600 900
y 0 0.5 0.71 0.87 1

𝑦 = cos 𝑥

x 00 300 450 600 900

y 1 0.87 0.71 0.5 0
Taking vertical Element :
𝒃
𝑨= 𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
𝜋
2
𝐴= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
4
𝜋
2
𝐴 = − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ] 𝜋
4
 𝜋 0
= 90
2
𝐴 = − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ] 𝜋
0
4 = 45
𝐴 = − cos 900 − sin 900 − − cos 450 − sin 450

𝐴 = −0 − 1 − −0.707 − 0.707

𝐴 = −1 − −1.414

𝐴 = −1 + 2

𝑨= 𝟐−𝟏 𝑨𝒏𝒔.
y  2x  1

Example 5 : Find the area bounded by the given curves

𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟑 ; 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 ; 𝒙 = 𝒆
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 3
x -2e 0 1 1e 2e 3e 4e
y 0 3

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
x -2e 0 1 1e 2e 3e 4e
y 0 1

Taking Vertical Element :

𝒃
𝑨= 𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
𝑒
𝐴= 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 3 − ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒
𝐴= 3 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
 𝑒
𝐴= 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒
𝐴=2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = ln 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣=𝑥
𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑑𝑢

1
𝐴 = 2 ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒1
𝑒
𝐴 = 2 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥
1
1 0
𝐴 = 2 𝑒 ln 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 2 1 ln 1 − 1

𝐴 = 2 0 − 2 −1

𝐴 = 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐴𝑛𝑠

y  2x  1

Example 5 : Find the area bounded by the given curves

𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 ; 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 ; 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 𝑒2 𝑒4

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
x -2e -1e 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 e 𝑒2 𝑒3

Taking Vertical Element :

𝒃
𝑨= 𝒚𝒖 − 𝒚𝒍 𝒅𝒙
𝒂
2
𝐴= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
2 2
1
𝐴= 𝑒 2𝑥 ∙ 2𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 0
 1 2 2
𝐴=2 0
𝑒 2𝑥 ∙ 2𝑑𝑥 − 0
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑥 2
𝐴= 𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥 0
2

1 4 1
𝐴= 𝑒 − 𝑒2 − 𝑒0 − 𝑒0
2 2

1 4 1
𝐴= 𝑒 − 𝑒2 − − 1
2 2

1 1
𝐴 = 𝑒4 − 𝑒2 +
2 2

1 4
𝐴 = 𝑒 − 2𝑒 2 + 1
2

1 2 2
𝐴= 𝑒 −1 Ans
2
3. Area in Polar coordinates
𝟏 𝜷 𝟐
𝑨= 𝜶
𝒓 𝒅𝜽
𝟐

𝜷
𝟏
𝑨= 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝜶
 3. Area in Polar coordinates
1. Area under the curve 𝜋
2 𝜃=𝛽
𝑛
1 2
𝐴 = lim 𝑟𝑖 ∆𝜃
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑑𝜃
𝑖=1
𝜃=𝛼
By fundamental theorem : 𝑟

𝛽
1 2
𝜃 𝑟=𝑓 𝜃
𝐴= 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2 𝛼

0
2. Area between two curves 𝜋
2 𝜃=𝛽

By fundamental theorem :
𝛽 𝑑𝜃
1
𝐴= 𝑟22 − 𝑟12 𝑑𝜃 𝑟2
2 𝛼 𝜃=𝛼

𝑟1 𝜃 𝑟2 = 𝑓2 𝜃

𝑟1 = 𝑓1 𝜃
0
Examples:
Find the area of the region enclosed :
1. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐫 = 𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
2. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐫 = 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝛉
3. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐢𝐝 𝐫 = 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
4. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐧 𝐫 = 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
Find the indicated area.
5. The area common to the circle 𝒓 = 𝟐 and the cardioid
𝒓 = 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
6. The area which is inside the circle 𝒓 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 and outside
the circle 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Solution :
1. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐫 = 𝟏𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
2. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐫 = 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝛉
3. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐢𝐝 𝐫 = 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
4. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐧 𝐫 = 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
Find the indicated area.
5. The area common to the circle 𝒓 = 𝟐 and the cardioid
𝒓 = 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
6. The area which is inside the circle 𝒓 = 𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 and outside
the circle 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
4. Volumes of solids of revolution
Three (3) kinds of volume of solid of revolution :
1. Circular Disk
2. Circular Ring
3. Cylindrical Shell

Solid of Revolution – is a solid generated if the plane area is rotated about a line in
its plane.
Axis of Rotation – A line about which the area is rotated.
Three (3) Methods :

1. Circular Disk Method – if a rectangular element is revolved about line L and

perpendicular to L.
Element / Strip

Formula : By fundamental Theorem

Circular Disk
𝑏
𝑉=𝜋 𝑙2 𝑑ℎ
𝑎

Formula : Taking Vertical Element Taking Horizontal Element

𝒃 𝒅
𝑽=𝝅 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑽=𝝅 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒄
Examples:
Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the given curves
about the indicated axis.
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

3. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦=1 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 1

Show by integration that

4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑

ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 ℎ.
Solution :
Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the given curves
about the indicated axis.
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
3. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦=1 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 1
Show by integration that

4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑

ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 ℎ.
2. Circular Ring / Washer Method – if a rectangular element is revolved about line
L and perpendicular but not touching to L.
Element / Strip

Formula : By fundamental Theorem Circular Ring / Washer

𝑏
𝑉=𝜋 𝒍𝟐𝟐 − 𝒍𝟐𝟏 𝑑ℎ
𝑎

Formula : Taking Vertical Element Taking Horizontal Element

𝒃 𝒅
𝑽=𝝅 𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝑽=𝝅 𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐𝟏 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒄
Examples:
Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the given curves
about the indicated axis.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦=0 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
2. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

3. 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 4
Solution :
Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the given curves
about the indicated axis.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦=0 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
2. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 , 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
3. 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2𝑥 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 4
3. Cylindrical Shell Method – if a rectangular element has its edges parallel to line L.

