Lesson 1

INTRODUCTION /
BASIC INTEGRATION
1. Integration Concept / Formulas

Topics:
1.1 Indefinite Integrals
1.2 Simple Power Formula
1.3 Simple Trigonometric Functions
1.4 Logarithmic Function & Exponential Functions
1.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.6 Hyperbolic Functions
1.7 Application of Indefinite Integration
1.8 Definite Integral
 INTRODUCTION
Up to now we have been concerned with the
branches of Calculus. The first one is called the
differential calculus involving the derivative
which was previously discussed and the other
branch is called the integral calculus pertaining
to the definite integral which is the main subject.
These two branches of calculus are connected by
the fundamental theorems of the calculus, a
landmark discovery in the seventeenth century by
Newton and Leibniz, working independently.
We are already familiar with inverse
operations.

Addition and subtraction are inverse operations,

as are multiplication and division, and raising
of powers and extracting roots.
In this subject we discuss the inverse operation of
differentiation called Anti-differentiation, which
involves the computation of an anti-derivative .
The computational tool needed to apply the
fundamental theorems is Anti-differentiation.

Differentiation - is the process of finding the

derivative or differential of a given function.

Integration - is the inverse process of

differentiation.

Antidifferentiation - is the process of finding the

set of all anti-derivatives of a given function.
2 Parts of Integration
1. Indefinite Integrals – represents all functions
whose derivative is f(x). It involves an arbitrary
constant.

2. Definite Integrals – is a number whose value

depends on the function f and the numbers a
and b, and it is defined as the limit of a Reimann
sum.
1.1 Indefinite Integrals

 f (x) dx = F(x) + C

where :  - integral sign [This distorted or

elongated letter S is said to be derived
from the first letter of the latin word
Summa (sum)]
f(x) - integrand
dx - indicates that x is the variable of
integration
F(x) + C - the value of the indefinite integral
 f(x) dx
C - constant of integration
 and d are inverse to each other.
1.2 Simple Power Formula :

1.)  du  u  C
Note : - can be extended to the sum of
2.)  (u  v)dx   udx   vdx finite number of differentials.

(u + v + w + z) dx =  u dx +  v dx +  w dx  z dx

- constant may be moved across the

3.)
 audx  a  udx integral sign. (you cannot do this to a
variable)
u n 1 - it holds for any real number n except
4.)  u du  C
n
n  -1
n 1
du - u and v are differentiable functions of x,
5.)   ln u  C a, n and C are constants
u
𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∶

1. 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 2 +4𝑥−3
3. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑥 3 −8
4. 𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

6. 𝑥 2 2𝑥 3 − 1 4
𝑑𝑥
 2𝑥+3
7. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4

𝑥2
8. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −1 4

𝑥 5 −2𝑥 3 −2𝑥
9. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1

2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
10. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 ∶
1. 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
Use the formula :
u n 1
#2  (u  v)dx   udx   vdx #4  u du 
n

n 1
C

#3  audx  a  udx #1  du  u  C

= 6 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
=6 + 𝐶1 − 4 + 𝐶2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶3
3 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3

= 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2. 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
3
= 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
𝑥2 𝑥2
= + 𝐶1 − + 𝐶2
5 2
2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
5
2𝑥 2𝑥2
= − +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
5 2
 2𝑥 2 +4𝑥−3
3. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

2𝑥 2 4𝑥 3
= 2
+ 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4 3
= 2 + − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 − 3 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 −1
= 2𝑥 + 4 ln 𝑥 − 3 +𝐶
−1
3
= 2𝑥 + 4 ln 𝑥 + + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑥
 𝑥 3 −8
4. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
= +2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2

𝑥3
= 3
+ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
5. 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥2 𝑥 − 1 2 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
= − +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
3 2
6. 𝑥 2 2𝑥 3 − 1 4 𝑑𝑥

= 2𝑥 3 − 1 4
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = 4
𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛+1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶

1
= 6
2𝑥 3 − 1 4
6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

5
1 2𝑥 3 −1
= +𝐶
6 5

1
= 2𝑥 3 − 1 5 +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
30
 2𝑥+3
7. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4
2𝑥+3
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

= ln 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 𝑥2
8. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −1 4

= 𝑥3 − 1 −4
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = −4
𝑢 = 𝑥3 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑢𝑛+1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
1
= 𝑥 3 − 1 −4 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
1 𝑥 3 − 1 −3
= +𝐶
3 −3
−1
= +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
9 𝑥3 − 1 3
 𝑥 5 −2𝑥 3 −2𝑥
9. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
𝑥
= 𝑥3
− 3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1
3
1 2𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +1
𝑛=3 𝑛=1 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑢=𝑥 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑢𝑛+1
𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

𝑥 4 3𝑥 2 1
= − + ln 𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
4 2 2
 2𝑥 2 −6𝑥+4
10. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2
2
2 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2
𝑥−2 𝑥−1
=2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2

=2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2
= − 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
1.3 Simple Trigonometric Functions :

𝟏. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟐. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟑. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 +𝑪

𝟒. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟓. 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖 + 𝐂

 𝟔. 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒍𝒏 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟕. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟖. 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟗. 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟏𝟎. 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖 + 𝐂

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∶
1. sec 5𝑥 tan 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1
3. 1 1 𝑑𝑥
sin 2𝑥 cos2𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
4. 1−sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

5. 1 + tan 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

cos 6𝑥
6. 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥
𝟏. 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟓𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥
F𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶

1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 5𝑥 . 5 𝑑𝑥
5
1
= sec 5𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
5
 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐. 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 2
+ 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1
= + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
= csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = −2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛+1
𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
= −𝑙𝑛 csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 + +C
−1
1
= −𝑙𝑛 csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 − +C
sin 𝑥
= −𝑙𝑛 csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 + C Ans
 𝟏
𝟑. 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒙
1
= 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

Formula : sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A

2 2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 =
1 1 1
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 sin 2 2 𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑥
=2 =2 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶

= −2 ln csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠

 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙
𝟒. 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

cos 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥

= 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

= cos 𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶 𝑢𝑛+1
Let 𝑛 = 1 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶
𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= sin 𝑥 + +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2
𝟓. 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙

= 1 + 2 tan 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑑𝑥 + 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑑𝑥 + 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑑𝑥 + 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2 − ln cos 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

= −2 ln cos 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠

 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝒙
𝟔. 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥
Formula : cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥

= 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥

1
=2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥. 3𝑑𝑥
3
1
= 2𝑥 − tan 3𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
3
1.4 Logarithmic and Exponential
Functions :

𝟏. 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒂𝒖
𝟐. 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = +𝑪
𝒍𝒏 𝒂
ln 𝑒 = 1
ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑦 ; 𝑥 = ln 𝑦
𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎 ∙ 𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎+𝑏
𝑒 𝑎 ÷ 𝑒 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎−𝑏
𝑒 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑏
ln 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 =
ln 𝑎
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑒 = ln 𝑎
𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∶

𝒅𝒙
𝟏.
𝒆𝟐𝒙

𝟐. 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟑. 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟒. 𝟓𝟑−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

5. 𝟑𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 𝒅𝒙
𝟏.
𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑒 2𝑥

= 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

F𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −2 𝑑𝑥
1
=− 𝑒 −2𝑥 ∙ −2 𝑑𝑥
2
1 −2𝑥
=− 𝑒 +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2
𝟐. 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙

F𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sin 4𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 4𝑥 .4 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥. 4𝑑𝑥
4

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
= 𝑒 +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
4
𝟑. 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
3
= 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

F𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥
2
3
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥

2 3 3
= 𝑒 2𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
3 2

2 3𝑥
= 𝑒2 +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
3
𝟒. 𝟓𝟑−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑢
𝑎
F𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 5
𝑢 = 3 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −2 𝑑𝑥