Element / Strip

Cylindrical Shell

Formula : By fundamental Theorem

𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ℎ 𝑙 𝑑ℎ
𝑎

Formula : Taking Vertical Element

𝒃 𝒅
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒚 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒄
Examples:
Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the given curves
about the indicated axis.
1. 4𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦=0 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2
2. 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 , 𝑥=0 , 𝑦=9 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 9

3. 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥=𝑒 , 𝑦=0 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Solution :
Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the given curves
about the indicated axis.
1. 4𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦=0 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2
2. 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 , 𝑥=0 , 𝑦=9 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 9
3. 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥=𝑒 , 𝑦=0 ; 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
5. Volumes of solids with known cross-sections
A method for finding the volume of solid whose cross sections are
triangles, rectangles or other familiar geometric plane figures.
L

∆𝑢𝑖
𝐴 𝑢𝑖

𝑢𝑖

H
0
Consider a solid shown in the figure. Dividing this solid into 𝑛 equal
slices by plane section perpendicular to the fixed line L. The thickness
of the slice is ∆𝑢𝑖 and is at the distance 𝑢𝑖 from a fixed point 0. The
functional notation of the area of the plane section is 𝐴 𝑢𝑖 . If ∆𝑢𝑖 is
small, then the volume of the slice is approximately equal to
𝑉 = 𝐴 𝑢𝑖 ∆𝑢𝑖

The volume of the solid can be approximated too by the sum of the
volume of the 𝑛 slices.
𝑛

𝐴 𝑢𝑖 ∆𝑢𝑖
𝑖=1
 𝑛

𝑉 = lim 𝐴 𝑢𝑖 ∆𝑢𝑖
𝑛→∞
𝑖=1

By fundamental theorem,
𝑏
𝑉= 𝐴 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑎
Examples:
1. The base of a solid is a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36. Find the volume if every
section perpendicular to a fixed diameter of the base is an isosceles triangle
whose altitude is equal to the length of its base.

2. On each chord of 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144 perpendicular to the x-axis

is erected an isosceles right triangle perpendicular to the plane of the
ellipse and with ends of the hypotenuse on the ellipse. Find the volume of
the solid thus formed.

3. The base of a certain solid is the segment of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 cut

off by its latus rectum. Every section perpendicular to the latus rectum is a
rectangle whose height is twice the square of the distance of the section
from the axis of the parabola.
Solution :
1. The base of a solid is a circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36. Find the volume if every
section perpendicular to a fixed diameter of the base is an isosceles triangle
whose altitude is equal to the length of its base.
2. On each chord of 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144 perpendicular to the x-axis
is erected an isosceles right triangle perpendicular to the plane of the
ellipse and with ends of the hypotenuse on the ellipse. Find the volume of
the solid thus formed.
3. The base of a certain solid is the segment of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 cut
off by its latus rectum. Every section perpendicular to the latus rectum is a
rectangle whose height is twice the square of the distance of the section
from the axis of the parabola.
6. Length of an arc
Formula :

𝑏 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑠= 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑠= 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑑𝑦

𝑡2 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑠= + 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝜃2 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑠= 𝑟2 + 𝑑𝜃
𝜃1 𝑑𝜃
Examples:
Find the length of each of the following curves.

3
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=5
2 2 2
2. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 = 𝑎3

𝜋 𝜋
3. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑜
6 2

4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟 = 2 1 − cos 𝜃

𝜃 2
5. 𝑟 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋
2
Solution :
Find the length of each of the following curves.
3
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=5
 2 2 2
2. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑥3 + 𝑦3 = 𝑎3
 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
3. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑜
6 2
4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑟 = 2 1 − cos 𝜃
 2
𝜃
5. 𝑟 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋
2
7. Area of surface of revolution
Formula :
𝑏
𝑠 = 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑠
𝑎
𝑏
𝑠 = 2𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑠
𝑎

𝑠 = 2𝜋 𝑙 𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑠 − differential of arc length s

𝑙 − distance of the element of arc ds from the axis of revolution.

 2
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑠 = 1+ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
2. 𝑑𝑠 = 1+ 𝑑𝑦 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦
𝑑𝑦

2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑠 = + 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦=𝑔 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

2
𝑑𝑟
4. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟2 + 𝑑𝜃 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
Examples:
1. Find the area of the surface generated when the indicated arc is revolved about
the x-axis.

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=4

2. 𝑦 2 = 12 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=1

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=1

2. Find the area of the surface generated when the indicated arc is revolved about
the y-axis.
𝜋
4. 𝑥 = cos 2𝑦 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 =
4
5. 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 2
Solution :
1. Find the area of the surface generated when the indicated arc is revolved about
the x-axis.

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=4
2. 𝑦 2 = 12 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=1
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥=1
2. Find the area of the surface generated when the indicated arc is revolved about
the y-axis.
𝜋
4. 𝑥 = cos 2𝑦 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 =
4
5. 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 2