1
=− 53−2𝑥 ∙ −2 𝑑𝑥
2
1 53−2𝑥
=− ∙ +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2 ln 5
5. 𝟑𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑥
= 3∙2 𝑑𝑥

= 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢
𝑎𝑢
F𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 6
𝑢=𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

6𝑥
= +C Ans
ln 6
1.5 Inverse Trigonometric Functions :

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
𝟏. 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝑪
𝒖 +𝒂 𝒂 𝒂

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖−𝒂
𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒍𝒏 +𝑪
𝒖 −𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝒖+𝒂

𝒅𝒖
𝟑. = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒖𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐

𝒅𝒖
𝟒. = 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
 𝒅𝒖 𝒖
𝟓. = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝑪
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒂

𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒖 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 𝒖
𝟔. 𝒂 − 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂 −𝒖 + 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝑪
𝒂 𝟐 𝒂

𝒖 𝒂𝟐
𝟕. 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒂 𝟐

𝒖 𝒂𝟐
𝟖. 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒖 + 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒂 𝟐
𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∶

𝒅𝒙
𝟏.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐.
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝟑.
𝟒𝟗 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐

𝟒. 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

5. 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∶

𝒅𝒙
𝟏.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 2 2
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑢 +𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎=5
𝑢=𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
2
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑥 + 25 5 𝑎
 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐.
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟒
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎
𝑎=1
𝑢 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=
2 1 − 𝑥4
1
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2
 𝒅𝒙
𝟑.
𝟒𝟗 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢+𝑎
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ = ln +𝐶
𝑎2 − 𝑢2 2𝑎 𝑢 − 𝑎

𝑎=7
𝑢 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥

1 5 𝑑𝑥
=
5 49 − 25𝑥 2
1 1 5𝑥 + 7
= ∙ ln +𝐶
5 2 7 5𝑥 − 7
1 5𝑥 + 7
= ln +𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
70 5𝑥 − 7
𝟒. 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
2
2 2
𝑢 2 2
𝑎 𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑎 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 −𝑢 + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎 2 𝑎
𝑎=6
𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥

1
= 36 − 9𝑥 2 ∙ 3 𝑑𝑥
3
1 3𝑥 2
36 3𝑥
= ∙ 36 − 9𝑥 + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
3 6 2 6

1 2
𝑥
= 𝑥 36 − 9𝑥 + 18𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
6 2
𝟓. 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝒙
1.6 Hyperbolic Functions :

𝟏. 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟐. 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟑. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟒. 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟓. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒖 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒖 + 𝐂

𝟔. 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒖 + 𝐂

𝟕. 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒖 + 𝑪

𝟖. 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝟏. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3𝑥 − 1 ∙ 3𝑑𝑥
3

1
= cosh 3𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
3
𝟐. 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
=− 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 2 1 − 𝑥 2 ∙ −2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= − ∙ −coth 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
1
= coth 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2
 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝟑. 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑥
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢 = ln 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= tanh ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒. 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 + C

1
𝑢= 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1 1
=2 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

1
= −2 csch 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2
1.7 Application of Indefinite Integration

1.Differential Equations

2. Rectilinear Motion
1. Differential Equations
An equation which involves derivatives or
differentials is called Differential Equation.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓′ 𝑥
d𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1
𝑦=𝐹 𝑥 +𝐶
A more general type of differential equation is in the
form
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑦

𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Any equation of the form

𝑦=𝐹 𝑥 +𝐶
may represent the equation of the family of curves
having a common property.
Examples:
I. Find the equation of the family of curves whose
slope at any point 𝑥, 𝑦 is
1. ) 3𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥+1
2. )
𝑦−1
II. Find the equation of the curve whose slope at any
point 𝑥, 𝑦 is given and which passes through the
specified point.
𝑦2
3. ) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 1, 4
𝑥
4. ) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 1, 1

5. ) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 −2 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 1, 2
1. ) 3𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑦
𝑚= = 3𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3
𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 3 + 𝑐2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐3
3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 − 𝑐1
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 𝑥+1
2. )
𝑦−1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 1
𝑚=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 1
𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥

𝑦2 𝑥2
+ 𝑐1 − 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = + 𝑐3 + 𝑥 + 𝑐4
2 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 − 𝑐1 − 𝑐2
𝑦2 𝑥2
−𝑦 = +𝐶
2 2
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝐶
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 𝑦2
3. ) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 1, 4
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑚= = 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 −1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = + 𝑐1 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑥 −1
1
− + 𝑐1 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦
1
− = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑃 1, 4
𝑦
1 1
− = ln 1 + 𝐶 𝐶=−
4 4
1 1
− = ln 𝑥 −
𝑦 4
−4 = 4𝑦ln 𝑥 − 𝑦 ; 4𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠
4. ) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑦; 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 1, 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑚= = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 −2
= 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
−2
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦2
+ 𝑐1 = 𝑥 + 𝑐2
1
2
2 𝑦 =𝑥+𝐶 ; 𝐶 =2−1=1

2 𝑦 =𝑥+1
2
4𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠
5. ) 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 −2 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 1, 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑚= = 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 −1
𝑦 + 𝑐1 = + 𝑐2
−1
1
𝑦 = −𝑥 +𝐶 ; 𝐶 =2+1=3
1
𝑦 = −𝑥 +3
x𝑦 = −1 + 3𝑥
x𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2. Rectilinear Motion
In the study of rectilinear motion, we define the
velocity 𝑣 of the moving body as the time rate of
change of the distance 𝑠 and the acceleration 𝑎
as the time rate of change of velocity 𝑣.

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑣= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑔 = 32
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑚
= 9.8 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Examples :
1. A body is thrown vertically upward from the
ground reaches the height of 48 ft in one second.
Find how high the body will rise.
𝑣2 = 0
𝑑𝑣 𝑠2 =?
𝑎= = −32 𝑡2 =?
𝑑𝑡
𝑣1 =?
𝑑𝑣 = −32 𝑑𝑡 𝑠1 = 48 𝑓𝑡
𝑡1 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑣 = −32 𝑑𝑡

𝑣 = −32 𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑣0 =?
𝑠0 = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑡0 = 0
= −32 𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑠 = −32 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
𝑠 = −32 + 𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶’
2
𝑠 = −16𝑡 2 + 𝐶𝑡 + 𝐶’

𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 0, 𝑠 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 , 𝐶′ = 0
𝑠 = −16𝑡 2 + 𝐶𝑡
𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 1, 𝑠 = 48𝑓𝑡, 𝑡 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ; 48 = −16 + 𝐶 , 𝐶 = 64

𝑠 = −16𝑡 2 + 64𝑡

𝑣 = −32 𝑡 + 64

𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 2, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑠 =?, 𝑡 =?
64
0 = −32 𝑡 + 64 ; 𝑡 = 32 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

2
𝑠 = −16 2 + 64 2
𝑠 = 64 𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 2. With what velocity will a stone A body strike the
ground if dropped from the top of the building 400 ft
high?
𝑣0 = 0
𝑑𝑣 𝑠0 = 0
𝑎= = −32 𝑡0 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = −32 𝑑𝑡
400 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = −32 𝑑𝑡 𝑣2 =?
𝑠2 = 400′
𝑣 = −32 𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑡2 =?

𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 0, 𝑣 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 , 𝐶 = 0

𝑣 = −32 𝑡
𝑑𝑠
= −32 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑠 = −32 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 𝑡2
𝑠 = −32 +𝐶
2

𝑠 = −16𝑡 2 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 0, 𝑠 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 , 𝐶 = 0
𝑠 = −16𝑡 2

𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑡. 2, 𝑠 = 400, 𝑡 =?

−400 = −16𝑡 2
400 20
𝑡= 16
= 4
= 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑓𝑡
𝑣2 = −32 5 = −160 𝐴𝑛𝑠
sec
1.8 Definite Integral
The definite integral is defined to be exactly the limit
and summation that we looked at in the last section to
find the net area between a function and the x -axis.
Also note that the notation for the definite integral is
very similar to the notation for an indefinite integral.

A Definite Integral has start and end values: in other

words there is an interval [a, b]. a and b (called limits,
bounds or boundaries) are put at the bottom and top
of the "S", like this: Definite Integral. (from a to b)
Indefinite Integral.
Summation Notation
Consider the sum 𝑛

𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 + . . . . . +𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢𝑖
𝑖=1
Where : 𝑛 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
− 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜
𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑺 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓
𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠.
𝑖 − 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 “Summation Index”

Other examples of summation notations

𝑛

𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 𝑦3 + . . . + 𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛

𝑐𝑎𝑖 = 𝑐𝑎1 + 𝑐𝑎2 + 𝑐𝑎3 + . . . +𝑐𝑎𝑛

𝑖=1
𝑛

𝑖 = 1 + 2 + 3+ . . . +𝑛
𝑖=1
Summation Formulas
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛+1
1. 𝑖=
2
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1
2. 𝑖2 =
6
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑛2 𝑛 + 1 2
3. 𝑖3 =
4
𝑖=1
𝑛

4. 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘 𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛

5. 𝑘𝑎𝑖 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

6. 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Examples :
I. Express each of the following without the symbol ∑ and
evaluate when n = 10.
𝑛

1. 12𝑖 3
𝑖=1
𝑛

2. 12𝑖 2 + 4𝑖
𝑖=1
𝑛

3. 𝑖 𝑖−1 𝑖+1
𝑖=1
𝑛
2
4. 3𝑖 + 1
𝑖=1
II. Write the sum in the summation notation

5. 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 + . . . + 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛

6. 𝑓 𝑥1 ∆𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 ∆𝑥2 + . . . +𝑓 𝑥𝑛 ∆𝑥𝑛

7. 14 + 24 + 34 + . . . +𝑛4

8. 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + . . . +𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛

9. 𝑢1 3 + 𝑢2 3 + 𝑢3 3 + . . . +𝑢𝑛 3
Solution :
𝑛

1. 12𝑖 3
𝑖=1
𝑛
3
𝑛2 𝑛 + 1 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑖 =
4
𝑖=1

10
10 2 10 + 1 2
12 𝑖3 = 12
4
𝑖=1
100 121
= 12 = 36,300 𝐴𝑛𝑠
4
 𝑛

2. 12𝑖 2 + 4𝑖
𝑖=1
10 10

= 12 𝑖2 + 4 𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑖2 = , 𝑖=
6 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

10 10 + 1 20 + 1 10 10 + 1
= 12 +4
6 2

= 2 10 11 21 + 2 10 11

= 4840 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 𝑛

3. 𝑖 𝑖−1 𝑖+1
𝑖=1 10

= 𝑖3 − 𝑖
𝑖=1
10 10

= 𝑖3 − 𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
3
𝑛2 𝑛 + 1 2 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑖 = , 𝑖=
4 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

10 2 10 + 1 2 10 10 + 1
= − = 25 121 − 5 11
4 2
= 25 121 − 5 11 = 2,970 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 𝑛

4. 3𝑖 + 1 2

𝑖=1
10

= 9𝑖 2 + 6𝑖 + 1
𝑖=1
10 10 10

=9 𝑖2 + 6 𝑖+ 1
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑛 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 , 𝑖= , 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∶ 𝑖2 = 2
6 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑖=1

10 10 + 1 20 + 1 10 10 + 1
=9 +6 + 10 1
6 2

= 3 5 11 21 + 3 110 + 10 1

= 3,805 𝐴𝑛𝑠
5. 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 + . . . + 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛
𝑛

𝑎1 − 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 + . . . + 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎𝑖 − 𝑏𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑖=1

6. 𝑓 𝑥1 ∆𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 ∆𝑥2 + . . . +𝑓 𝑥𝑛 ∆𝑥𝑛

𝑛

𝑓 𝑥1 ∆𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 ∆𝑥2 + . . . +𝑓 𝑥𝑛 ∆𝑥𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠

𝑖=1

7. 14 + 24 + 34 + . . . +𝑛4
𝑛

14 + 24 + 34 + . . . +𝑛4 = 𝑖4 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑖=1
8. 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + . . . +𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
𝑛

𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + . . . +𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎𝑖 𝑏𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑖=1

9. 𝑢1 3 + 𝑢2 3 + 𝑢3 3 + . . . +𝑢𝑛 3

𝑢1 3 + 𝑢2 3 + 𝑢3 3 + . . . +𝑢𝑛 3 = 𝑢𝑖 3 𝐴𝑛𝑠
𝑖=1
Some Properties of Definite Integrals

𝑏 𝑎
1. 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2. 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
3. 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏
4. 𝑎
𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
5. 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎
𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous on the closed interval

𝑎, 𝑏 , and if 𝐹 𝑥 is the indefinite integral of
𝑓 𝑥 , then

𝑏 𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 𝑎 =𝐹 𝑏 −𝐹 𝑎
Example:
Evaluate the following:

2
1. 1
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

73
2. 0
1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

0 𝑑𝑥
3. −1 1−2𝑥−𝑥 2

𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4. 0 𝑥 2 +𝑒

2 𝑑𝑥
5. 0 𝑥 2 +4

𝜋
6. 2
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 2
1. 1
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2
=3 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −2 1
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥3 𝑥2 2
=3 −2 + 𝑥 1
3 2
1 1
2 2 2
= 𝑥3 1 − 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥 1

3 3 2 2
= 2 − 1 − 2 − 1 + 2 − 1

= 8−1 − 4−1 + 2−1

= 7 − 3 + 1

=7−3+1

=5 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 73
2. 0
1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
7
= 0
1 + 𝑥2 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
1 7
= 1+ 𝑥2 3 ∙ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 0
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = 3 u n 1
 u du  n  1  C
n
𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4 7
4 7
1 1+𝑥 2 3 3
=2 4 = 8 1 + 𝑥2 3
0
3
0
4 4
3 2 3 3 2 3
= 1+ 7 − 1+ 0
8 8

4 4
3 3 3 45
= 8 3 − 1 3 = 16 − 1 = 15 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠
8 8 8 8
 0 𝑑𝑥
3. −1 1−2𝑥−𝑥 2
0
𝑑𝑥
=
−1 2
2 − 1+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎

a= 2
𝑢 =1+𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥
= = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛
−1 2
2
2
2 − 1+𝑥
0
1+𝑥 1+0 1−1
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 −1 2 2
1 𝜋 0
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 = 45 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2 4
 𝑒 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4. 0 𝑥 2 +𝑒
𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑒 du
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥  u  ln u  C

1 𝑒 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 2 0 𝑥 2 +𝑒
1 𝑒
= ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 0
2
1
= 2
𝑙𝑛 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 − 𝑙𝑛 0 + 𝑒
1
= ln 𝑒 𝑒 + 1 − ln 𝑒
2
1
1 ln 𝑒 𝑒+1 1
= = ln 𝑒 + 1 = ln 𝑒 + 1 2
2 𝑒 2

= ln 𝑒 + 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠
 2 𝑑𝑥
5. 0 𝑥 2 +4
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
𝑢2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑢=2
𝑢=𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
0 𝑥 +4 2 2 0
2
1 𝑥
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 0
1 2 0 1
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 1 − 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 0
2 2 2 2
1 0
1 𝜋 𝜋
= 45 = = 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2 2 4 8
 𝜋
6. 2
0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = 2
𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
u n 1
 u du  n  1  C
n

𝜋 0
=90
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 2
=
3 0
1
= sin 900 3
− sin 00 3
3
1 1
= sin 900 3
− sin 0 0 3
= 1−0
3 3
1
= 𝐴𝑛𝑠
3
-end-